Textbook of Natural Medicine - E-Book

Name: Textbook of Natural Medicine - E-Book | Textbook of Natural Medicine - E-Book
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Joseph E. Pizzorno Michael T. Murray(Autor*in)

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9780323523806v1_WEB
Front Cover
ifc
Natural Medicine
TEXTBOOK OF Natural Medicine
Copyright
Dedication
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONTENTS
1 - Philosophy of Natural Medicine
1 - Functional Medicine: A 21st-Century Model of Patient Care and Medical Education
WHAT IS FUNCTIONAL MEDICINE?
PRINCIPLES
LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
CORE CLINICAL IMBALANCES
ANTECEDENTS, TRIGGERS, AND MEDIATORS8
Antecedents and the Origins of Illness
Triggers and the Provocation of Illness
Mediators and the Formation of Illness
CONSTRUCTING THE MODEL
Assessment
The Functional Medicine Matrix Model
The Healing Partnership
INTEGRATION OF CARE
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
2 - A Hierarchy of Healing:The Therapeutic Order: A Unifying Theory of Naturopathic Medicine
A Unifying Theory of Naturopathic Medicine
A BRIEF HISTORY OF NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE1
ORIGINAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY
A THEORY OF NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE
Illness and Healing as Process
The Naturopathic Model in Acute Illness
The Naturopathic Model in Chronic Illness
THE DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
THERAPEUTIC ORDER AND NATUROPATHIC ASSESSMENT
The Assessment Order: Components of a Vitalistic Assessment of Illness, Healing, and Health
THERAPEUTIC ORDER
Acute and Chronic Concerns
Establish the Conditions for Health
Identify and Remove Disturbing Factors
Institute a Healthier Regimen
Stimulate the Self-Healing Mechanisms
Support Weakened or Damaged Systems or Organs
Address Structural Integrity
Suppress Pathology
THEORY IN NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Further Readings
3 - The History of Naturopathic Medicine: Origins and Overview
INTRODUCTION
3
Medicine in America: 1800-1875
Professional Medicine
Thomsonianism
The Eclectic School of Medicine
The Hygienic School of Thought
Homeopathy
The Rise and Fall of the Sects
The American Influence
Russell Trall
Martin Luther Holbrook
The Beginnings of "Scientific Medicine"
The Foundations
Medical Education in Transition
Flexner Report
Pharmaceutical Industry
The New "Sects"
THE FOUNDING OF NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE
Benedict Lust
Introduction
Life Maltreated by Allopathy
What Is Life?
The Naturopaths
The Program of Naturopathic Cure
The Germanic Influence
The Convergence With American Influences
EARLY-20TH-CENTURY MEDICINE
The Metamorphosis of Orthodox Medicine
The Halcyon Years of Naturopathy
THE MODERN REJUVENATION
THE 21ST CENTURY AWAITS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
NATUROPATHIC BIBLIOGRAPHY
4 - The History of Naturopathic Medicine A New and Revisionist Perspective: The Lost Years of the 20th Century
A New and Revisionist Perspective: The Lost Years of the 20th Century
INTRODUCTION AND AUTHOR'S NOTE
PART ONE: WHO WERE THE NATUROPATHS?
IN THE BEGINNING
Germ Theory and Conventional Medicine
Be'champ, Bernard, and the Alternatives to Germ Theory
The Early Integrators
Henry Lindlahr and Integration in Clinical Practice
William Charles Schulze and Integration in Medical Education
Walter B. Cannon and Integration in Medical Research
THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY
Drugless Healing
Benedict Lust
Naturopathy and Chiropractic
Nature Cure and the Vital Force
GENESIS OF POST-WWI PROFESSIONALISM
A Short Course in Medical Dominance
The "Great Trade"
American Exceptionalism
A Time to Build a Profession: The 1930s
The Move Toward Professionalization
Dr. Budden and Evolution of the Profession in the Pacific Northwest
Budden's Early Career and Arrival in Oregon
Robert V. Carroll, ND-Leader of NDs in Washington
The Beginning of the Budden-Carroll Alliance
NATURAL HEALING AT ITS PEAK
What Is the Vital Force?
Credit to Budden and Carroll
Education
A Profession
The Merging of Efforts
New Developments in Postwar Scholarship
Dr. Budden on Chiropractic and Naturopathy
More Curriculum and Postwar Scholarship
Dr. Wallace Martin Bleything
Hedges and Bleything-the War and After
The Western State College Class of 1953
The AMA and President Truman
Enter the Class of 1953
As Reported in The Synergist
More Professional Matters for Dr. Budden
Some Positive Developments
1953 for the Class of '53
Some Stalwarts of 1953
PART TWO: WHAT HAPPENED TO THEM?
Moving On
HEADWINDS
Revisiting Basic Science
And Scandals
And Repercussions
More Basic Science
Dr. Schlichting
Dr. Schlichting and the Western ANA
More Background on Clinical Practice
Back to the National Scene
Dr. Schlichting Becomes President
NATUROPATHS AT THEIR PEAK
The Late 1940s and Professional Growth
In Memoriam-Robert V. Carroll, Sr
1947-1950 and Forward
After the Scandals
A Change of Identity
Medical Dominance Arises
THE BEGINNING OF THE END
The Texas Medical Wars
Back to Education: WSC and Natura Medicina
WSC and Hard Times
WSC and the NCA
Back to Texas
The Texas Medical Wars
More Hard Times at WSC
Dr. Failor and WSC's School of Naturopathy
Naturopathy in the Cross Hairs
THE END
The End, Part 2
And Naturopathy Is Finished at WSC
Back to the Texas Medical Wars
Texas Medical Wars Continued-1957
Texas-The End
Three More States Fall: 1955 to 1957
The Florida Saga Begins
The Three-State Region
Utah
The Early Days
Utah Opens Up
And Shuts Down Again
Washington State Under Siege
A Dismal State of Affairs: The 1960s
A Future Resurrection
References
References
5 - Philosophy of NaturopathicMedicine
INTRODUCTION
MEDICAL PHILOSOPHY
Vitalism Versus Mechanism
Mechanism
Vitalism
Meaning of Disease
Scientific Medicine
NATUROPATHIC PHILOSOPHY
Vis Medicatrix Naturae
Natural Medicines and Therapies
Family and Specialty Practice
THE PHILOSOPHICAL CONTINUUM
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
6 - Placebo and the Power to Heal
PLACEBO RESPONSE
WHY STUDY THE PLACEBO EFFECT?
HISTORY OF PLACEBO
ORIGIN OF THE TERM PLACEBO
Other Clinical Observations
PLACEBO MYTHS
Myth 1
Myth 2
Myth 3
Myth 4
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Packaging and Delivery
Placebo Interactions
PLACEBO HEALING MECHANISMS
The Role of Emotions
The Vis Medicatrix Naturae
Conscious Control Over Homeostasis
Physiological Mechanisms
Neurophysiology of Placebo Response
Brain Region Activity
Placebo and Stress Physiology
Physiological and Psychological Stress
Endorphins, Hormones, and Neuropeptides
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Tollem Causum: Remove the Cause of Disease
Support the Therapeutic Relationship
Enhance Positive Emotional States
Implement Therapeutic Conditioning or Learning
Use Altered States of Consciousness
ETHICS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
7 - Positive Mental Attitude
INTRODUCTION
EFFECT OF ATTITUDE, PERSONALITY, EMOTIONS ON HEALTH
Longevity
Immune Function
Cardiovascular Health
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF LEARNED OPTIMISM
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
2 - Primary and Adjunctive Diagnostic Procedures
8 - Apoptosis in Health and Diseases
INTRODUCTION
Different Stages of Apoptosis
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Apoptosis in Cancer
Apoptosis in Autoimmune Diseases
Apoptosis During Viral Infection
Apoptosis in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Apoptosis in the Heart and Brain
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
9 - Bacterial Overgrowth of theSmall Intestine Breath Test
INTRODUCTION
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
DIAGNOSIS
Endoscopy
Breath Testing
Hydrogen Versus Methane Versus Hydrogen Sulfide
Interpretation of Breath Testing
. The following factors may account for a false-positive result on a breath test
. False-positive results on a breath test can be caused by the following factors
TREATMENT OF SIBO
Bacterial Eradication
Antibiotics
Herbal Antibiotics
Antibiotic Alternatives
Addressing the Underlying Causes
Restoration of Gastric Acidity
Normalization of Intestinal Motility
Dietary Support
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
10 - Cell-Signaling Analysis
INTRODUCTION
THE CELL CYCLE
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Patients Exposed to Carcinogenic Chemicals and Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
REFERENCES
References
11 - Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
INTRODUCTION
ERYTHROCYTE AGGREGATION
PROCEDURES
11
Westergren Method
Wintrobe Method
Results
INTERPRETATION
Elevated Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Asymptomatic Patients
As a Predictor of Coronary Artery Disease
Symptomatic Patients
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Cancer
Temporal Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Inflammatory Arthritis
Suspected Infection
Decreased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Monitoring of Disease Activity
Temporal Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Other Inflammatory Diseases
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
12 - Fantus Test
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL APPLICATION
PROCEDURE
Method
Required Reagents
Results
INTERPRETATION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
13 - Fatty Acid Profiling
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE
MEASUREMENT
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS
Omega-3 (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Omega-6 (n-6) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
Trans Fatty Acids
Saturated Fatty Acids
Fatty Acid Ratios
Omega-3 Index
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
14 - Food Hypersensitivities
INTRODUCTION
IMMUNOLOGY OF FOOD ALLERGIES AND FOOD SENSITIVITIES
FOOD ALLERGY/HYPERSENSITIVITY/INTOLERANCE TESTING METHODS
Oral Food Challenge
Skin-Prick Testing
Radioallergosorbent Testing
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Specific IgE to Foods
Atopy Patch Test
Breath Testing
Basophil Activation Test
Energetic Methods of Food Sensitivity Testing
Other Testing Methods
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
15 - Genomics, Nutrigenomics, and the Promise of Personalized Medicine
INTRODUCTION
WHY DO POLYMORPHISMS EXIST?
NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS
NATURE VERSUS NURTURE
Personalized Nutrition and Nutrigenetics
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Cardiovascular Disease
Electrolytes and Hypertension
Homocysteine and Micronutrients
GENOMIC TESTING
From Early Detection to Prevention
Clinical Challenges
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
16 - Hair Mineral Analysis
INTRODUCTION
MINERALS
Calcium and Magnesium
Chromium
Copper
Manganese
Selenium
Sodium and Potassium
Zinc
Other Minerals
DRUG ABUSE
RATIOS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
17 - Heidelberg pH Capsule Gastric Analysis
INTRODUCTION
PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH
PROCEDURE
Equipment
Methods
The Tethered Capsule Repeat Challenge
Flow-Through Capsule
INTERPRETATION
CLINICAL APPLICATION
INDICATIONS
Aging
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
18 - Immune Function Assessment
INTRODUCTION
ANTIBODIES
Blood
18
Immunoglobulin-G
Immunoglobulin-A
Immunoglobulin-E
Total Antibodies
Autoantibodies
Organism-Specific Antibodies
Urine
Cerebrospinal Fluid
MEASUREMENT OF COMPLEMENT AND HIGH-SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
Complement
High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
MEASUREMENT OF CELLS
Lymphocyte Subpopulations
T Cells
CD4 T Helper Subsets
Regulatory T Cells
B Cells
Monocytes and Neutrophils
Natural Killer Cells
CYTOKINES
GENETICS
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
Sickness Behavior
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
19 - Intestinal Permeability
INTRODUCTION
COMPONENTS OF THE INTESTINAL BARRIER
The Microbiological Barrier
The Physical Barrier
The Mucosal Layer
Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Intercellular Junctional Complexes
Tight Junctions (Zonula Occludins)
Adherens Junctions (Zonula Adherens), Desmosomes, and Gap Junctions
The Biochemical Barrier
Digestive Secretions
Antimicrobial Peptides
Cytokines
Proteases
The Immunological Barrier
ASSESSING INTESTINAL BARRIER FUNCTION
Active Assessment of Barrier Function
Dual-Sugar Test
Multisugar Test
Factors That Affect the Excretion of Sugar Probes
Limitations of the Dual-Sugar and Multisugar Tests
Passive Assessment of Barrier Function
Zonulin
Test limitations of zonulin
FACTORS AFFECTING INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY
Enteric Infections
High-Fat Diet
Gluten/Gliadin
Food Allergies and Intolerance
Exposure to Xenobiotic Pollutants
GASTROINTESTINAL AND SYSTEMIC DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERED INTESTINAL BARRIER FUNCTION
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Nutraceutical Therapies
Probiotics
Glutamine
Miscellaneous Nutraceuticals
Pharmaceutical Medications for Altered Intestinal Permeability
Larazotide Acetate
Disodium Cromoglycate
Corticosteroids
Aminosalicylates
Anti-TNF agents
Mucosal Protectors
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
20 - Laboratory Tests for the Determination of Vitamin Status
INTRODUCTION
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
Biotin
Folate
Niacin
Pantothenic Acid
Pyridoxine
Riboflavin
Thiamine
Vitamin B12
ASSESSMENT OF FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMIN STATUS
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
21 - Lactose Intolerance Testing
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ADULT-TYPE (PRIMARY) LACTOSE DEFICIENCY
ACQUIRED (SECONDARY) LACTASE DEFICIENCY
CONGENITAL LACTASE DEFICIENCY
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE VERSUS DAIRY ALLERGY
DIAGNOSIS OF LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Nutritional History
Stool Testing
Breath Testing
Procedure
Interpretation
Hydrogen and Methane Responses
False-Positive Results
False-Negative Results
High Baseline Levels
Genomic Testing
Tissue Sampling
Blood Testing
OTHER TYPES OF SUGAR INTOLERANCE
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
22 - Metal Toxicity: Assessment of Exposure and Retention
INTRODUCTION
ASSESSMENT OF TOXIC METAL EXPOSURE
Hair Elemental Analysis
Blood Analysis: Toxic Metal Exposure
Urinalysis of Toxic Elements Exposure: Unprovoked
Urinalysis: Biomarkers of Renal Cadmium Toxicity
EDTA
DMPS
DMSA
Nonpharmaceutical Agents
FECAL METALS ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
23 - Mineral Status Evaluation
INTRODUCTION
SPECIMEN SELECTION
Blood
Urine
Hair
COLLECTION EQUIPMENT
PREANALYTICAL VARIABLES
METHODOLOGY
MINERALS AND DISEASE
ESSENTIAL MACROMINERALS
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
ESSENTIAL MICROMINERALS
Copper
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Zinc
POTENTIALLY ESSENTIAL MINERALS
Bromine
Chromium
Fluorine
Lithium
Vanadium
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
24 - Mold Exposure Assessment
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
CHALLENGES
Positions of National and International Organizations on Mold and Nonrespiratory Conditions
World Health Organization
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention7
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Water-Damaged Buildings
ASSESSMENT OF MOLD EXPOSURE
IgG or IgE Allergy Serum Testing
Mycotoxin Urinary Levels
Inflammatory Markers and Hormones
Proteomics
Genetics
Visual Contrast Sensitivity Testing
Laboratory Testing Technology
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Mass Spectrometry
TREATMENT
1. Avoidance
2. Enhance Detoxification Pathways
3. Comprehensive, Integrated Care
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
References
RESOURCES
25 - Nonmetallic Toxic Chemical Assessment
INTRODUCTION
NONMETALLIC TOXIC CHEMICALS, METALLIC TOXIC CHEMICALS, AND TOXIC METALS
COMMON TOXIC CHEMICALS AND DISEASE
INDICATIONS FOR TOXIC CHEMICAL TESTING
THE MOST COMMON TOXIC CHEMICALS
Glyphosate
2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2, 4-D)
Organophosphates
TREATMENT OF NONMETAL TOXIC CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
26 - Oral Manifestations of Nutritional Status
INTRODUCTION
THE HEALTHY MOUTH
ABNORMALITIES OF THE ORAL MEMBRANES
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
27 - Rapid Dark Adaptation Test
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL APPLICATION
PROCEDURE
Method
Required Equipment
RESULTS
INTERPRETATION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
28 - Biomarkers for Stool Analysis
OVERVIEW OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY 101
Brain
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver and Biliary System
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
ASSESSING GASTROINTESTINAL HEALTH: DIG
DIGESTION/ABSORPTION
Digestive Dysfunction
Absorptive Dysfunction
Biomarkers for Digestion/Absorption
Pancreatic Elastase 1
Putrefactive Short-Chain Fatty Acids
Fecal Fats
IMMUNOLOGY/INFLAMMATION/INFECTIOUS PROCESSES
Biomarkers for Immune Function, Inflammation, and Infectious Processes
Eosinophil Protein X
Calprotectin
Infectious Agents
. Helicobacter pylori remains a prevalent worldwide infection, with infection rates in middle-aged adults reaching more than 80%...
. Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, spore-forming, gram-positive bacterium that can be part of the normal intestinal flora....
Parasitical Agents
GUT MICROFLORA BALANCE
BIOMARKERS FOR GASTROINTESTINAL MICROFLORA BALANCE AND METABOLIC FUNCTION
Beneficial Bacteria
Additional Bacteria
Mycology
Biomarkers for Microflora Metabolic Activity
Beneficial Short-Chain Fatty Acids
Beta-Glucuronidase
Bile Acids
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
29 - Organic Acid Profiling
INTRODUCTION
LABORATORY ORGANIC ACID PROFILES
Organic Acids Produced by Gut Microbiota
Malabsorption Markers (Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Metabolites)
Dysbiosis Markers (Phenolic Metabolites): DHPPA3, 3-HPA, 4-HPA, PAA, HPHPA, Benzoic Acid, Hippuric Acid, D-Lactate
Yeast and Fungal Markers (Arabinose, Arabinitol, Citramalic Acid, Tartaric Acid)
Organic Acids of Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Fatty Acid Oxidation (Adipic Acid, Suberic Acid, and Ethylmalonic Acid)
Glycolysis (Pyruvic Acid and Lactic Acid)
Citric Acid Cycle Metabolites
Organic Acids of Neurotransmitter Metabolism
Organic Acids Related to Vitamin-Dependent Pathways
Branch-Chain Amino Acid Intermediates (a-Keto Acids)
Folate and B12 Markers: Formiminoglutamic Acid and Methylmalonic Acid
Other B-Vitamin Markers: Xanthurenic Acid, 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid, 3-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid, Glutaric Acid, Isovalerylglycine
Toxic Exposure Metabolites: a-Ketophenylacetic Acid, a-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid, 2-Methylhippurate
Detoxification Pathway Markers: Glucaric Acid, P-Hydroxyphenyllactic Acid, Orotic Acid, Pyroglutamic Acid, a-Hydroxybutyric Acid...
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
30 - Urinary Porphyrins for the Detection of Heavy Metal and Toxic Chemical Exposure
INTRODUCTION
DESCRIPTION
HEME BIOSYNTHESIS
PORPHYRINURIA IN ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF PORPHYRINURIA
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
31 - Urine Indican Test (Obermeyer Test)
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Procedure
Method
Reagents
Results
INTERPRETATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
3 - Therapeutic Modalities and Practice Specialties
32 - Acupuncture
INTRODUCTION
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
TERMINOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
THEORY AND PRACTICE STYLES
Yin/Yang Balance
Qi, Blood, and Fluid
Five Phases
Zang Fu Organ Functional Metabolism Qualities
Six-Channel Acupuncture (Jing Luo)
Neuroanatomical Acupuncture
SCOPE OF PRACTICE
SAFETY
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
33 - Ayurveda: The Science of Life and Mother of the Healing Arts
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
The Development of Ayurvedic Medicine
The Major Schools and Specialties
School of Physicians (Atreya Sampradaya)
School of Surgeons (Dhanvantari Sampradaya)
BRANCHES OF AYURVEDA
Philosophy
Five Elements and the Senses
Physiology
Properties of Dosha
Functions of Tridosha
Individual Psychosomatic Constitutions-Prakriti
Mental Constitutions
Satva
Rajas
Tamas
HEALTH AND DISEASE
MODES OF THERAPY
Diet
Individualization of Medicinal Therapy
Pharmacy in Ayurveda
RESEARCH
AYURVEDIC AND MODERN MEDICINE
Ayurgenomics
Understanding Ayurvedic Insights Toward Individualized Genomic Medicine
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
34 - Botanical Medicine-A Modern Perspective
INTRODUCTION
THE ROLE OF HERBS IN MODERN PHARMACY
Science Fueled the "Herbal Renaissance"
The Advantages of Herbal Medicines
THE STUDY OF HERBAL MEDICINE
The History of Herbal Medicine
In the Beginning
Materia Medicas
Galen's Influence
The Black Plague and Syphilis
Challenges to Galenical Medicine
The Thomsonian and Eclectic Movements
The Growth of the Pharmaceutical Industry
IMPORTANT NORTH AMERICAN HERBAL MEDICINE ORGANIZATIONS
The American Botanical Council
American Herbal Pharmacopoeia
FINAL COMMENTS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
35 - Environmental Medicine
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIC LOAD
The Toxic Burden
Other Factors Affecting Clinical Impact of Total Load
Sources of Environmental Toxins
ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS
Immunotoxicity
Cell-Mediated Immune Dysfunction
Allergy and Asthma
Autoimmunity
Chemical Sensitivity
Neurotoxicity
Pesticide Neurotoxicity
. The average clinician will rarely see an individual with acute organophosphate poisoning. Instead, they will see persons prese...
. The use of chlorinated pesticides was almost completely banned in the United States by the 1980s, and thus the symptomatic pic...
. Chronic toxic encephalopathy (CTE) from solvent exposure will often gradually improve in 50% of cases with the elimination of ...
Heavy Metal Neurotoxicity
. Lead is a well-recognized neurotoxin that causes multiple problems in exposed children, including reduced IQ scores148 and att...
. Mercury in both organic and elemental forms is neurotoxic, and methylmercury (organic) is the most well-known neurotoxin. The ...
Indirect Neurotoxicity-Neuroinflammation
Endocrine Toxicity
Infertility
. Ontario women who used pesticides were 3.8-fold more likely to be infertile.186 Five compounds reduced females' fecundity rate...
. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) serum levels were significantly associated with miscarriage history and uterine fibroid presence a...
. Reduced fecundity has also been shown in female toluene workers (fecundity rate [FR] 0.47) and in laboratory workers exposed t...
. Smoking more than 10 cigarettes daily has been associated with reduced fertility in women (FR 0.66), with the OR for infertili...
Hypothyroidism
Adult-Onset Diabetes
ASSESSMENT
History
Laboratory Tests
TREATMENT
Avoidance of Further Chemical Exposure
Dietary Support
Protein
Fiber
Chlorophyll, Seaweed, Chlorella
Nutritional Supplementation
Depuration (Cleansing)
The Crinnion Depuration Protocol
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
36 - The Exercise Prescription
INTRODUCTION
EXERCISE IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT
A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON MOVEMENT
STANDARDS OF MOVEMENT
The Functional Movement Screen and Selective Functional Movement Assessment
New Insights on Exercise for Weight Loss
Does Aerobic Exercise Work for Weight Loss?
