Cardiovascular MR Manual

Name: Cardiovascular MR Manual
Brand: Springer
Price: 139.9 EUR
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Sven Plein John Greenwood John P. Ridgway(Herausgeber*in)

Springer (Verlag)

2. Auflage

Erschienen am 15. September 2015

X, 487 Seiten

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978-3-319-20940-1 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Contents
Contributors
Part I: How Does CMR Work?
1: What's Inside the Magnet and Why?
The Main Magnet
The Gradient Coil Assembly
The Integral Radiofrequency (RF) Body Transmitter Coil
The Receiver Coil
Further Reading
2: The MRI Environment
The Examination Room and RF Shielding
The Magnetic Fringe Field Hazard and the Controlled Area
Active and Passive Magnetic Shielding
References
3: Protons and Spins: The Origin of the MR Signal
MR Images: What Are We Looking at?
Proton Spin and Net Magnetisation
What Determines the Size of the Net Magnetisation?
Further Reading
4: Generating a Signal: RF Pulses and Echoes
How Do We Generate a Signal?
What Does the RF Pulse Do to the Magnetisation?
Longitudinal and Transverse Components of Magnetisation
Flip Angle and Common RF Pulses
Low Flip Angle RF Excitation Pulse
90° RF Excitation Pulse
180° RF Pulse (Refocusing Pulse)
180° RF Pulse (Inversion Pulse)
What Does the MR Signal Look Like?
Further Reading
5: Relaxation Times, Gradient Echoes and Spin Echoes
Relaxation: What Happens After the RF Excitation Pulse?
What is T1 Relaxation?
Transverse Relaxation and MR Signal Decay
What is T2 Relaxation?
What is T2* Relaxation?
MR Echoes
Gradient Echoes
Spin Echoes
Further Reading
6: Making an Image: Locating and Encoding Signals in Space
Selecting an Image Slice
Encoding the MR Signal within the Slice
Phase Encoding
Frequency Encoding
How is the Frequency-Encoded Signal Decoded?
How Do We Make Sure That the Gradients We Apply for Imaging don't Destroy the Signal?
Why isn't a Single Phase and Frequency Encoded Signal Enough to Reconstruct an Image?
Field of View in the Phase Encoding Direction
Phase Encoding, Image Matrix and Acquisition Time
Further Reading
7: Image Space and k-Space
Further Reading
8: Imaging Parameters and Image Attributes
Spatial Resolution and Image Acquisition Time
Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Factors that Determine Image Quality
Intrinsic Signal Amplitude
Signal Averaging
SNR and Receiver Bandwidth
Imaging Parameters: Practical Examples
2D and 3D Imaging
Further Reading
9: Improving SNR with Surface Coils and Array Coils
Further Reading
10: Pulse Sequences and Image Contrast
Dependence of the MR Signal on TR and TE
Image Contrast and Weighting
Long TR and Short TE (Fig. 10.2)
Short TR, Short TE (Fig. 10.3)
Long TR, Long TE (Fig. 10.4)
Short TR, Long TE (Fig. 10.5)
Further Reading
11: Gradient Echo Versus Spin Echo
Further Reading
12: Black Blood Versus Bright Blood Imaging
Black Blood (Spin Echo Pulse Sequence)
Black Blood: Double Inversion Preparation Pulses
Bright Blood (Gradient Echo Pulse Sequence)
Further Reading
13: Dealing with Cardiac Motion: How Do We Image the Beating Heart?
Still Imaging
Cine Imaging
Triggering Versus Gating for Cine Imaging
Prospective Versus Retrospective ECG Gating
Spoiled Gradient Echo Versus bSSFP
Spoiled Gradient Echo
Balanced Steady State Free Precession (bSSFP)
Further Reading
14: Dealing with Respiratory Motion
Respiratory Compensation (Respiratory Gating)
Respiratory Gating Using Navigator Echoes
Further Reading
15: Fast Imaging: How Do We Speed Up the Image Acquisition?
Turbo (or Fast) Spin Echo
Turbo (or Fast) Gradient Echo
Fast Spoiled Gradient Echo
Steady State Free Precession (SSFP)
Echo Planar Imaging (EPI)
Reducing the Total Number of Phase Encoding Steps Acquired for Each Image
Parallel Imaging
Further Reading
16: Special Pulse Sequences for Cardiac Imaging
Selective Tissue Saturation
Frequency Selective Fat Suppression
Pros and Cons of Frequency-Selective Fat Suppression (cf. STIR)
STIR and Turbo STIR
Pros and Cons of STIR (cf. Frequency-Selective Fat Suppression)
Black Blood FSE/TSE
Black Blood TurboSTIR (Triple Inversion Recovery)
Inversion Recovery Fast/Turbo Gradient Echo
Navigator-Gated 3D Fast/Turbo Gradient Echo (Coronary Artery Imaging)
Key Features of a Navigator-Gated 3D Coronary Artery Imaging Sequence
Cine Gradient Echo
