A Conceptual Guide to Thermodynamics

Preface xi

Acknowledgments xiii

Textbook Guide xv

0.1 List of Thermodynamics Textbooks by Discipline xv

0.2 Terminology and Notation Used in This Book xvi

0.3 Terminology and Notation Used in Textbooks xviii

1 About This Book 1

1.1 Who Should Use This Book? 2

1.2 Philosophy of This Book 3

1.3 Four Core Concepts of Thermodynamics 3

1.4 How to Use This Book 5

I Equilibrium

2 Philosophy of Thermodynamics 11

2.1 Thermodynamics 11

2.2 Scientific Models & Laws 12

2.3 Statistical Mechanics 14

3 Thermodynamic States, Variables & Quantities 17

3.1 Thermodynamic Variables & Quantities 17

3.2 More on Thermodynamic Quantities 19

3.3 Thermodynamic & Molecular States 20

4 Zeroth Law & Thermodynamic Equilibrium 23

4.1 Equation of State 23

4.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 26

4.3 Zeroth Law 27

4.4 Ideal Gases & Non-ideal Systems 29

II Energy

5 Molecular Energy, Internal Energy, & Temperature 33

5.1 Energy at the Molecular Scale 33

5.2 Internal Energy 35

5.3 Intermolecular Interactions & the Kinetic Model 37

5.4 Equipartition Theorem & Temperature 38

6 Boltzmann Distribution & the Kinetic Model 41

6.1 Boltzmann Distribution 41

6.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 42

6.3 Maxwell Distribution of Speeds 44

III Thermodynamic Change

7 First Law & Thermodynamic Change 49

7.1 System & Surroundings 49

7.2 Thermodynamic Change 50

7.3 First Law 52

8 Work, Heat, & Reversible Change 55

8.1 State Functions & Path Functions 55

8.2 Definition of Work 57

8.3 Definition of Heat 59

8.4 Reversible & Irreversible Change 60

8.5 A Gas Expansion Example 62

9 Partial Derivative Quantities 65

9.1 Internal Energy & Heat Capacity at Constant Volume 66

9.2 Enthalpy & Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure 67

9.3 Other Partial Derivative Quantities 70

9.4 Partial Derivatives & Differentials 71

IV Entropy

10 Entropy & Information Theory 77

10.1 Why Does Entropy Seem So Complicated? 77

10.2 Entropy as Unknown Molecular Information 79

10.3 Amount of Information 80

10.4 Application to Thermodynamics 84

11 Entropy & Ideal Gas 87

11.1 Measuring Our Molecular Ignorance 87

11.2 Volume Contribution to Entropy 88

11.3 Temperature Contribution to Entropy 91

11.4 Combined Entropy Expression 92

11.5 Entropy, Heat, & Reversible Adiabatic Expansion 94

12 Second Law & Spontaneous Irreversible Change 97

12.1 Heat Engines & Thermodynamic Cycles 97

12.2 Traditional Statements of the Second Law 98

12.3 Entropy Statement of the Second Law 99

12.4 Information Statement of the Second Law 100

12.5 Maximum Entropy & the Clausius Inequality 103

13 Third Law, Carnot Cycle, & Absolute Entropy 107

13.1 Entropy & Reversible Change 107

13.2 Carnot Cycle & Absolute Zero Temperature 109

13.3 Third Law & Absolute Entropy 111

V Free Energy

14 Free Energy & Exergy 115

14.1 What Would Happen If Entropy Were a Variable? 116

14.2 Helmholtz and Gibbs Free Energies 117

14.3 Second Law & Maximum Work 119

14.4 Exergy 121

15 Chemical Potential, Fugacity, & Open Systems 123

15.1 What Would Happen If n Were a Variable? 123

15.2 Chemical Potential 125

15.3 Ideal Gas & Fugacity 126

VI Applications

16 Crazy Gay-Lussac's Gas Expansion Emporium 131

16.1 Sales Pitch 131

16.2 How to Solve Gas Expansion Problems 132

16.3 Comprehensive Compendium 135

17 Electronic Emporium: Free Online Shopping! 139

VII Appendices

Appendix A: Beards Gone Wild! Facial Hair & the Founding Fathers of Thermodynamics 143

Appendix B: Thermodynamics, Abolitionism, & Sha Na Na 147

Appendix C: Thermodynamics & the Science of Steampunk 149

Steampunk Gallery 151

Travel Try Its 153

Photo Credits 155

Index 159