Aerobic Versus Anaerobic Exercise
Exercise Burn and "After-Burn"
Hormonal Versus Caloric Exercise
Aerobic Zone Versus Interval Training
Resistance Training Studies
Safety of Interval Exercise
Muscle-Body Messengers and Inflammation
Interleukin-6: The Exercise Factor
Interleukin-15: The Arnold Cytokine
Lactate
Testosterone and Human Growth Hormone
Exercise Approaches to Inflammation
EXERCISE PROTOCOLS
Holistic Fitness Prescription
Rest-Based Training Method for Exercise Prescription
Rest Based
Extrinsic Focus
Self-Determined
Time Conscious
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Exercise and the Heart
Interval Training and the Heart and Vascular System
Exercise and Bone
Exercise and Cancer
Exercise and Brain Neuroplasticity
Exercise for the Brain and Mood
Exercise and Anxiety
Exercise and Memory
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
37 - Fasting
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
PHYSIOLOGY
Metabolic Phase I (0-4/6 Hours)
Metabolic Stage Phase II (4-6 hours)
Metabolic Phase III (1-2 days)
Metabolic Phase IV (2-5/7 days)
Metabolic Phase V (Until Nutrient Depletion Begins)
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
CLINICAL RESEARCH
CASE REPORTS
Appendicitis
Follicular Lymphoma
Chronic Posttraumatic Headache
CLINICAL STUDIES
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer and Chemotherapy
Diabetes Mellitus
Epilepsy
Autoimmune Disorders
Obesity
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Guidelines
LABORATORY VALUES
Complete Blood Count
Serum Electrolytes
Liver Enzymes
Other Blood Values
Urinalysis
Adjunctive Care
Dietary Supplements
Enemas
Hydrotherapy
Intravenous Therapy
Pharmaceuticals
CONTRAINDICATIONS
SIDE EFFECTS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
38 - Glandular Therapy
INTRODUCTION
The Azeotropic Method
The Salt Precipitation Method
Freeze-Drying
Predigestion
SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
EVIDENCE FOR INTACT PROTEIN ABSORPTION
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Adrenal Extracts
Dosage
Aortic Glycosaminoglycans
Dosage
Liver Extracts
Dosage
Contraindication
Pancreatic Extracts
Dosage
Spleen Extracts
Dosage
Polyerga
Cancer Therapy
The Mechanism of Action
Other Uses
Dosage
Thymus Extracts
Chronic Viral Infections
Cancer
Allergies
Autoimmune Disorders
Dosage
Thyroid Extracts
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
39 - Homeopathy
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PHILOSOPHY
Provings
Like Treating Like
The Organon of Medicine
Vitalism
The Homeopathic Interview
Follow-Up and Case Evaluation
Prescription
Homeopathic Pharmacy and Potency Selection
Mechanism of Action
Determination of Potency
The Study of the Materia Medica
RESEARCH IN HOMEOPATHY
Evidence From a Modern Proving Study
Human Clinical Trials
Human Effectiveness Studies
Animal Studies: Field and Laboratory Research
Basic Research
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
40 - Hydrotherapy
A BRIEF HISTORY OF NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
Ancient Hydrotherapy
Modern Hydrotherapy
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF WATER
Basic Properties of Water
Principles of Hot and Cold Temperatures
Fever and Antipyretic Treatments
Types of Fever
Effects of Water Temperature on Fever
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR HYDROTHERAPY
For the Health Care Provider
For the Patient or Individual
Before Treatment
During Treatment
After Treatment
General Cautions and Contraindications
Pregnancy
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
Diabetes
HYDROTHERAPY TECHNIQUES
Compresses
Cold Compresses and Packs
Hot Compresses and Fomentations
Warming Compresses
Alternating Hot and Cold Compresses
Baths
Hot Baths
Neutral Baths
Cold and Contrast Baths
Sitz Bath
Cold Friction Rubs
Constitutional Hydrotherapy
Wet Sheet Pack
Colon Hydrotherapy
Effects of Colonic Hydrotherapy
Indications for Colon Hydrotherapy
Contraindications for Colon Hydrotherapy
Additives for Implantation
Practical Procedural Techniques
Treatment Analysis and Expectations
Sauna
Local Steam Inhalation
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
41 - Manipulation
THERAPEUTIC KEYS
HISTORY
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN MANIPULATION
Bonesetters of England
Chiropractic
Naturopathic
Osteopathic
Allopathic
Physical Therapy
IS MANUAL MEDICINE THE RIGHT TREATMENT?
Is It Safe to Move?
Signs of Neoplasm
Signs of Infection/Inflammation/Illness
Signs of Neurological Disorder or Progressive Neurological Deficit
Signs of Fracture
Is the Best Treatment Movement or Rest?
Which Direction to Move?
Orthopedic Tests
Selective Tissue Tension Tests
. First, active ROMs are performed to determine voluntary ROM and patient status. Measuring active ROMs cannot differentiate whe...
. Next, isometric muscle tests are performed to test the contractile tissue (muscle and tendons) with the joint in neutral to av...
. When the joint is put through passive motion, it reaches an end point, which has an "end-feel" that helps determine the status...
Normal end-feels
. This is a firm, "leathery" feeling, felt, for example, when the normal shoulder is at full external rotation. When felt in con...
. This feels abrupt, as when moving the normal elbow into full extension. When accompanying a restriction of movement, it may su...
. This is a soft end-feel, as when fully flexing the normal elbow or knee. It may accompany joint restriction in the presence of...
. This more rubbery feel resembles what is felt at the extremes of straight-leg raising (SLR) from tension on the hamstrings. It...
. The tissue involved is determined by the response to the passive ROMs and by moving the joint to ER and into closed pack posit...
. Active and passive movements are limited or painful, or both. Pain is caused by active contraction or passive stretching of th...
. Both active and passive movements are limited or painful, or both, in the same direction due to stretching of the inflamed or ...
. Only joints that are controlled by muscles have a capsular pattern. Pain is caused by both active and passive motions, and the...
. Pathological joint end-feels indicate a disease process
they are limited and are never normal
McKenzie's Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy
Centralization and Peripheralization
End-Range Pain and Pain During Motion
PRETREATMENT ASSESSMENT
Functional Assessment
Cervical Spine
Cervical Distraction
Maximum Cervical Rotation, Lateral Bending, and Compression
Spurling's Maneuver
Signs of Upper Limb Tension
Lumbar Spine and Sacroiliac Joint
Assessing Radiating Leg Symptoms
Assessing the Sacroiliac Joint
TREATMENT CONCEPTS
Notes on the Art of Manipulation
Joint Motion
Barrier Concepts
Preparation for the Manipulation
Performing Manipulation
Reassess
Troubleshooting Technique
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
42 - Nonpharmacological Control of Pain
INTRODUCTION
THE EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
A Psychological Model
Neuropsychological Mechanisms of Pain
Toxins that Increase Pain Sensitivity
Pain in Childbirth
PAIN CONTROL
Moderating Variables and Psychological Techniques
Psychological Strategies
Cognitive Strategies
Attention Focusing
Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Virtual Reality for Pain Management
Relaxation Training
Hypnosis
Control of Environmental Stress
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Acupuncture
Other Methods
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
43 - Nontransfusion Significance of ABO and ABO-Associated Polymorphisms
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
ABH ANTIGENS
ABH Secretors and Nonsecretors
Brush-Border Hydrolases
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Activity
Bacterial Flora
Infertility and Spontaneous Abortion
Other Immune Correlates
ABO and Secretor Blood Group Genetics
ABO System
ABH Secretor System
Lewis Blood Groups and Their Association With the ABH Secretor System
Linkage and Pleiotropism
Additional Physiological Correlations
Gastric Acidity
Gastrin and Pepsinogen
Cholesterol
Stress
Rheology
Soluble Endothelial Cell Markers
PATHOLOGICAL PROCESS AND ABO BLOOD GROUPS
Mental Disease
Cardiovascular Disease
Stroke
Peripheral Artery Disease and Venous Thromboembolism
Heart Disease
Cancer
Thomsen-Friedenreich Antigen (Pancarcinoma-Associated Antigen)
Inadvertent Elaboration of Blood Group Antigens
Epidermal Growth Factor
Pancreatic Cancer
Breast and Other Gynecologic Cancers
Other Cancers
Infection
Periodontal Disease and Oral Malignancy
BLOOD GROUPS AND DIETARY LECTINS
Historical Perspective
Actions of Lectins
Role of ABO Blood Groups
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ABO POLYMORPHISM
The "Blood Type Diet"
Materia Medica
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
44 - Nutritional Medicine
INTRODUCTION
EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS IN HUMAN NUTRITION
A Look at Our Closest Wild Relatives
Humans Versus Primates
Hunter-Gatherer Diets
The Importance of a Plant-Based Diet
The Pioneering Work of Burkitt and Trowell
TRENDS IN U.S. FOOD CONSUMPTION
THE GOVERNMENT AND NUTRITION EDUCATION
THE OPTIMAL HEALTH FOOD PYRAMID
3. Eat to Support Blood Sugar Control
4. Reduce Intake of Meat and Other Animal Foods
5. Eat the Right Type of Fats
6. Keep Salt Intake Low and Potassium Intake High
7. Avoid Food Additives
8. Take Measures to Reduce Foodborne Illness
9. Drink Sufficient Amounts of Water Each Day
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
45 - Peat Therapeutics and Balneotherapy
INTRODUCTION
BALNEOLOGY
History
Balneotherapy in Combination With Other Therapies
Physiological Effects
Circadian Rhythms
PEAT THERAPEUTICS
History
Skin Response
Physiological Effects
Hyperthermia
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Discopathy
Myopathy
Scoliosis
Arthritis
Headache
Hamstring Strain
Ankle Sprain
Hypertension
Dermatologic Problems
Scleroderma
Human Papillomavirus
Herpes Virus
Infertility
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
Hematoma
Immune Stimulation
Fibromyalgia
CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Hyperthermic Medicinal Peat Bath
Materials
Procedure
Medicinal Peat Peloid
Materials
Procedure
Partial-Immersion Medicinal Peat Bath
Materials
Procedure
Combination Full Bath and Peat Pack
Materials
Procedure
ADVERSE REACTIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
46 - Rotation Diet: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool
INTRODUCTION
THE ELIMINATION DIET
Variations of the Elimination Diet
Water Fasting
The Dilute Juice Fast
Fruit and/or Vegetable Plan
The Caveman (Caveperson) Plan
Procedure
Beginning the Elimination Diet
Testing by Challenge Ingestion
. Introduce foods back into the diet in the following order whenever possible: vegetables, fruits, melons, beans, nuts and seeds...
. The patient records, chronologically in a notebook, all foods, liquids, supplements, moods, symptoms, and reactions. The foods...
. Play a game with children to make testing fun. Have them draw a picture of how they feel, or write their names before and afte...
46
THE DIVERSIFIED ROTATION DIET
Using the Master Charts
Modifications for Vegans
Food Preparation
Helpful Hints and Suggestions
Control of Withdrawal Symptoms and Allergenic Reactions
Environmental Allergies
Ensuring Adequate Protein Intake
Patience
REFERENCES
REFERENCE
47 - Soft Tissue Manipulation: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential
INTRODUCTION
Immune System
Emotional
Endocrine
DEFINITION: FUNCTIONAL SOFT TISSUE
SOFT TISSUE PATHOLOGIES
Methods of Identification
Aberrant Movement Patterns
Methods of Identification
Soft Tissue Manipulation Techniques
The Potential of Soft Tissue Manipulation
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
48 - Spirituality, Religion, and Healing
INTRODUCTION-WHY SPIRITUALITY, RELIGION, AND HEALTH?
DEFINITIONS-RELIGION, SPIRITUALITY, HEALTH, HEALING
The Health Effect of Religious and Spiritual Practices
Intercessory and Healing Prayer
"Bioenergy" Healing Research
Qigong
Direct Effects of Intention
The Effect of Healing in a Clinical Setting
Advancing Research on Spirituality and Health
WHO PROVIDES SPIRITUAL CARE?
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
48 - Unani Medicine
INTRODUCTION-WHY SPIRITUALITY, RELIGION, AND HEALTH?
Unani Medicine: Greco-Arabic Healing and the Islamic Genius
HISTORY
Contributions and Influences From Antiquity
The Torchbearers of Islamic Medicine
Ibn Ishaq (Johannitus Onan), 809-873 ad
Al-Tabari, 810-855 ad
Al-Razi (Rhazes), 841-926 ad
Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 980-1037 ad
Post-Avicennan Medicine
Egypt and Syria: Ibn Nafis
Spain and Morocco: Al-Zahrawi (Albucasis) and Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
The Eastern Lands of Islam, Persia, and India: Al-Jurjani, Nurbakhski, and Dara Shukuh
Epistemology and Ontology
Cosmology and the Human Microcosm
Teleology and Spiritual Correspondences
UNANI MEDICAL THEORY IN PRINCIPLE
Vis Medicatrix Naturae
A Personal Thought on the Invisible Vis or Quwwa
The Doctrine of the Seven Naturals
Elements, Qualities, Properties, and States
Temperaments
Humors
Organs
Forces, Energies, Faculties, Drives, or Powers
Actions or Functions
Pneumata or Spirits
Techniques of Inquiry and Assessment
Pulse
Uroscopy, the "Urine Wheel," and the "Alvine Discharge" (Fig. 49.8)
UNANI MEDICAL THEORY IN PRACTICE
The Practice Framework
Therapeutic Modalities
Food-Based or Dietary Therapies
Pharmacy, Materia Medica, and the Black Seed
. There is no doubt that the most well-known herb used in Unani medicine, and revered by the cultures of the Middle East and Asi...
