About the Editor xv

List of Contributors xvii

Preface xxiii

1 Recommendations for Sustainable Management of Wetlands in Indian Tropics 1
Nitin Bassi, Ayushi Kashyap, and Saiba Gupta

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Methodology 3

1.3 Status of Wetlands in India 4

1.4 Inland and Coastal Wetlands 4

1.5 Natural and Man-Made Wetlands 6

1.6 Overall Findings 9

1.7 Challenges Faced by Natural Wetland Ecosystem in India 10

1.8 Recommendations for Managing Wetlands Sustainably 13

1.9 Conclusion 16

References 16

2 Wetlands of Bangladesh: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 19
Krishna Prosad Mondal, Al-Jubaer, Soumic Samad, Monishankar Sarkar, Syed Hafizur Rahman, Sheikh Tawhidul Islam, and Byomkesh Talukder

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Types of Wetlands in Bangladesh 19

2.3 Biodiversity 24

2.4 Red Listed Species By IUCN 31

2.5 Livelihoods of People Living in Wetland Areas 31

2.6 Conservation 35

2.7 Conclusion 36

References 36

3 Wetlands of Myanmar: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 41
Thiri Dae We Aung, Thet Zaw Naing, Ding Li Yong, and Kelvin S.-H. Peh

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 Wetlands in Myanmar 41

3.3 Important Wetland Sites in Myanmar 42

3.4 Wetland Management Policy and Practices in Myanmar 58

3.5 Challenges in Wetland Management in Myanmar 62

3.6 Conclusion 63

References 63

4 Wetlands of Plains of Pakistan 67
Andleeb Batool, Asia Parveen, Mishal Nawaz, Dania Razzaq, Maryam Mukhtar, and Naseeba Mustafavi

4.1 Introduction 67

4.2 Wetlands in Plains of Pakistan 67

4.3 The Haleji Wetland 68

4.4 The Keenjhar Lakes 69

4.5 Chashma Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary 70

4.6 Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary 72

4.7 Astola Island 72

4.8 Jiwani Wetland 73

4.9 Miani Hor 74

4.10 Uchhali Complex 75

4.11 Indus River Basin Wetlands 76

4.12 Mekran Coastal Wetlands 78

References 81

5 Wetlands of Sri Lanka: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 85
A.H. Magdon Jayasuriya

5.1 Introduction 85

5.2 Biodiversity 86

Acknowledgments 107

References 107

6 Wetlands of Israel 111
Avi Uzan

6.1 Introduction to the Climate, Topography, Geomorphology, and Hydrology of Israel 111

6.2 Lotic Habitats 115

6.3 The Jordan River 123

6.4 Lentic Habitats 128

6.5 Dalia Marsh 132

6.6 Measures of Rehabilitation and Restoration 133

6.7 Vernal Pools 134

References 135

7 Wetlands of Angola: Locations, Biodiversity, and Conservation 137
Jasper Knight and Mauro Lourenco

7.1 Introduction 137

7.2 Methodology 138

7.3 Results 143

7.4 Discussion 151

7.5 Conclusions 155

References 155

8 Wetlands of Benin (West Africa): Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 161
Salako K. Valère, Dassou G. Hospice, Gnansounou S. Constant, Zanvo M. G. Serge, Akodékou A. David, and Glèlè Kakaï Romain

8.1 Introduction 161

8.2 Methods 162

8.3 Results 164

8.4 Discussion 179

References 181

9 Wetlands of Burkina Faso: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 187
Kaboré Idrissa, Bancé Victor, Konaté Sidiki Roland, Sawadogo Yabyouré Marc-Florent, and Ouéda Adama

9.1 Introduction 187

9.2 Burkina Faso and Its Wetlands 188

9.3 Biodiversity in Wetlands of Burkina Faso 190

9.4 Wetland Goods and Services 198

9.5 Wetland Conservation Measures 199

9.6 Conclusion 200

References 201

10 Wetlands of Cameroon: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 207
Gordon N. Ajonina, Thomas E. Efole, Barthelemy Ndongo, and Minette Eyango Tomedi-Tabi

10.1 Introduction 207

10.2 Potentials of Wetlands Biodiversity 208

10.3 Wetland Species 213

10.4 Importance and Values of Wetlands for Livelihoods and Development in Cameroon 226

10.5 Threats to Wetlands Degradation and Loss in Cameroon 226

10.6 Overview of Evolving Strategies for Mainstreaming Wetlands Conservation and Wise Use into Livelihoods Development and Poverty Reduction Efforts in Cameroon 229

