Handbook of Research Methods in Human Memory and Cognition

ContentsList of contributors Preface 1 Recognition Memory Definitions Accuracy Latency Covariation of Accuracy and Latency Guidelines Notes on the Guidelines Reference Notes References 2 Visual Search Relationship of Visual Search Tasks to Categorization Tasks What Constitutes a "Class" or "Category" of Visual Stimuli? Positional Effects and Order of Scanning of Items on Displays Temporal and Spatial Sequential Effects in Visual Search Redundancy in the Structure of Displays: The Word-Superiority Effect Active Control of Visual Search Practice Effects in Visual Search Conclusions Reference Notes References 3 Short-Term Memory Introduction Recall Paradigms Recognition Paradigms Rehearsal and Repetition Modality Effects Preload and Concurrent Task Load Measures of the Amount Held in Short-Term Storage Concluding Remarks Reference Note References 4 Free Recall: Basic Methodology and Analyses Introduction Manipulation and Control of Task Parameters Scoring and Measures Some Variations Reference Notes References 5 The Analysis of Organization and Structure in Free Recall Introduction Analysis of Single-Item Information Analysis of Item-Pair Information Analysis of Item-Group Information Comparison of Alternative Hypotheses Exploratory Analysis Generalization and Extension of Analytic Procedures Reference Notes References 6 Cued Recall Introduction Reference Experiments Experimental Parameters Measurement of Performance Relation to Other Paradigms References 7 Incidental Learning and Orienting Tasks Introduction Incidental versus Intentional Learning Orienting Tasks and Processing Activities Conclusions References 8 Cognitive Strategies Introduction Methods from the Memory Literature Methods from the Problem-Solving and Reasoning Literature Concluding Remarks Reference Note References 9 Picture Memory Methodology Current Theoretical Issues Experimental Paradigms Stimulus Presentation The Choice of a Test Counterbalancing Measures An Example: Yes-No Counterbalancing Eye-Movement Methodologies A Complete Experiment Reference Note References 10 Semantic and Lexical Decisions Basic Empirical Findings Materials Data Collection Data Analysis Statistics Experimental Logics Concluding Remarks Reference Notes References 11 Imagery Introduction Specific Paradigms Conclusions Reference Note References 12 Prose Comprehension and Memory Introduction Methods Related to the Study of Text Structure Methods Related to Variables Studied in the Task Situation Methods Focused on the Higher-Level Knowledge Structures Summary and Evaluation: Methods and Measures Concluding Comments Reference Notes References 13 The Activation and Utilization of Knowledge Prerequisites to Comprehension Studies of Elaboration Effects of Context on Significance Reorganization and Changes in Significance Summary and Conclusions References 14 Long-Term Ecological Memory Historical Aspects Major Parameters of Ecological Memory Content Criteria for the Evaluation of Ecological Methods Methods of Investigating Shared-Semantic Memory Methods of Investigating Individual-Semantic Memories Methods of Investigating Shared-Episodic Memory Methods of Investigating Individual-Episodic Memories Concluding Comments Reference Notes References Subject Index