Velocity Encoded Cine Gradient Echo (Velocity Mapping)
Myocardial Tagging (Binomial Preparation Pulses)
Saturation Recovery, Single-Shot Fast Gradient Echo for Dynamic, Contrast-Enhanced Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
Further Reading
17: Common Artefacts
Image Aliasing
Aliasing Artefacts with Parallel Imaging
Ghosting Artefacts from Motion (Respiratory)
Ghosting Artefacts from Motion (Pulsatile Flow)
Flow Related Signal Loss & Flow Jets
Chemical Shift Artefact
Magnetic Susceptibility Artefacts
Metallic Artefact
Radiofrequency Interference Artefacts
Reference
Further Reading
18: Influence of Field Strength on CMR
Potential Benefits of Increasing Field Strength from 1.5 to 3.0 T
Drawbacks and Technical Challenges of Imaging at 3.0 T
Increased ECG Artefact
Increased Magnetic Susceptibility Artefacts
Increased Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
Increased Inhomogeneity of the RF (B1) Field
Changes to Relaxation Times
Safety of Implanted Devices at 3.0 T
Clinical CMR Techniques at 3.0 T
Black-Blood Fast/Turbo Spin Echo
Functional Cine Imaging
Velocity-Encoded Cine Imaging
Myocardial Tagging
Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) Imaging
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)
3D Navigator-Gated Coronary MRA
References
Further Reading
Part II: How CMR Is Performed
19: The Basics of a CMR Study
The Referral
Indications for CMR
Contraindications/Safety
Screening
Contraindications to CMR Scanning
Medical Devices
Heating Effects
Contrast Agents and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
Performing Stress Examinations in CMR
Other Safety Issues
Setting up a CMR Study
Equipment
ECG Signals
Patient Preparation
Commencing the Scan
References
20: Components of CMR Protocols
Introduction
Localising Images and Simple Planning
Interactive Planning
Anatomical & Morphological Imaging
T1-weighted (Black Blood) Imaging
T2-weighted (Black Blood) Imaging
T2* Relaxometry
Cine Imaging
Real-Time Cine Imaging
Quantitation
Myocardial Tagging
Phase Contrast Velocity Encoding
Contrast Enhanced MR Angiography (Excluding Coronary Arteries)
Myocardial Perfusion CMR
Spoiled Gradient Echo
Balanced Steady State Free Precession (bSSFP)
Echo Planar Imaging (EPI)
Reproducible Planning of Three Short Axis Slices
'Dark Rim Artefact'
Interpretation of CMR Myocardial Perfusion Images
Visual Assessment
Semi-Quantitative Assessment
Quantitative Assessment
Early and Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE)
Protocol for Early & Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE) Imaging
T1, T2 and T2* Mapping Techniques
T1 Mapping
T2 and T2* Mapping
Coronary Artery Imaging
Whole Heart Technique
Targeted Technique
21: Anatomy by CMR
Cross-Sectional Anatomy
Customised Views
Comparison with Other Imaging Modalities
22: The CMR Report
A Structured Approach to Reporting a CMR Study
The Report
Reference
Part III: Clinical Indications for CMR Imaging
23: Aortic Disease
Introduction
CMR in the Assessment of Aortic Atherosclerosis and Dissection
Acute Intramural Haematoma
Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer
Aortic Dissection
Aortic Aneurysm
Aortic Coarctation
Aortic Vasculitis
Chronic Atherosclerotic Disease
Summary
24: Cardiomyopathies
General Overview
Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities in DCM
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
Left Ventricular Non-compaction Cardiomyopathy (LVNC)
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
Inflammatory Diseases: Myocarditis
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
Inflammatory Diseases: Sarcoidosis
Introduction
Inflammatory Diseases: Vasculitis (Churg-Strauss Syndrome)
Introduction
Infiltrative/Storage Diseases: Amyloidosis
Introduction
Infiltrative/Storage Diseases: Siderotic Cardiomyopathy
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
Tako-Tsubo Cardiomyopathy
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
References
25: Cardiac Transplantation
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
Heart Transplant Anatomy
The Early Post Operative Period (Up to 1 Year)
Typical CMR Appearances
Complications
Primary Graft Dysfunction/Failure
Myocardial Infarction
Acute Rejection
The Chronic Phase Post-transplant (Beyond 1 Year)
Typical CMR Appearances
Complications
Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy (CAV)