10.7 Conclusion 237

Acknowledgments 237

References 237

11 Wetlands of Ghana: Biodiversity, Community Livelihoods, and Conservation 241
Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu and Emmanuel Nii Attram Taye

11.1 Introduction 241

11.2 Types of Wetlands in Ghana 242

11.3 Biodiversity Richness of Ghanaian Wetlands 247

11.4 Wetland Resources and Community Livelihoods 251

11.5 Threats to Ghanaian Wetlands 252

11.6 Conservation Actions and Initiatives Taken by Ghana to Manage Its Wetlands 255

11.7 Conclusion 256

References 259

12 Biodiversity, Change, and Use of Moroccan Wetlands 265
Abdeslam Ennabili, Mohamed Libiad, Mohamed El Haissoufi, Abdelmajid Khabbach, and Nard Bennas

12.1 Introduction 265

12.2 Wetlands Biodiversity 267

12.3 Conservation Status 272

12.4 Wetland Services 273

12.5 Drivers of changes 275

12.6 Planning and Management 277

12.7 Concluding Remarks 280

References 280

13 Does Malawi Need a Wetland Policy to Achieve the Wise Use Principle of the Ramsar Convention? 297
Rodgers Makwinja, Solomon G. Tesfamichael, and Christopher J. Curtis

13.1 Introduction 297

13.2 Wetland Concepts and Definitions 298

13.3 Wetland's Benefits and Its Contribution to UN SDGs 301

13.4 Threats to Wetland Sustainability 302

13.5 Wetland Management Policy Dilemma 306

13.6 Wetland Management Options 308

13.7 Conclusion 309

References 310

14 Wetland Ecosystems in Nigeria: Ecological Significance, Carbon Sequestration Potential, and Conservation Challenges 317
Isa Olalekan Elegbede, Amira M. Hotaiba, Adebola Rashidat Adewale, Abdulwakil Olawale Saba, Shehu Akintola, Emily Osa Iduseri, Abdul Rahamon Olodo, and Kehinde Moyosola Ositimehin

14.1 Introduction 317

14.2 Wetlands in Nigeria 318

14.3 Case Study of Biodiversity of Wetlands in Northern and Southern Nigeria 320

14.4 Wetland of Nigeria in Relation to Blue Carbon and Sequestration 323

14.5 Wetlands and Their Ecosystem Services 325

14.6 Resilience of Wetland Ecosystems 327

14.7 Geospatial Assessment of Nigeria's Wetlands 328

14.8 Policy and Institutional Framework for Wetlands Protection in Nigeria 332

14.9 Conclusion 335

References 335

15 Wetlands of Senegal: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 341
Abdoul Aziz Diouf, Paterne Arnaud Bernard Mingou, Taïbou Ba, and Mathieu Gueye

15.1 Introduction 341

15.2 Wetland Types and Biodiversity 342

15.3 Livelihoods 360

15.4 Wetland Conservation 363

15.5 Conclusion 365

References 365

16 Wetlands of Zimbabwe: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 371
Tatenda Musasa, Oshneck Mupepi, and Thomas Marambanyika

16.1 Introduction 371

16.2 Wetland Type and Distribution in Zimbabwe 373

16.3 Wetland Biodiversity 375

16.4 Nature of Livelihood Benefits Derived from Wetlands by Surrounding Communities 378

16.5 Initiatives to Promote Wetland Conservation and Human Livelihoods 384

16.6 Shortcomings and Enforcement Challenges of Wetland Protection and Conservation Approaches 386

16.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 387

References 388

17 Wetlands of Sudan: Types, Conservation, and Socioeconomics 393
Mohamed Elmekki Ali Elbadawi Hussien and Ibrahim Mohammed Hashim

17.1 Introduction 393

17.2 Wetlands of Sudan 393

17.3 Wetland Types 395

17.4 Biodiversity 401

17.5 Conservation Aspects 403

17.6 Socioecological Importance 406

References 408

18 Wetlands and Conservation: Exploring Biodiversity Dynamics, Economic Potentials, and Conservation Strategies in South Africa 411
Adeyemi Ojutalayo Adeeyo, Bramley Jemain Lemine, Tinyiko Rivers Nkuna, Titus A.M. Msagati, and Mercy Adewumi Alabi

18.1 Introduction 411

18.2 Wetlands of South Africa 413

18.3 Biodiversity of Wetlands 417

18.4 Livelihoods and Economic Contributions of Wetlands 420

18.5 Threats and Conservation of Wetlands in South Africa 423

18.6 Conservation of Wetlands 425

18.7 Management Strategies, National Policies, and Legislations Against Natural Threats 426

18.8 Future Enhancements 428

18.9 Conclusion 429

References 430

Index 437