The Water Framework Directive

Series Preface ix

Preface xi

List of Contributors xiii

SECTION 1 GENERAL WFD MONITORING FEATURES 1

1.1 Water Status Monitoring under the WFD 3
Philippe Quevauviller

1.2 Chemical Monitoring of Surface Waters 11
Peter Lepom and Georg Hanke

1.3 The Monitoring of Ecological Status of European Freshwaters 29
Angelo G. Solimini, Ana Cristina Cardoso, Jacob Carstensen, Gary Free, Anna-Stiina Heiskanen, Niels Jepsen, Peeter Noges, Sandra Poikane and Wouter van de Bund

SECTION 2 CASE STUDIES ON MONITORING DIFFERENT AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS UNDER THE WFD 61

2.1 Lake Monitoring in Sweden 63
Hakan Marklund

2.2 River Monitoring 77
Elena Perez Gallego

2.3 Groundwater Monitoring: Implementation in Two Member States 87
Rob Ward, Johannes Grath and Andreas Scheidleder

2.4 Coastal and Marine Monitoring 103
Patrick Roose

SECTION 3 ANALYTICAL TOOLS IN SUPPORT OF WFD MONITORING 131

3.1 Emerging Methods for Water Monitoring in the Context of the WFD 133
Richard Greenwood and Graham A. Mills

3.2 Diagnostic Water Quality Instruments for Use in the European Water Framework Directive 153
J.L. Maas, C.A. Schipper, R.A.E. Knoben, M.J. van den Heuvel-Greve, P.J. den Besten and P.G-J. de Maagd

SECTION 4 MODELLING TOOLS IN SUPPORT OF WFD MONITORING 163

4.1 Joint Modelling and Monitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems 165
J.C. Refsgaard, L.F. Jorgensen, A.L. Hojberg, C. Demetriou, G. Onorati and G. Brandt

4.2 Integrated River Basin Management: Harmonised Modelling Tools and Decision-making Process 181
Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz and Fred F. Hattermann

SECTION 5 HYDROGEOLOGICAL COMPONENTS AND GROUNDWATER STATUS 195

5.1 Groundwater Quality Monitoring: The Overriding Importance of Hydrogeologic Typology (and Need for 4D Thinking) 197
Didier Pennequin and Stephen Foster

5.2 Contribution of Hydrogeological Mapping to Water Monitoring Programmes 215
Wilhelm F. Struckmeier

5.3 Establishing Environmental Groundwater Quality Standards 229
Dietmar Muller

SECTION 6 SEDIMENT MONITORING 241

6.1 Sediment Dynamics and their Influence on the Design of Monitoring Programmes 243
Sue White

6.2 Monitoring Sediment Quality Using Toxicity Tests as Primary Tools for any Risk Assessment 255
Wolfgang Ahlf, Ute Feiler, Peter Heininger and Susanne Heise

SECTION 7 RISK ASSESSMENT LINKED TO MONITORING 271

7.1 River Basin Risk Assessment Linked to Monitoring and Management 273
Jos Brils, Damia Barcelo, Winfried E.H. Blum, Werner Brack, Bob Harris, Dietmar Muller, Philippe Negrel, Vala Ragnarsdottir, Wim Salomons, Thomas Track and Joop Vegter

7.2 Emerging Contaminants in the Water-sediment System: Case Studies of Pharmaceuticals and Brominated Flame Retardants in the Ebro River Basin 287
Mira Petrovic, Ethel Eljarrat, Meritxell Gros, Agustina de la Cal and Damia Barcelo

7.3 Assessment of Metal Bioavailability and Natural Background Levels - WFD Monitoring from the Perspective of Metals Industry 299
Patrick Van Sprang, Katrien Delbeke, Lidia Regoli, Hugo Waeterschoot, Frank Van Assche, William Adams, Delphine Haesaerts, Claire Mattelet, Andy Bush, Lynette Chung and Violaine Verougstraete

7.4 Freshwater Ecosystem Responses to Climate Change: the Euro-limpacs Project 313
Richard W. Battarbee, Martin Kernan, David M. Livingstone, Uli Nickus, Piet Verdonschot, Daniel Hering, Brian Moss, Richard F. Wright, Chris D. Evans, Joan O. Grimalt, Richard K. Johnson, Edward Maltby, Conor Linstead and Richard A. Skeffington

SECTION 8 ENSURING DATA QUALITY 355

8.1 NORMAN - Network of Reference Laboratories for Monitoring of Emerging Substances 357
Jaroslav Slobodnik and Valeria Dulio

8.2 Data Quality Assurance of Sediment Monitoring 371
Ulrich Forstner, Susanne Heise, Wolfgang Ahlf and Bernard Westrich

SECTION 9 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS 387

9.1 Reporting Requirements for Priority Substances 389
Valeria Dulio and Anne Morin

SECTION 10 CONCLUSIONS 409

10.1 Needs for an Operational Science-Policy Mechanism in Support of WFD Monitoring - National and Regional Examples 411
Philippe Quevauviller, Bob Harris and Philippe Vervier

10.2 Support for WFD Research Needs: Current Activities and Future Perspectives in the Context of RTD Framework Programmes 445
Andrea Tilche

Index 459