Environmental Regimens
Surgery, Cauterization, and Bloodletting
Pneumatology, Wellness, and the "Infallible Remedy"
The "Infallible Remedy"
Clinical Quick Notes
Lethargy (Chronic Fatigue)
Melancholy (Sadness, Low Mood, or Depression)
Tinnitus (Ringing in the Ears)
Nosebleed
Asthma
Coughing
Unani Medicinal Herbs Used to Treat Diabetes
Unani Medicinal Herbs Used to Treat Skin Diseases
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
49 - Unani Medicine
INTRODUCTION
Unani Medicine: Greco-Arabic Healing and the Islamic Genius
Unani Medicine: Comparisons and Contrasts With Other Health Care Systems
HISTORY
Contributions and Influences From Antiquity
The Torchbearers of Islamic Medicine
Post-Avicennan Medicine
METAPHYSICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS
Epistemology and Ontology
Cosmology and the Human Microcosm
Teleology and Spiritual Correspondences
UNANI MEDICAL THEORY IN PRINCIPLE
Vis Medicatrix Naturae
A Personal Thought on the Invisible Vis or Quwwa
The Doctrine of the Seven Naturals
Techniques of Inquiry and Assessment
The Practice Framework
Therapeutic Modalities
Clinical Quick Notes
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
4 - Pharmacology of Natural Medicines
50 - Allium cepa (Onion)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Antimicrobial Activity
Cardiovascular Effects
Diabetes
Antiasthmatic Action
Antitumor Effects
Hair Tonic Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATION AND DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
51 - Allium sativum (Garlic)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
52 - Aloe vera (Cape Aloe)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Aloe vera Terminology
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Anthraquinones
Saccharides
Prostanoids
Superoxide Dismutase
Other Constituents
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Gastrointestinal Effects
Laxative Effects
Bowel Detoxification
Inhibition of Gastric Acid Secretion
IMMUNE-ENHANCING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity
Antiviral Effects
Immune Enhancement
Hematopoietic Effects
Anti-inflammatory Activity
Alcohol Detoxification
Wound Healing
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Skin Health, Wound Healing, Burns, Frostbite, etc
Psoriasis
Radiation Burns
Gastric Ulcers, Ulcerative Colitis, and Rectal Disorders
Oral Mucosal Disorders
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Diabetes
Asthma
Antioxidant Support
Cancer Prevention
Contraception
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
53 - Angelica Species
Angelica sinensis and Angelica acutiloba
Angelica archangelica and Angelica atropurpurea
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Angelica sinensis and Angelica acutiloba
Angelica archangelica
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
Angelica sinensis and Angelica acutiloba
Angelica archangelica
Angelica atropurpurea
PHARMACOLOGY
Phytoestrogen Effects
Cardiovascular Effects
Smooth Muscle-Relaxing Activity
Analgesic Activity
Antiallergic, Immunomodulating, and Direct Antitumor Activity
Kidney Effects
Antimicrobial Activity
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Menopause
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
54 - Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Digestive Effects
Hepatic Effects
Antiparasitic Effects
Endocrine Effects
Neurological Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
55 - Artemisia annua (Sweet Wormwood)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Antimalarial Effects
Antiparasitic Effects
Antineoplastic Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Malaria
Schistosomiasis
Cancer
ARTHRITIS
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
56 - Bee Products-Pollen, Propolis, and Royal Jelly
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Bee Pollen
Propolis
Royal Jelly
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
57 - Beta-Carotene and Other Carotenoids
DIETARY SOURCES
METABOLISM
Absorption
Transformation in the Intestinal Mucosa
Genetics of Conversion of Carotenoids to Vitamin A
Transport, Storage, and Excretion
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
Antioxidant Activity
Anti-inflammatory Activity
Immune System
Reproduction
Photoprotection
COMMERCIAL FORMS
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Prevention of Cancer
The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group
Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial
The Physician's Health Study
General Comments on the "Negative" Studies
Other Prospective Cancer Prevention Studies
Lycopene in Prostate Cancer
Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia
Immune Enhancement
Vaginal Candidiasis
Photosensitivity Disorders
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
58 - Boron94
INTRODUCTION
Sources
METABOLISM
Chemical Properties
Biochemistry
Biological Functions
Embryo Maturation
Life Span
Brain Function and Performance
Hematologic
Hepatoprotection
Mineral Metabolism
DEFICIENCY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS
Vitamin D
Calcium
Copper
Magnesium
Phosphorous
Methionine and Arginine
Essential Fatty Acids
HORMONE INTERACTIONS
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Osteoporosis
Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Regulation of Inflammation
Prostate, Lung, Breast, and Cervical Cancer
Wound Healing
Dysmenorrhea
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
59 - Bromelain107
INTRODUCTION
BROMELAIN SUPPLEMENTS
BROMELAIN AS A DIGESTIVE AID
SYSTEMIC ENZYME THERAPY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Aging
Cancer
Circulatory Disorders
Digestive Disorders
Dysmenorrhea
Immune Disorders
Infections
Inflammatory Diseases and Conditions
Surgery
Anti-inflammatory Action of Bromelain
Respiratory Tract Conditions
Cosmetic and Dermatological Applications
DOSAGE
SIDE EFFECTS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
DRUG INTERACTIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
60 - Camellia sinensis (Green Tea)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
PHARMACOLOGY
l-Theanine
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Cancer
Cancer Risk and Black Tea Consumption
Cardiovascular and Liver Disease
Weight Loss
Bone Health
Neuroprotective Effects
PHOTOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS
ORAL CAVITY DISEASES
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
61 - Cannabis (Marijuana) and Cannabinoids
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
HISTORICAL USE
Use in Traditional Healing Systems
Use in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Use in Ayurveda
Use in Western Medical Traditions
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Cannabidiol
Other Nonintoxicating Cannabinoids
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Appetite Stimulation, Nausea, and Vomiting
Neurological Disorders
Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut Syndromes
Epilepsy
Multiple Sclerosis
Other Movement Disorders
Pain
Cancer
Glaucoma
Addiction
Anxiety, Depression, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia
Sleep Disorders
DOSAGE
SAFETY
Adverse Effects
Traditional Cautions
Intoxication (the "High")-Typical Use
Respiratory Effects-Smoking
Pediatric Intoxication (Intentional/Unintentional)
Effects on Driving
Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome
Edibles-Special Caution
Treatment of Intoxication
Adverse Effects Based on Clinical Trials
Cannabis Dependence
Amotivational Syndrome
Toxicity of Cannabidiol
Use in Pregnancy and Childhood Development
Risk of Psychosis and Schizophrenia
Child Protection
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
62 - Capsicum frutescens (Cayenne Pepper)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS FOR ORAL PREPARATIONS
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Thermogenic Aid
Cardiovascular Disease and the Metabolic Syndrome
Cancer
Postherpetic Neuralgia
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Postmastectomy Pain
Mouth Pain Due to Chemotherapy or Radiation
Diabetic Neuropathy
Nondiabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Cluster Headaches
Arthritis
Psoriasis
Pruritus Ani
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
63 - Carnitine
BIOSYNTHESIS
METABOLISM
Pharmacokinetics
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS
DEFICIENCY
CARNITINE AS A NUTRIENT
Carnitine in the Infant Diet
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Cardiovascular Disease
Angina and Recovery From Myocardial Infarction
Congestive Heart Failure
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Enhancing Physical Performance and Relieving Fatigue
Cancer-Related Fatigue
Celiac Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Thyroid Disease
Alzheimer's Disease, Senile Depression, and Age-Related Memory Defect
Depression
Down Syndrome
Kidney Disease and Hemodialysis
Diabetes
Neuropathy
Liver Disease
Muscular Dystrophies
Low Sperm Counts and Decreased Sperm Motility
Androgenetic Alopecia
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism
Protection Against Drug Toxicity
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Miscellaneous Conditions
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
64 - Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola)
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Burns
Cellulite and Striae Gravidarum
Cirrhosis of the Liver
Keloids
Kidney Disease
Leprosy
Improving Mental Function and Quality of Life
Relieving Anxiety
Scleroderma
Venous and Microcirculatory Disorders
Wound Healing
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
65 - Chinese Prepared Medicines
INTRODUCTION
Global Market
FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS
DISPENSARY GUIDE
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
66 - Cimicifuga racemosa (Black Cohosh)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Menopause
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
67 - Citicoline (CDP-Choline)
INTRODUCTION
Citicoline Versus Choline
BIOAVAILABILITY/PHARMACOKINETICS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Learning and Memory
Attention
Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia
Parkinson's Disease
Stroke and Cerebral Ischemia
Traumatic Head Injuries
EYE HEALTH AND VISUAL FUNCTION
Amblyopia
Glaucoma
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Substance Abuse
Infectious Diseases
Appetite Control and Satiety
Mental Health
Metabolic Diseases
TOXICOLOGY
DOSAGE
DRUG INTERACTIONS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
68 - Coenzyme Q10
INTRODUCTION
Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency
Coenzyme Q10 Absorption and Pharmacokinetics
Commercial Forms and Dosage Considerations
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
General Antioxidant
Cardiovascular Disease-General Considerations
Cardiomyopathy
Congestive Heart Failure
Protection During Cardiac Surgery
Hypertension
Cancer
Physical Performance
Diabetes Mellitus
Male Infertility
Parkinson's Disease
Friedreich's Ataxia
Muscular Dystrophy
Immune Function
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Toxicant Exposure
Topical Antiaging Effects
Side Effects and Safety
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
69 - Coleus forskohlii
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
OTHER CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
70 - Commiphora mukul (Mukul Myrrh Tree)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Lipid Disorders
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Anticancer Effects
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
71 - Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthorn)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Synergism with Vitamin C
Collagen-Stabilizing Action
Cardiovascular Effects
Mitochondrial Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Congestive Heart Failure
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
72 - Croton lechleri (Dragon's Blood)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Analgesic Effect
Antidiarrheal Effect
Antimicrobial Effect
Antiproliferative or Cytotoxic Effect, or Both
Ulcer Healing Effect
Antiviral Effect
Wound-Healing Effect
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Analgesic
Diarrhea
Herpes Simplex Viral Lesions
Stretch Marks
Wound Healing
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
73 - Curcuma longa (Turmeric)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Antioxidant Effects
Anticarcinogenic Effects
Anti-inflammatory Effects
Cardiovascular Effects
Hepatic Effects
Gastrointestinal Effects
Antiaging and Neuroprotective Effects
Antimicrobial Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
General Antioxidant and Prevention of Atherosclerosis
Cancer Prevention and Treatment Adjunct
General Inflammation
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Gastrointestinal Inflammation
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
74 - Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
INTRODUCTION
DHEA BIOCHEMISTRY
DHEA IMMUNOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Adrenal Hypofunction/Addison's Disease
Aging
Depression
Alzheimer's Disease
Menopause
Osteoporosis
Erectile Dysfunction
Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
75 - Echinacea Species (Narrow-Leafed Purple Coneflower)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Polysaccharides
Alkylamides
Caffeic Acid Derivatives
Flavonoids
Essential Oils
Polyacetylenes
MISCELLANEOUS
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Tissue Regeneration and Anti-inflammatory Properties
Immunostimulatory Properties
Antiviral Properties
Antibacterial Properties
Antineoplastic Activity
Endocannabinoid System
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Candidiasis
Wound Healing
Arthritis
Cancer
Anxiety
Atopic Dermatitis
Snakebites
COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS
Species
Part of the Plant to Use
Preparations
Solvents
Dosage
Toxicology
Drug Interactions
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
76 - Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian Ginseng)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Adaptogenic Activity
Stress Control
Radiation Protection
Antiedema Effects
Carcinogenesis Inhibition
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Adaptogenic Activity in Healthy Individuals
Adaptogenic Activity in Disease States
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
77 - Ephedra Species1
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Ephedrine
Pseudoephedrine
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Asthma and Hay Fever
Common Cold
Weight-Loss Aid
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
78 - Epilobium Species (Fireweed)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Analgesic Effect
Antidiarrheal Effect
Anti-Inflammatory Effect
Antimicrobial Effect
Antitumor Effect
Effect on Prostate and Prostatic Enzymes
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
79 - Fatty Acid Metabolism
FATTY ACID STRUCTURE AND METABOLISM
NOMENCLATURE
Saturated Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Essential Fatty Acids
Trans Fatty Acids
METABOLISM AND BIOCHEMISTRY
Carnitine Mitochondria Transport Proteins and Deficiencies
Beta-Oxidation
Oxidation
Hydration
Dehydrogenase
Thiolase
Peroxisome Beta-Oxidation
MODIFICATION AND SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS
De Novo Lipogenesis
Desaturation
Chain Elongation
HEALTH AND DISEASE
Saturated Fatty Acids in Health and Disease
Dementia and Cognitive Decline
Cardiovascular Disease
Monounsaturated Fats in Health and Disease
