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Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Textbook Guide xv
0.1 List of Thermodynamics Textbooks by Discipline xv
0.2 Terminology and Notation Used in This Book xvi
0.3 Terminology and Notation Used in Textbooks xviii
1 About This Book 1
1.1 Who Should Use This Book? 2
1.2 Philosophy of This Book 3
1.3 Four Core Concepts of Thermodynamics 3
1.4 How to Use This Book 5
I Equilibrium
2 Philosophy of Thermodynamics 11
2.1 Thermodynamics 11
2.2 Scientific Models & Laws 12
2.3 Statistical Mechanics 14
3 Thermodynamic States, Variables & Quantities 17
3.1 Thermodynamic Variables & Quantities 17
3.2 More on Thermodynamic Quantities 19
3.3 Thermodynamic & Molecular States 20
4 Zeroth Law & Thermodynamic Equilibrium 23
4.1 Equation of State 23
4.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 26
4.3 Zeroth Law 27
4.4 Ideal Gases & Non-ideal Systems 29
II Energy
5 Molecular Energy, Internal Energy, & Temperature 33
5.1 Energy at the Molecular Scale 33
5.2 Internal Energy 35
5.3 Intermolecular Interactions & the Kinetic Model 37
5.4 Equipartition Theorem & Temperature 38
6 Boltzmann Distribution & the Kinetic Model 41
6.1 Boltzmann Distribution 41
6.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 42
6.3 Maxwell Distribution of Speeds 44
III Thermodynamic Change
7 First Law & Thermodynamic Change 49
7.1 System & Surroundings 49
7.2 Thermodynamic Change 50
7.3 First Law 52
8 Work, Heat, & Reversible Change 55
8.1 State Functions & Path Functions 55
8.2 Definition of Work 57
8.3 Definition of Heat 59
8.4 Reversible & Irreversible Change 60
8.5 A Gas Expansion Example 62
9 Partial Derivative Quantities 65
9.1 Internal Energy & Heat Capacity at Constant Volume 66
9.2 Enthalpy & Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure 67
9.3 Other Partial Derivative Quantities 70
9.4 Partial Derivatives & Differentials 71
IV Entropy
10 Entropy & Information Theory 77
10.1 Why Does Entropy Seem So Complicated? 77
10.2 Entropy as Unknown Molecular Information 79
10.3 Amount of Information 80
10.4 Application to Thermodynamics 84
11 Entropy & Ideal Gas 87
11.1 Measuring Our Molecular Ignorance 87
11.2 Volume Contribution to Entropy 88
11.3 Temperature Contribution to Entropy 91
11.4 Combined Entropy Expression 92
11.5 Entropy, Heat, & Reversible Adiabatic Expansion 94
12 Second Law & Spontaneous Irreversible Change 97
12.1 Heat Engines & Thermodynamic Cycles 97
12.2 Traditional Statements of the Second Law 98
12.3 Entropy Statement of the Second Law 99
12.4 Information Statement of the Second Law 100
12.5 Maximum Entropy & the Clausius Inequality 103
13 Third Law, Carnot Cycle, & Absolute Entropy 107
13.1 Entropy & Reversible Change 107
13.2 Carnot Cycle & Absolute Zero Temperature 109
13.3 Third Law & Absolute Entropy 111
V Free Energy
14 Free Energy & Exergy 115
14.1 What Would Happen If Entropy Were a Variable? 116
14.2 Helmholtz and Gibbs Free Energies 117
14.3 Second Law & Maximum Work 119
14.4 Exergy 121
15 Chemical Potential, Fugacity, & Open Systems 123
15.1 What Would Happen If n Were a Variable? 123
15.2 Chemical Potential 125
15.3 Ideal Gas & Fugacity 126
VI Applications
16 Crazy Gay-Lussac's Gas Expansion Emporium 131
16.1 Sales Pitch 131
16.2 How to Solve Gas Expansion Problems 132
16.3 Comprehensive Compendium 135
17 Electronic Emporium: Free Online Shopping! 139
VII Appendices
Appendix A: Beards Gone Wild! Facial Hair & the Founding Fathers of Thermodynamics 143
Appendix B: Thermodynamics, Abolitionism, & Sha Na Na 147
Appendix C: Thermodynamics & the Science of Steampunk 149
Steampunk Gallery 151
Travel Try Its 153
Photo Credits 155
Index 159
Thermodynamics is a cornerstone of many scientific disciplines. As such, there are many different textbooks that address this important subject—and a corresponding myriad of conventions, terminologies, and notations used. This section is designed to sort all of that out—at least for the specific reference textbooks considered here, listed (by discipline) below.
The list includes the latest edition of the most commonly used texts. Please do not be too discouraged if you do not see your primary text listed below; given the multiple disciplines represented, it is an inevitability that many excellent textbooks have to be omitted. That said, a greatly expanded list of reference texts is available on the companion website (http://www.conceptualthermo.com), which you should also consult. There, you will find customized, textbook-specific materials for the older and (as they are released) newer editions of the textbooks listed below—as well as for many other texts that are less frequently used.
If your favorite book is not listed on the website, please feel free to let me know via the website itself, or by sending an email directly to feedback@conceptualthermo.com. Please send detailed information (including ISBN) for the textbook that you are using, so that I can incorporate it into future book materials. In any case, you can still learn from the conceptual explanations provided in this book, without necessarily having to own any thermodynamics textbook.
Whether you wind up loving or hating this book, or somewhere in between, I certainly would appreciate your feedback—especially in the form of helpful suggestions for making it better. You can submit these via the website and email address above. If you like the book, consider spreading the word—to professors, social media friends, and even real friends, as appropriate.
In the list below, the boldfaced word at the start of each bibliographic entry is the keyword that will be used throughout the rest of this book to refer to that specific reference textbook. (In all but one case, the keyword is simply the first author's last name.) When looking up your primary textbook here, be sure to pay close attention to the edition number and publication year.
The terminology and mathematical notation of the most important physical, chemical, and thermodynamic quantities that are employed in this book are listed in the table below. The page on which each quantity is first introduced or defined is also listed.
Consult the key below to “translate” the terminology and notation of this book into that of your primary textbook (or to the IUPAC Gold Book standard). The key is easy to use. Textbooks are listed by keyword, in alphabetical order. Unless stated otherwise, the notation used here, and that of a given text, are presumed to be identical. Where the two notations differ, that of this book appears to the left of the arrows presented in the key, and that of the textbook to the right.
For example, after the Atkins keyword below, the string...
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