Acute Rejection
Chronic Graft Failure
Vascular
Extracardiac Findings
References
26: Pericardial Disease
Pericardial Effusion
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
Findings on CMR
Black Blood Images (Spin Echo Sequence)
CINE Imaging (b-SSFP)
Targeted Sequences
Constrictive Pericarditis
Introduction
The Role of CMR in Constrictive Pericarditis
Findings on CMR
Pericardial Thickening
Indirect Signs of Constrictive Physiology
Pericardial Tumours
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
Findings on CMR
CINE Imaging (b-SSFP)
Myocardial Tagging
Black Blood Images (TSE)
First-Pass Perfusion Imaging
Post Contrast T1 TSE and Delayed Enhanced Images
Congenital Abnormalities of the Pericardium
Pericardial Cysts and Pericardial Defects
Introduction
The Role of CMR in Congenital Pericardial Abnormalities
Findings on CMR
27: Cardiac Masses
Introduction
Benign Cardiac Tumours
Myxoma
Lipoma
Papillary Fibroelastoma
Fibroma
Rhabdomyoma
Haemangioma
Malignant Cardiac Tumours
Sarcomas
Lymphoma
Metastatic Tumours
Others Masses & Tumours
Thrombus
Cysts
Pseudo-Tumours
Additional Reading
28: Valvular Heart Disease
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
Congenital
Regurgitation
Stenosis
Prosthetic Valves
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Patient Selection
Aortic Valve Assessment
Left Ventricle
Coronary Artery Disease
Myocardial Fibrosis
Anatomical Suitability
Aortic Root and LVOT
Ascending Aorta and Peripheral Vasculature
Vegetations
Paravalvular Abscesses
References
29: Ischemic Heart Disease
Introduction
Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging for the Detection of Myocardial Ischaemia
Myocardial Perfusion CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
Prognostic Performance
How to Perform a CMR Myocardial Perfusion Study
Safety Considerations
Analysis of CMR Perfusion Images
CMR Stress Wall Motion Imaging for the Detection of IHD
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
Diagnostic Performance
Prognostic Performance
Method
Safety Considerations
Analysis
Which Pharmacological Stress Agent Should I Choose?
CMR for Assessment of Viability
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
CMR Methods for Viability Assessment
Cine Imaging
Contractile Reserve
Late Gadolinium Enhancement
CMR in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
Methods
Cine and LGE-CMR
Oedema Imaging for Area at Risk Assessment
Myocardial Salvage
Microvascular Obstruction
Myocardial Haemorrhage
Complications of Acute MI
Raised Cardiac Enzymes and Normal Coronary Arteries
Potential Future Developments
Hardware Development
Software Development
New Methods
Non-invasive Arterial Wall Imaging
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Without Contrast?
Targeted (Molecular) Contrast Agents
References
30: Basic Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ACHD)
Introduction
Sequential Segmental Analysis in ACHD
Coarctation of the Aorta
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Coronary Anomalies
Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (PAPVR)
Reporting Guidelines
Cardiovascular
Pulmonary
Musculoskeletal
Other Findings
Opinion
Recommendations for Further Imaging
Summary
31: CMR and Implantable Devices
Introduction
MRI Safety Terminology
Pacemaker and or Lead Displacement/Force and Torque
Tissue Heating
Device Malfunction
Reed Switches
Electrical Reset
Inappropriate Pacing and Inhibition of Therapies
Capacitor and Transformer
Image Quality
MR Conditional Devices
Scanning of IPG Patients
Who Should Receive an MR-Conditional Device?
Decision Making/Flow Charts/Check Lists
Summary
Future Perspective
References
32: Pulmonary Vein Assessment
Introduction
CMR Versus Other Imaging Modalities
CMR Protocol and Findings
CMR Analysis
33: Interventional Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Introduction
Interventional MRI Systems
XMR Facility Design
MR Visualization Strategies
Performing XMR Procedures
X-Ray Imaging as a Backup During MRI Cardiac Catheterization
Performing X-Ray Fused MR-Guided Interventions
Physiological Information
Early Experiences
Future Perspectives
References
34: Incidental Extra-Cardiac Findings in CMR
Introduction
Incidence and Classification
Detection of IEF
Reporting
Further Reading
Index

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