Cardiovascular Health and Metabolic Syndrome
Polyunsaturated Fats in Health and Disease
Mood and Cognition
Cardiovascular
Cancer
Inflammatory Conditions
Trans Fatty Acids in Health and Disease
Cardiovascular Disease
Liver Dysfunction
Mood and Cognition
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
80 - Fish Oils and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
INTRODUCTION
DESCRIPTION
Wild-Caught Versus Farmed Fish
Other Sources of Omega-3 Oils
Dietary Requirement
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Cardiovascular Disease
Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Benefit
Elevated Serum Lipids
Hypertension
Stroke
Bypass Patients
Atrial Fibrillation
Myocardial Infarction and Acute Coronary Syndrome
Immune Function
Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Psoriasis
Asthma
Cancer
Cancer Prevention
Cachexia and Treatment Efficacy
Migraine Headache
Diabetes
Neurodegenerative Disease
Depression
Raynaud Disease
Malaria
Renal Disease/Immunoglobulin-A Nephropathy
Muscle and Bone
Pregnancy and Lactation
TOXICITY AND TOXIN CONTAMINATION
Bleeding Time
Oxidation
DOSAGE
DRUG INTERACTIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
81 - Flavonoids-Quercetin, Citrus Flavonoids, and Hydroxyethylrutosides
INTRODUCTION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
CHEMICAL DESCRIPTIONS
Quercetin
Citrus Bioflavonoids
PHARMACOLOGY
Quercetin
Anti-inflammatory Effects
Effect on Histamine Release
Membrane Stabilization, Antioxidant Activity, and Hyaluronidase Inhibition
Effects on Eicosanoid Metabolism
Inhibition of Aldose Reductase
Antiviral Activity
Anticancer Properties
Citrus Flavonoids
Collagen Matrix Support
Bone Metabolism Effects
PHARMACOKINETICS
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Allergic and Inflammatory Conditions
Performance, Ergogenic, and Mitochondrial Effects
Cardiovascular Effects
Gout
Chronic Venous Insufficiency, Capillary Fragility, Excessive Bruisability, and Hemorrhoids
Diabetes
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Thalassemias
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FORMS
Quercetin
Citrus Bioflavonoids
Dosages
Toxicity
Drug Interactions
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
82 - Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo Tree)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
General Effects
Vascular Effects
Platelet Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Cognitive Dysfunction
Alzheimer's Disease
Tinnitus
Cochlear Deafness/Ototoxicity
Senile Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy
Peripheral Arterial Insufficiency
Sexual Dysfunction
Premenstrual Syndrome and Idiopathic Cyclic Edema
Antidepressant Effects
Allergies/Asthma
Raynaud's Disease
High-Altitude Sickness
Future Applications of Ginkgo biloba Extract
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
83 - Glucosamine
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
AVAILABLE FORMS
Glucosamine Sulfate Versus N-Acetylglucosamine
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Osteoarthritis
Use in Athletes: Prevention, Acute Injury, and Surgical Recovery
DOSAGE
SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
84 - Glutamine
INTRODUCTION
Food Sources
Forms
Physiological Effects
Intestinal Repair and Protection
Acid Base Balance
Glutathione Repletion
Protein Sparing
Immune Support
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Intestinal Permeability-Related Conditions
Infectious Diarrhea
Postsurgical Complications of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Chemotherapy and Radiation Side Effects
Cachexia
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Peptic Ulcers
Severe Burns
Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Exercise and Weight Lifting
Cardiac Disease
Crohn's Disease
Sickle Cell Disease
Other Conditions
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
85 - Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Estrogenic Activity
Pseudoaldosterone Activity
Anti-inflammatory and Antiallergic Activity
Immunostimulatory and Antiviral Effects
Anticancer Effects
Antibacterial Activity
Antihepatotoxic Activity
Memory-Enhancing Effect
Antinephritic Activity
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
DEGLYCYRRHIZINATED LICORICE
Gastric Ulcers
Duodenal Ulcers
Aphthous Ulcers
Hepatitis
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Addison's Disease
Inflammation
Sweetening Agent
LICORICE FLAVONOID OIL
TOPICAL APPLICATIONS
Eczema and Psoriasis
Herpes Simplex
Melasma
DOSAGE
Dosage Instructions for Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice
Dosage Instructions for Licorice Flavonoid Oil
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
86 - Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal) and Other Berberine-Containing Botanicals
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Hydrastis canadensis
Berberis vulgaris
Berberis aquifolium
Coptis chinensis
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Hydrastis canadensis
Berberis vulgaris
Berberis aquifolium
Coptis chinensis
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
Hydrastis canadensis
Berberis vulgaris
Berberis aquifolium
Coptis chinensis
PHARMACOLOGY
Antimicrobial, Anti-infective Activity, and Gut Health
Immunostimulatory Activity and Anticancer Effects
Antipyretic Activity
Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
Cardiovascular Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Infectious Diarrhea and Bowel Health
Trachoma
Berberine in Liver Health
Cholecystitis and Cirrhosis of the Liver
Liver-Protective Effects of Berberine
Cancer
Heart Disease
Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
Bioavailability
Dosage
Quality Considerations
ADVERSE EFFECTS AND TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
87 - 5-Hydroxytryptophan
INTRODUCTION
PHARMACOLOGY
5-Hydroxytryptophan Versus l-Tryptophan
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Depression
l-Tyrosine: an Adjunct to 5-Hydroxytryptophan
Anxiety and Panic Disorder
Weight Loss
Insomnia
Migraine and Tension Headaches
Juvenile Headache
Fibromyalgia
Parkinson's Disease
Seizure Disorders
Irritable Bowel Syndrome and the "Leaky Gut"
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
88 - Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Antidepressant Activity
MAO Inhibition
Modulation of IL-6 Activity
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibition
Sigma 1-Receptor Activation and GABA Inhibition
Hypothalamic Gene Transcription
Antiviral Activity
Antibacterial Activity
Pharmacokinetic Studies
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Depression
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Insomnia
Mental Function
Restless Legs Syndrome
Topical Application
DOSAGE
SAFETY/TOXICITY
Serotonin Syndrome Concern
Photosensitivity
Pregnancy
Nursing
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
89 - Lobelia inflata (Indian Tobacco)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Respiratory Effects
Central Nervous System Effects
Gastrointestinal Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
90 - Medicinal Mushrooms
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Polysaccharides
Biologic Response Modifiers
Blood Sugar Regulation
Antioxidant
Prebiotic
Triterpenoids
Phenolic Compounds
Ergosterol
Ergothioneine
I. MUSHROOMS WITH HUMAN CLINICAL STUDIES
Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum, G. applanatum, G. tsugae, Lingzhi, ? , )
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. Ganoderma spp. decrease uric acid accumulation through multiple mechanisms. In vitro, 2, 5 Dihydroxacetophenone, a bioactive c...
. In vitro research and animal studies suggest that Reishi exhibits antiandrogenic effects via inhibition of the enzyme 5-a-redu...
. Lipid peroxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) particles in the macrovasculature is a major contributor to the pathophys...
. Ganoderic acids isolated from Reishi inhibit aldose reductase and alpha-glucosidase, two essential enzymes in the treatment of...
. G. applanatum triterpenoids and polyketids have anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo in animal models. These triterpenoid c...
. Ganoderma triterpenoids also pose antiviral effects in vitro to H1N1 and H5N1 influenza viruses via inhibition of neuraminidas...
Clinical Applications
. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled and dose ranging study, G. lucidum was administered at a dose of 6 mg per da...
. Ganoderma polysaccharide, "Ganopoly," positively modulates the immune function of advanced stage cancer patients with lung, br...
. A human study found the combination of G. lucidum and T. versicolor at 400 mg/day for 2 months cleared oral human papilloma vi...
. Female volunteers with chronic fatigue syndrome receiving 2 g of G. lucidum extract daily had a significant benefit in quality...
Dosage
Cordyceps (C. sinensis, C. militaris, Caterpillar fungus, dong chong xia cao, ? ? )
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. C. sinensis significantly improves tubulointerstitial renal fibrosis, in vitro,51 and polysaccharide extracts relieve the form...
. Though used widely by athletes, few ergogenic mechanisms have been demonstrated through in vivo animal models. Cordyceps spp. ...
. C. sinensis may be beneficial for decreasing smoking-related cellular damage in lung tissue. In vitro research shows that Cord...
. Cordycepin has been widely recognized for its therapeutic potential against many types of cancers through numerous mechanisms,...
. Cordyceps has a history of use as an aphrodisiac, specifically aiding sexual endurance and erectile dysfunction. Studies indic...
Clinical Applications
. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial assessed the oxidative stress biomarkers in athletes supplementing with Cordyceps and ...
. In a review of 22 studies that involved 1746 participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not receiving dialysis, Cordyceps ...
. A placebo-controlled trial observed the immune-stimulating effects of C. militaris fruiting body extract in healthy adult male...
Dosage
Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor, Coriolus versicolor, Kawaratake, Yun Zhi, ? )
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. Turkey Tail has demonstrated prebiotic-like activity in vitro and in vivo. In vitro research has shown that the fermentation o...
. PSK extract modulates the immune response through stimulation of both extracellular PRR (TLR2) and intracellular pathogen sens...
Clinical Applications
. In a preclinical trial with 21 women, PSP gel was administered intravaginally. There was improved epithelialization of the cer...
. PSK improves immune function, reduced tumor-associated symptoms, and extended survival time in lung cancer patients. In six ra...
Dosage
Chaga (Inonotus obliquus, Kabanoanatake)
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. The polysaccharides extracted from Chaga have antioxidant effects through their superoxide scavenging activity79,80 The antiox...
. Aqueous extract containing polysaccharides, proteins, and phenolic compounds was administered to mice with intestinal inflamma...
. Polysaccharide-rich aqueous extract exhibits hypoglycemic activities in vitro and in vivo. The animals in this study showed si...
Clinical Applications
. A group of 50 patients suffering from psoriasis were treated with Chaga extract paste. Forty-three patients started the treatm...
Dosage
Maitake (Grifola frondosa, Hen of the Woods)
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. In an animal study, Maitake extract decreased TNF-a and enhanced interferon activity in rats with invasive bladder cancer. MD ...
. MD fraction has direct antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in human cancer cells, including prostate, bladder, liver, brai...
Clinical Applications
. Maitake polysaccharide extract was administered to postmenopausal women who had a history of breast cancer. At a dose of 5 mg/...
. Insulin resistance is a prominent feature of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and insulin sensitizing drugs are used to ind...
Dosage
Pleurotus ostreatus (Hiratake, píng gu, ? )
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. Active treatment in children for recurrent respiratory tract infections with pleuran resulted in a significant reduction of pe...
. There are many factors that aggregate and result in atherosclerosis. These include and are not limited to hypertension, hyperg...
Clinical Applications
. In a split-body study of 80 patients, topical P. ostreatus-based ß-glucan cream application resulted in improvement of both su...
. Pleuran extract from Oyster mushrooms has clinical evidence for application with various respiratory diseases. In a human stud...
. Twenty subjects were randomized to take either one portion of soup containing 30 g dried oyster mushrooms or a tomato soup (pl...
Dosage
Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus, Yamabushitake, Hedgehog Mushroom, ?? , ?? )
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. Animal studies demonstrated significant antifatigue activity through an increase in tissue glycogen content and a decrease in ...
. There is speculation about the use of Lion's Mane for diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and although animal trials are promising...
. In an animal study, mice with alcohol-induced gastric ulcers were administered a fruiting body polysaccharide extract of H. er...
Clinical Applications
. The combined anti-inflammatory and nerve growth factor-enhancing actions have proven to reduce depression and anxiety, specifi...
. Traditionally, Lion's Mane has been used to lull gastrointestinal inflammation and preliminary clinical research suggests that...
Dosage
Shiitake (Lentinula edodes, ? , , )
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. Lentinan inhibits both tumor angiogenesis and the growth of lung and colon cancers by increasing IFN-? production.112 Lentinan...
. NF-?B is an important regulatory element for IL-8 expression in human epithelial cells
in an animal study, lentinan suppresse...
. In vitro studies have explored the effect of Shiitake extracts containing adenine and oxalic acid on common bacteria implicate...
Clinical Applications
. Patients with gastric cancer were administered either chemotherapy alone or chemo-immunotherapy with lentinan. There was a sig...
Dosage
Agaricus blazei (Kawarihiratake, Himematsutake, ?? )
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. Antineoplastic activity was observed in three separate mouse studies, showing an increase in CD69 and CD49 T-cells in mouse co...
. Hot water extract shows antiquorum sensing activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important antibacterial mechanism that ...
. Phenolic compounds from A. blazei showed higher antioxidant activity compared with Shiitake.131
Clinical Applications
. A. Blazei mushroom extract was administered to gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Blood was drawn a few we...
. Either Agaricus blazei fruiting body extract (AbM) or placebo (cellulose) was administered in a 5-month trial with 536 registe...
Dosage
Enokitake (Flammulina velutipes, ??? , )
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. An intriguing in vivo animal study found that Enokitake polysaccharide extract improves scopolamine-induced learning and memor...
. In vitro research has demonstrated antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and...
. A recent review article explains that the immunomodulatory protein, FIP-fve, elicits its immunomodulatory effects by shifting ...
Dosage
II. MUSHROOMS WITH LABORATORY AND ANIMAL RESEARCH BUT INSUFFICIENT HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS
Red Belted Polypore (Fomitopsis pinicola)
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. In vitro, F. pinicola extract proves to employ many antineoplastic actions inhibiting cell migration, inducing ROS-dependent a...
. In vitro, both extracellular and intracellular polysaccharides consisting of mannose, rhamnose, xylose, and galactose portray ...
. Ethanol extract of Red Belted Polypore fresh fruiting bodies contains a number of lanostane triterpenes,141 fomitopinic acids,...
Fire Sponge (Phellinus linteus, Phellinus igniarius, Mesima, Willow bracket)
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. In vitro, hispolon has significant antitumor activity.146,147 In one study exploring antineoplastic mechanisms of hispolon on ...
. The water extract is effective against influenza virus A and B, including H1N1, H2N3, and Avian flu. The extract interferes wi...
. The biologically active compounds that modulate the immune system have been found to have therapeutic value for slowing multip...
Witch's Butter (Tremella fuciformis, Tremella aurantia, Tremella mesenterica, )
History and Folk Use
Pharmacology
. Intraperitoneal and oral administration with a water-soluble polysaccharide from T. fuciformis and T. aurantia had significant...
Clinical Applications
. Seventy-five subjects were randomly allocated to receive supplementation with T. fuciformis
this randomized clinical trial de...
Dosage
Psilocybe spp
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH (TABLES 90.1 AND 90.2)
REFERENCES
91 - Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Skin Infections
Lice Infestations
Oral Infections
Dandruff
Acne
Demodicosis
Common Foot Problems
Fungal Nail Infection
Vaginal Infections
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
92 - Melatonin
INTRODUCTION
PHARMACOKINETICS
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Jet Lag
Acute Sleep
Insomnia in the Elderly
Prolonged Release Melatonin in the Elderly
Insomnia in Perimenopausal Women
Chronic Sleep Onset Insomnia in Children
Tetraplegia, Sleep Disruption, and Melatonin
Melatonin, Beta-Blockers, and Insomnia
Fibromyalgia
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Children With Epilepsy
Autism/Fragile X Syndrome
Children With Migraine/Tension-Type Headaches
Functional Dyspepsia
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Cancer
Nonsmall Cell Metastatic Lung Cancer
Metastatic Solid Tumors: Gastric, Colorectal, and Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer
Metastatic Breast Cancer
Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Taxane-Related Neuropathy
Cachexia
Melatonin and Solid Tumor Cancer Therapy: Meta-Analysis
Breast Cancer and Insomnia
Topical Melatonin and Breast Irradiation Dermatitis
Fertility
Depression
Depression and Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome
Depression in Menopause/Perimenopause
Alzheimer's Disease
Sundowning Phenomenon in Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's Dementia
Headache
Migraine
Cluster Headache
Primary Headache (Tension and Migraine)
Tinnitus
Metabolic Syndrome
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) in Children
Cataract Surgery
Nicotine Withdrawal
Vascular Protection in Smokers
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Ulcerative Colitis
DOSAGE
Side Effects and Contraindications
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Zolpidem
Fluvoxamine
Fluoxetine
Caffeine
CYP1A
Progesterone
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
93 - Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Sedative Effects
Antiviral Effects
Thyroid Effects
Other Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Herpes Simplex Virus
Anxiety, Agitation, Insomnia, Memory
Premenstrual Syndrome
Dyspepsia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Infantile Colic
Hyperlipidemia
Arterial Stiffness
Cardiac Palpitations
Radiation Protection
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
94 - Mentha piperita (Peppermint)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Carminative Effects
Antispasmodic Effects
Choleretic Effects
External Analgesic Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Nonulcer Dyspepsia
Cholelithiasis
External Analgesic
The Common Cold
Headache
Endoscopy and Colonoscopy
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
95 - Microbial Enzyme Therapy
INTRODUCTION
DIGESTIVE ENZYME DEFICIENCIES
ACID-STABLE FUNGAL ENZYMES
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Pancreatic Insufficiency and Other Digestive Disorders
Gluten-Related Disorders
Prolyl Endopeptidase
Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV
Efficacy of Enzyme Combinations
Lactose Intolerance
Oligosaccharide Intolerance
IMPROVING NUTRIENT BIOAVAILABILITY
VASCULAR DISEASE
PHARMACOLOGY OF FUNGAL PROTEASES
Absorption of Orally Administered Enzymes
FOOD ALLERGIES
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
96 - Natural Medicines Quality Control
BACKGROUND
Abbreviations and Definitions
STATE OF THE INDUSTRY
THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
CGMP Final Rule
Consumer Benefits
Manufacturers
THE IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY CONTROL
Food and Drug Administration Definition of Quality
A More Specific and Robust Definition of Quality
Is It Real?
Is It the Potency It Claims to Be?
Does the Product Contain Any Contaminants?
CONTAMINANT TESTING
Nonbotanical Raw Materials
Heavy Metal(s) Where Indicated
Solvent Residue
Bacterial, Yeast, Mold
Miscellaneous Items to Consider Where Appropriate
Botanicals
Heavy Metal(s)
Solvent Residue
Bacterial, Yeast, Mold
Herbicide, Pesticide, and Fungicide Residue
Aflatoxin Residue
Fish Oil and Vegetable Oil Products
Heavy Metal(s)
Bacterial, Yeast, Mold
Dioxins, Dioxin-Like Compounds
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Rancidity Testing
SUPPLIER CERTIFICATION AND SKIP LOT TESTING
ECONOMICALLY MOTIVATED ADULTERATION
A Solvent Primer
Class I Solvents
Class II Solvents
Class III Solvents
Class IV Solvents
THE BUYING DECISION
DIETARY SUPPLEMENT PRICING AND QUALITY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
97 - Naturally Occurring Antioxidants
FREE RADICALS AND NONRADICAL OXIDANTS
Free Radicals
Reactive Oxygen Species
Oxidases
Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase
Redox Cycling
Oxidative Stress
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND TOXICANT EXPOSURE
Toxic Metals
Persistent Organic Pollutants
Air Pollution
Drugs
Radiation
Tobacco
OXIDATIVE STRESS, AGING, AND CHRONIC DISEASE
Free Radical Theory of Aging
Hydroxyl Radicals, Nitric Oxide, and Peroxynitrite
Reactive Nitrogen Species: Linkage to Superoxide
Reactive Oxygen Species: Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics
Oxidative Stress: Redox Regulation of Cell-Signaling Cascades
Transcription Factors
Nuclear Factor-?B
Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2 Related Factor-2
Activating Protein-1
Protein Kinases and Protein Phosphatases
Proinflammatory Cytokines
Proinflammatory Eicosanoids
Calcium Homeostasis
Apoptosis and Cell-Cycle Regulation
Reactive Oxygen Species: Xenobiotic, Phytochemical, and Carcinogen Metabolism
Reactive Oxygen Species: Secondary Messengers in Signaling Cascades
Nitric Oxide
Hydrogen Peroxide
LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS
ANTIOXIDANTS
Laboratory Assessment of Antioxidant Activity
Endogenous Antioxidants: Enzyme Systems
Superoxide Dismutase: Antioxidant Role for Manganese, Copper, and Zinc
Catalase
The Peroxidase Family
Storage and Transport Proteins
Ferritin, Transferrin, and Ceruloplasmin
Metallothionein
Selenoprotein P
Redox Regulation: The Glutathione System
Glutathione (GSH)
GSH Reductase
GSH Transferase
GSH and Neuroprotection
Redox Regulation: The Thioredoxin System
Antioxidant Enzymes: Transactivation of Antioxidant Response Elements
Micronutrients as Antioxidants
Vitamin C
Vitamin E (Tocopherols)
Carotenoids
Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone)
Thiols in Redox Balance
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
N-ACETYLCYSTEINE AND GLUTATHIONE
MINERALS AND REDOX BALANCE
Magnesium
ZINC
METABOLITES AS SECONDARY ANTIOXIDANTS
l-Carnitine
URIC ACID (URATE)
MELATONIN: A HORMONE WITH ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL
NONNUTRITIVE ANTIOXIDANTS
Polyphenols
FLAVONOIDS
FLAVONOIDS FROM FOOD SOURCES
Soy
BERRIES
COCOA
TEA
BOTANICAL EXTRACTS AND ISOLATED FLAVONOIDS
Pine Bark Extract
GRAPE SEED EXTRACT
GINKGO BILOBA
SILYMARIN
QUERCETIN
RESVERATROL
CURCUMIN
THERAPEUTIC USE OF ANTIOXIDANTS
Immunodeficiency and Oxidative Stress
EXERCISE AND OXIDATIVE STRESS
Antioxidant Supplementation for Disease Prevention?
Increase Antioxidant Intake Without Supplements?
LIMITS OF ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION
PROOXIDANT EFFECTS
VITAMIN E AND MORTALITY RISK?
Beta Carotene and Lung Cancer and Coronary Heart Disease?
Polyphenols and Mutagenicity?
Vitamin C, Toxicity, and Hypertension?
LIMITATIONS OF ANTIOXIDANTS AS ADJUVANT CANCER THERAPY
POTENTIAL NUTRIENT-DRUG INTERACTIONS AND PHYTOCHEMICAL-DRUG INTERACTIONS
RESEARCH FRONTIERS
Redox Balance and the Gut Microbiome
REDOX BALANCE AND GASO-TRANSMITTER SYSTEMS
REDOX BALANCE AND AGING
REDOX BALANCE AND MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTION
FUTURE DIRECTIONS: CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES
Nutrigenomics
NUTRITIONAL COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
HORMESIS
ROS INTERACTOME
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
98 - Opuntia Species (Prickly Pear)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Analgesic Effect
Anti-inflammatory Effect
Antiviral Effect
CICATRIZANT EFFECT
Diuretic and Other Renal Effects
Hypoglycemic Effect
Hypocholesterolemic Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Alcohol Intoxication
Diabetes (Adult-Onset Non-Insulin-Dependent)
Hyperlipidemia
Osteopenia
Prediabetes
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Weight Loss
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
99 - Panax ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY AND CLINICAL INDICATIONS
Adaptogenic and Antistress Activity
Antifatigue (Mental and Physical) Activity
Cognitive Performance
Ergogenic Aid
Diabetes
Reproductive Effects
Menopause
Cell-Proliferating, Antioxidant, and Antiaging Effects
Immunomodulating Effects
Anticancer Properties
Cardiovascular Effects
Hepatic Effects
Radiation-Protecting Effects
Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects
Antiobesity
Central Nervous System Effects
TOXICOLOGY
DOSAGE
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
100 - Pancreatic Enzymes213
INTRODUCTION
History
PANCREATIC ENZYME SUPPLEMENTS
Enzyme Standardization
ABSORPTION OF PROTEINS
Understanding the Absorption of Enzymes
FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
Optimal pH Range
The Effects of Temperature
Substrate Concentration
Cofactors
Metal Ions
Inhibitors
Supplement Coating
MEASURING ENZYME ACTIVITY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Digestive Disorders
Inflammatory Diseases and Conditions
Cancer
Breast Cancer
Lymphedema
Pancreatic Cancer
Autoimmune and Immune Complex-Mediated Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis
Cardiovascular Disorders
Viral and Bacterial Disorders
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
101 - Phage Therapy: Bacteriophages as Natural, Self-Limiting Antibiotics
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF BACTERIOPHAGES
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF PHAGE THERAPY
Initial Western Explorations
Specific Problems of Early Phage Therapy Work
PHAGE INTERACTIONS IN THE BODY
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Clinical Research at the Bacteriophage Institute, Tbilisi
Urogenital Tract Infections
Gastrointestinal Infections
Respiratory Tract Infections
Ear Infections
TOXICOLOGY
Drug Interactions
DOSING STRATEGY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
102 - Phosphatidylserine (PS)
INTRODUCTION
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Memory Decline
Stress
Evolution of PS Sourcing
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY AND DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
103 - Piper methysticum (Kava)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
The Kava Ceremony
The Effects of Drinking Kava
PHARMACOLOGY
Isolated Kavalactones Compared With Crude Extracts
Sedative Effects
Analgesic Effects
Anxiolytic Effects
Anti-Ischemia Effects
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Anxiety
DOSAGE
SIDE EFFECTS AND TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
104 - Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Colonic Foods
INTRODUCTION
FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES
Description
Commercial Forms
Fructooligosaccharide Supplements
Food Sources of Fructooligosaccharides
Clinical Applications
Microbiota Composition
Immune Response
Mineral Absorption
Bioavailability of Phytoestrogens
Atopic Eczema and Prevention of Atopy Development
Satiety
Metabolic Health and Type 2 Diabetes
Dosage
Toxicity
GALACTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES
Description
Commercial Forms
Clinical Applications
Bifidobacterial Growth
Treatment of Constipation
Atopic Disease
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Immune Function
Gastrointestinal Infections
Calcium Absorption
Skin Health
Mood and Stress Response
Dosage
Toxicity
LACTULOSE
Introduction
Commercial Forms
Clinical Applications
Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterial Growth
Inhibition of Potentially Pathogenic Microorganisms
Constipation
Colon Cancer Prevention
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Endotoxemia
Urinary Tract Infections
Calcium and Magnesium Absorption
Dosage
Toxicity
SYNBIOTICS
Strain-Specific Synbiotic Combinations
COLONIC FOODS
Introduction
Drug Interactions
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
105 - Probiotics
INTRODUCTION
DESCRIPTION
PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF ACTION
Immune Modulation
Anti-Inflammatory Activity
GIT Transit Time Modification
Induction of Oral Tolerance
Decrease Visceral Hypersensitivity
Competition for GI Adhesion Sites
Selective GI Antimicrobial Activity
Production of Beneficial Compounds
Strengthen the Intestinal Barrier
PROBIOTIC CHARACTERISTICS
Probiotics in Use
Issues in Probiotic Nomenclature
Importance of Strain
COMMERCIAL FORMS
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Antibiotic Use
Abdominal Pain (Functional)
Atopic Eczema
Prevention of Atopic Eczema
Treatment of Atopic Eczema
Gastrointestinal Infections
Diarrhea
Viral Gastroenteritis-Prevention
Viral Gastroenteritis-Treatment
Travelers' Diarrhea
Clostridium-difficile-Associated Diarrhea (CDAD)
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
Chemotherapy-Induced Diarrhea
AIDS-Related Diarrhea
Constipation
Immune Enhancement
Infantile Colic
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Crohn's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Colon Cancer
Mastitis
Postpartum Obesity
Urogenital Infections
Bacterial Vaginosis
Urinary Tract Infections
Vaginal Candidiasis
Toxin Reduction
DOSAGE
Supplements
Dosage in Dairy Mediums
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
106 - Procyanidolic Oligomers
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Antioxidant and Free-Radical-Scavenging Activity
Ant-Iinflammatory Activity
Anticancer Activity
Cardiovascular Protection
Protection of Collagen and Cartilage
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Antioxidant Therapy
Asthma
Menopause and Postmenopause
Attention Deficit Disorder
Mild Cognitive Impairment
Male Infertility and Erectile Function
Osteoarthritis
Periodontal Disease
Venous Insufficiency and Capillary Fragility
Visual Function, Retinopathy, and Macular Degeneration
Psoriasis
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
107 - Pygeum africanum (Bitter Almond)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Ferulic Acid Esters
Other Components
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Prostate Disorders
Male Infertility and Impotence
Pygeum Versus Serenoa
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
108 - Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Insulin Resistance
Enhancing Cognitive Function
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
109 - Ruscus aculeatus (Butcher's Broom)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Anticancer Effect
Antielastase Effect
Antihypoxic Effect
Anti-inflammatory Effect
Antimicrobial Effect
FIBRINOLYTIC EFFECT
Lymphatic Flow Effect
Vasoconstrictive Effect
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Edema and Varicosities
Hemorrhoids
Diabetic Retinopathy
Premenstrual Syndrome
Soft Tissue Injuries
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
110 - SAMe (S-Adenosylmethionine)
INTRODUCTION
PHARMACOLOGY
Available Forms
CLINICAL INDICATIONS
Depression
Osteoarthritis
Fibromyalgia
Liver Disorders
Migraine
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
INTERACTIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
111 - Sarsaparilla Species
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
PHARMACOLOGY
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
Historic Use in the Treatment of Syphilis
Endotoxin Binding
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Psoriasis
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
112 - Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Chronic Prostatitis
Male-Pattern Baldness
Dosage
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
113 - Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Hepatoprotection Effects
Free-Radical Scavenging
Effects on Hepatic Glutathione
Protection from Liver-Damaging Chemicals and Drugs
113
Stimulation of Hepatic Protein Synthesis
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Anticancer Effects
Other Pharmacological Actions
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Alcohol- and Chemically Induced Liver Damage
Cirrhosis
Viral Hepatitis
Gallstones
Psoriasis
Silymarin as a Galactagogue
Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
Silybin Bound to Phosphatidylcholine
Absorption Studies
Clinical Studies
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
114 - Soy Isoflavones and Other Constituents
INTRODUCTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOY
Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of Isoflavones
PHARMACOLOGY
Hormonal Effects of Soy
Infants
Women
Men
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Cardiovascular Disease
Cholesterol Metabolism
Blood Pressure
Cardiometabolic Disease Factors
Body Composition, Weight, and Glucose Metabolism
Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Other Cancers
Menopausal Symptoms
Osteoporosis
Cognitive Function
Fatty Liver Disease
Soy Isoflavone Safety
DRUG-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS
Cadmium Content
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
115 - Tabebuia avellanedae (syn. T. Impetiginosa, Lapacho, Pau d'Arco, Ipe Roxo)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Antimicrobial Activity
Antibacterial Activity
. Lapachol, like many naphthoquinones, acts as a respiratory poison by interfering with electron transport in microbes.17,18 At ...
Antiviral Activity
Antiparasitic Activity
Antifungal Activity
Antineoplastic Effects
Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Other Studied Actions
Quercetin
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Cancer
Dosage
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
116 - Tanacetum parthenium (Feverfew)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
MIGRAINE HEADACHE
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
117 - Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Digestive Effects
Blood Sugar Control
Liver Tonic
Diuretic and Weight Loss Effects
Anticancer and Immune-Enhancing Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
118 - Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
119 - Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Arthritis
Diabetes Mellitus
Allergic Rhinitis
Chronic Renal Failure
Galactagogue
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
120 - Uva ursi (Bearberry)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Antimicrobial Effects
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Inhibition of Melanin Synthesis
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
120
Urinary Tract Infections
DOSAGES
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
121 - Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Urinary Tract Applications
Reduction of Bacteriuria and Pyuria After Ingestion of Cranberry Juice
Urinary Tract Infections and Sexual Activity
Cranberry Juice and the Adhesion of Antibiotic-Resistant Uropathogens
Trials Involving Catheterization, Neurogenic Bladders, and Spinal Cord-Injured Patients
Comparative Trial Subsequent to Antibiotic Therapy
Comparative Trials-Antibiotic Versus Cranberry for UTI Prevention
Effectiveness as a Prophylactic Against Urinary Tract Infection
Prophylaxis Urinary Tract Infections in Men With Prostate Disease
Reducing Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Ileal Enterocystoplasty
Reduction in Urinary Odor
Other Clinical Applications
Antioxidant
Cancer
Vascular Disease
Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance
Helicobacter Pylori
Oral Bacteria
Peristomal Problems
Managing Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis
DOSAGE
ADVERSE EFFECTS
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
References
122 - Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Collagen-Stabilizing Action
122
Normalization of Capillary Permeability
Antiaggregation Effect on Platelets
Smooth Muscle-Relaxing Activity
Effects on Cancer Cells
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Ophthalmological Applications
Night Vision and Eye Fatigue
Glaucoma
Cataracts and Retinal Degeneration
Other Clinical Applications
Diabetes Mellitus
Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Syndrome
Inflammatory Joint Disease
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Microscopical Hematuria
Other Effects
Summary of Clinical Applications
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
123 - Valeriana officinalis (Valerian)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Insomnia
Anxiety and/or Depression
Menopausal Symptoms
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
124 - Viscum album (European Mistletoe)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Cardiovascular Effects
Antineoplastic and Immunostimulatory Effects
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Cancer
Immune Support
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
125 - Vitamin A
INTRODUCTION
Nomenclature
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Dietary Sources
DEFICIENCY
Immune System Effects
Other Effects
Xerophthalmia
Determination of Deficiency
METABOLISM
Absorption
Transformation in the Intestinal Mucosa
Transport, Storage, and Excretion
Conversion of Beta-Carotene to Vitamin A
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF VITAMIN A
Vision
Growth and Development
Development and Maintenance of Epithelial Tissue
Reproduction
Immune System
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Infections
Parasitical Infections
Measles
Infants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Skin Disorders
Dry Eyes
Emerging Potential Applications
DOSAGE
TOXICITY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
126 - Vitamin K
Vitamin K1
126
Vitamin K1 Absorption
Vitamin K1 Transport, Metabolism, and Distribution in Human Tissues
Vitamin K2 (Menaquinones K2 (MK-1) Through K2 (MK-14)
. Vitamin K2 is not considered a vitamin in the true sense because theoretically it is not an essential nutrient. This is becaus...
Vitamin K1 Conversion to Vitamin K2 (MK-4): Tissue Distribution of Vitamin K1 Versus Vitamin K2 (MK-n), n = 1 to 14
Dietary Sources of Various Forms of Vitamin K2
. Meats (2-3 mcg/100 g), egg yolk (10 mcg/one egg), and milk. These sources preferentially provide the K2 (MK-4) form along with...
. Various forms of vitamin K2 are produced by certain bacteria, ranging from K2 (MK-4) to K2 (MK-12) (see Table 126.2)
Vitamin K2 Produced by Human Intestinal Bacteria
Vitamin K2 Absorption and Transport
Supplement Forms and Doses Available
Vitamin K3 (Menadione)
Occurrence, Properties, and Special Considerations for Animal and Human Consumption
. Certain animal feeding practices include synthetic vitamin K3 as a supplement, probably because animals fed corn instead of gr...
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF VITAMIN K: EFFECTS OF NORMAL TO SUPRAPHYSIOLOGICAL DOSES
Mechanisms of Action of Vitamins K1 and K2
Modulation of Inflammation by Downregulation of Inflammatory Cytokines
Downregulation of Cell-Signaling Proteins (Produced Downstream of Mevalonate and HMG-CoA) Affecting Cell Differentiation and Apo...
Optimal Dose of Vitamin K1 and/or K2 for Complete Activation (Carboxylation) of Osteocalcin
Interventions With Vitamin K1 Alone or in Comparison With K2 (MK-4 and MK-7)
Effects of Vitamin K1 Supplementation in the Range of 0.1 mg to 1 mg on Bone Mineral Density
Effects of Supplementation With 0.1 mg to 1 mg Vitamin K1 on Markers of Bone Metabolism
Effects of Supplementation With 5 mg and 10 mg Vitamin K1 on Bone Mineral Density, Fracture Rate, and Markers of Bone Metabolism...
Interventions With Vitamin K2 (MK-7)
Effects of MK-7 on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Mineral Content
Effects of MK-7 on Bone Strength, Bone Quality
Effects of MK-7 on Markers of Bone Metabolism
Effects of MK-7 on Raising Bone Content of Vitamin K
Interventions With Vitamin K2 (MK-4) With Doses in the Supraphysiological Range
How Does K2 (MK-4) Compare With Bisphosphonate Actions and Does It Make Sense to Combine Them?
The Potential Reasons for Some of the Disappointing and Conflicting Results Among Vitamin K Studies May Be Explained by Some of ...
Potential Synergistic Action Between Vitamin K2 (MK-4) and Supplemented Hydrolyzed Collagen Protein
The Synergy and Necessity of Combining Vitamins K and D
Important Complementary Interventions to Increase Vitamin K Supplementation Efficacy
Conclusions: What Is the Best Approach to Optimizing Status of Vitamin K in Support of Bone Health?
Recommendation for Young Individuals
Recommendation for Older Individuals, Especially Women in Peri- and Established Menopause or Men With Lower Than Optimal Testost...
Dental Bone Support
Cardiovascular Health
Intimal Calcification
Medial Calcification (or Monckeberg's Arteriosclerosis)
Evidence From Epidemiological Studies for Relationships Between Vitamin K1 and/or K2 Intake and Cardiovascular Disease
Vitamin K Interactions With Vitamins/Hormones Affecting Matrix Gla Protein Expression and Carboxylation
What Is the Potential of Preventing or Reversing Arterial Calcification With Vitamin K Supplementation?
What May Be the Most Efficacious Intervention With Vitamin K Supplements to Prevent or Benefit Cardiovascular Disease?
Are There Benefits From Adding Vitamin K1 or K2 to Anticoagulant Treatments Such as Warfarin?
Will Therapeutic Doses of Vitamin K Increase Clotting and Thrombosis Excessively?
Effects on Cancer of Vitamins K1, K2, and K3
Vitamin K1 and Cancer
Vitamin K2 and Cancer
INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER VITAMINS
Interactions With Vitamins E, A, and D
Vitamin E May Interfere With Vitamin K Metabolism When Administered in Very High Doses
Interactions With Pharmaceutical Drugs
Anticoagulants Based on Vitamin K Antagonism
Anticoagulants With Mechanisms of Action Independent of Vitamin K Metabolism
Aspirin and Salycilates Interfere Slightly With Vitamin K Metabolism
Antibiotics Interfere With Vitamin K Metabolism
Anticonvulsant Drugs
Butylated Hydroxytoluene Interferes With Vitamin K Metabolism
VITAMIN K STATUS BIOMARKERS
Currently Available Tests for Vitamin K Status
DOSAGE
Current RDI Versus Expanded Criteria for Defining Optimal Vitamin K Intake
Evolutionary Intake of Vitamin K2
Therapeutic Dosage of Vitamin K2
SAFETY
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
References
127 - Vitamin Toxicities and Therapeutic Monitoring
INTRODUCTION
LIPID-SOLUBLE VITAMIN TOXICITY
Vitamin A
Carotenoids
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Water-Soluble Vitamin Toxicity
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamins)
LABORATORY TESTS FOR VITAMIN TOXICITY
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
128 - Vitex agnus castus (Chaste Tree)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
128
Corpus Luteum Insufficiency
Premenstrual Syndrome and Cyclic Mastalgia
Hyperprolactinemia
Infertility and Secondary Amenorrhea
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
129 - Water: The Most Basic Nutrient and Therapeutic Agent
129
Causes of Dehydration
THIRST: THE SENSE THAT CANNOT BE TRUSTED?
Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration
Sources of Water for the Body
Water Losses From the Body
Factors That Influence Water Need
Ideal Water Intake
Hydration for Athletes and Laborers
PURE WATER VERSUS OTHER BEVERAGES
WATER TEMPERATURE
SPECIAL NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGY OF WATER METABOLISM
Oxygen Transport
Role of Water in Protein Structure and Function
Cell Hydration and Cell Behavior
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Hydration and the Elderly
Winter Hydration
Dehydration and Jet Lag
Effect of Hydration State on Blood Flow
Cognitive-Motor Function and Hydration State
COMMON CONDITIONS IMPROVED BY WATER
Coronary Heart Disease and Fatal Myocardial Infarction
Peptic Ulcers and Dyspepsia
Asthma and Allergies
Migraine Headache
Weight Loss
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
130 - Zingiber officinale (Ginger)
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
HISTORY AND FOLK USE
PHARMACOLOGY
Antioxidant Effects
Effects on Prostaglandin and Leukotriene Metabolism
Effects on Platelets and Fibrinolysis
Cholesterol-Lowering and Hepatic Effects
Cardiotonic and Hypotensive Properties
Analgesic Effects
Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle Effects
Antiulcer Effects
Thermogenic Properties
Antibiotic Activity
Anticancer Effects
Effects on Insulin and Blood Glucose
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Motion Sickness
Nausea and Vomiting
Inflammatory Conditions
DOSAGE
TOXICOLOGY
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
9780323523806v2_WEB
Front Cover
TEXTBOOK OF Natural Medicine
TEXTBOOK OF Natural Medicine
Copyright
Dedication
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONTENTS
5 -Syndromes and Special Topics1
131 - Lifestyle Factors in Cancer
INTRODUCTION
NUTRITION
Diet
DIETARY PATTERNS
Obesity
Insulin Resistance
Anti-Inflammatory Nutrients
Fasting
Cachexia
EXERCISE
STRESS MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
References
132 - Dietary Fiber
INTRODUCTION
Anthropology
History
FIBER
Classification
Sources
Health Effects
MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF DIETARY FIBER
Viscosity of Fiber
Water-Holding Capacity
Laxation
Prebiotics
Neuroendocrine Effects of Fiber
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
DRUG INTERACTIONS
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
133 - Digestive Support
INTRODUCTION
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Hypochlorhydria
Etiology of Hypochlorhydria
Pancreatic Insufficiency
Digestive Enzyme Supplements
PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTS
REFERENCES
References
134 -Homocysteine Metabolism: Nutritional Modulation and Effect on Health and Disease
INTRODUCTION
HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM
Gender and Genetics
Lifestyle
Nutritional Relationships
Methionine
S-Adenosylhomocysteine
Methyltetrahydrofolate
Methylcobalamin
Betaine
Pyridoxal 5´-Phosphate
RENAL FUNCTION
PHARMACEUTIC DRUG EFFECTS ON HOMOCYSTEINE
EFFECT OF HOMOCYSTEINE ON KEY NUTRIENTS
S-Adenosylmethionine
Carnitine
Chondroitin Sulfates, Glucosamine Sulfate, and Other Sulfated Proteoglycans
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme Q10
Creatine
Epinephrine and Melatonin
Phosphatidylcholine
Taurine
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Phase II Detoxification
Heart Disease
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Stroke
Pregnancy
Neurological and Mental Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Psoriasis
Kidney Failure
Alcoholism and Ethanol Ingestion
Gout
Osteoporosis
Autism
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Drug-Induced Hyperhomocysteinemia
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Therapeutic Approach
Supplements
REFERENCES
References
135 - Hyperventilation Syndrome/Breathing Pattern Disorders
INTRODUCTION
Hyperventilation Syndrome/Breathing Pattern Disorders Defined
Gender
Normal Breathing Pattern
Benefits of Normal Respiratory Function
The Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen Balancing Act
Respiratory Homeostasis
Pathophysiology
Physiological and Pathophysiological Causes of Altered Patterns of Breathing
Categorization of Causes
The Hydrogen Ion Factor
The Carbon Dioxide-Hydrogen Ion Connection
The Bicarbonate Buffer
Oxygen Delivery and Smooth Muscle Constriction
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Symptoms
Metabolic Disturbances and Hyperventilation Syndrome
Acute Hyperventilation Progression
Chronic Hyperventilation
Caution
The Nijmegen Questionnaire
BIOMECHANICAL (STRUCTURAL) CONSIDERATIONS
The Structure-Function Continuum
The Muscles of Breathing
Neural Regulation of Breathing
Chemical Control of Breathing
Voluntary Control of Breathing
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Treatment and Rehabilitation of Hyperventilation Syndrome/Breathing Pattern Disorders
Breathing Rehabilitation Exercises
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
References
136 - Immune System Support
INTRODUCTION
IMMUNE SYSTEM OVERVIEW
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
LIFESTYLE EFFECTS ON IMMUNE FUNCTION
Nutrient Deficiency
Protein
Sugar
Obesity
Blood Lipids
Alcohol
Vitamins
Vitamin A and Carotenes
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Pyridoxine
Folic Acid and Vitamin B12
Other B Vitamins
Minerals
Iron
Trace Minerals
Zinc
Selenium
ENHANCING THYMUS FUNCTION
Antioxidants
Nutrients
BOTANICALS
Yeast Beta-Glucans and Medicinal Mushrooms
Microbiota
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
General Measures
Supplements
Botanicals
Echinacea spp
Astragalus membranaceus
Yeast and Medicinal Mushrooms
REFERENCES
References
137 - Let the Data Speak
INTRODUCTION
GATHERING ALL THE DATA
QUESTIONNAIRE INTERPRETATION
NMI Guidance Example
Short Guidance Report
Expanded Guidance Report
Testing for Magnesium Status
How Do We Develop Unmet Needs for Magnesium?
Uptight
The Patient Is the Best Laboratory
To Bowel Tolerance
The Pebble in Your Shoe
NMI EXPANDED GUIDANCE SUMMARY
REFERENCES
References
138 - Mycotoxin Exposure:Assessment and Treatment
INTRODUCTION
MOLD SPECIES
Aspergillus
Fusarium
Penicillium
Stachybotrys
COMMON MYCOTOXINS
Aflatoxin
Ochratoxin
Gliotoxin
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT
Elisa
Liquid Chromatography-MS/MS
TREATMENT
Avoidance and Remediation
Mycotoxin Excretion and Detoxification
Antioxidants
Fungal Treatment
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
139 - Sports Nutrition
NUTRITION AND PERFORMANCE
Performance Nutrition and Fat Loss
Ketogenic Diet and Athletic Performance
Intermittent Fasting
Diet Concerns for Athletes
Macronutrient Ratios
Protein
Fat
Performance, Recovery, and Nutrient Timing
Water
Vitamins and Minerals
ASSESSMENT
Serum Nutrient Testing
Adrenal Hormone Testing
Organic Acid Testing
Intracellular Nutrient Analysis
Amino Acid Testing
CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ERGOGENIC AIDS
GENERAL HEALTH CONCERNS FOR ATHLETES
NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
Arginine
Dosage
Other Considerations
Beta-Alanine
Dosage
Other Considerations
Beta-Hydroxy Beta-Methylbutyrate
Dosage
Other Considerations
Branched Chain Amino Acids
Dosage
Other Considerations
Caffeine
Dosage
Other Considerations
Creatine Monohydrate
Dosage
Other Considerations
Green Tea Extract
Dosage
Other Considerations
Quercetin
Dosage
Rhodiola
Dosage
Sodium Bicarbonate
Dosage
Other Considerations
Spirulina
Dosage
Other Considerations
Whey Protein
Dosage
Other Considerations
Magnesium
Dosage
Cold Water Immersion
Dosage
Ribose
REFERENCES
References
140 - Stress Management
INTRODUCTION
THE GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME
STRESS: A HEALTHY VIEW
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Calming the Mind and Body
Breathing
Progressive Relaxation
Lifestyle Factors
Exercise
Dietary Guidelines
Caffeine
Alcohol
Refined Carbohydrates and Glycemic Volatility
Potassium-to-Sodium Ratio
Meal Planning
Food Allergies
NUTRITIONAL AND BOTANICAL SUPPORT
Nutritional Supplements
Gamma-aminobutyric Acid
Botanical Medicines
Stress Management Programs
REFERENCES
References
6 - Diseases
141 - Acne Vulgaris and Acne Conglobata
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Etiology
Endocrinological Aspects
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Diet
Sugar, Insulin, and Chromium
NUTRIENTS
Vitamin A
Zinc
Vitamin E and Selenium
Pyridoxine
Vitamins A and D
TOPICAL TREATMENTS
Tea Tree Oil
Azelaic Acid
Vitamin C
Nicotinamide
Proprietary Topical Therapy
New Natural Agents
PROCEDURAL TREATMENTS
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Physical Medicine
Topical Treatments
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
142 - Affective Disorders
DIAGNOSIS
Depression
Anxiety
Bipolar Disorder
CAUSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Stress and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysfunction
Disordered Sleep
Sunlight, Spending Time in Nature, and Light Therapy
Exercise
Blood Sugar Dysregulation
Maldigestion
Inflammation
Hormonal Imbalances
Thyroid Hormones
Cortisol
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Oxytocin
Melatonin
Lifestyle Factors: Smoking, Alcohol, and Caffeine
Smoking
Alcohol
Caffeine
Digital Screen and Social Media Exposure
Environmental Toxicity
Mitochondrial Dysfunction
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Conventional Medications
Counseling
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Mind Body Work
Yoga and Meditation
Massage Therapy
Diet
Insufficient Protein Intake
Food Allergies/Sensitivities
Probiotics
Amino Acid Therapy
Tryptophan and 5-Hydroxytryptophan
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
Acetyl-L-Carnitine
Glycine
Gamma Amino-Butyric Acid and Phenibut
Taurine
N-Acetyl-Cysteine
S-Adenosyl-l-methionine
Essential Fatty Acids
Vitamin D
B Vitamins and Folate
Inositol
Triacetyluridine
Minerals
Chromium
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Lithium
Botanical Medicines
Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort)
Curcumin
Cannabidiol Oil
Passiflora (Passionflower)
Rhodiola rosea
Saffron
Homeopathic Medicines
BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) rs6265
COMT (Catechol O-Methyltransferase) rs769224, rs4680, and rs4633
CYP2R1 rs10741657 and rs7041
DBH (Dopamine Betahyrdoxylase) rs1108580
DRD2 (Dopamine Receptor D2) rs1800497
FADS and FADS1 (Fatty Acid Delta-5-Desaturase) rs174537, rs174546, and rs174547
GAD1 (Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 1) rs2241165
GC (Vitamin D Binding Protein) rs2282679
IL-6 (Interleukin-6) rs1800795
MAOA and B (Monoamine Oxidase A and B) Multiple rs Numbers
MTHFR (Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase) rs1801133 and rs1801131
MTR (Methionine Synthase) rs1805087 and MTRR (MTR Reductase) rs1801394
OXTR (Oxytocin Receptor) rs53576
SLC39A13 (Solute Carrier Family 39 Member 13)
TPH 1 and 2 (Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 and 2) rs1799913, rs4570625, and rs429027
PERTINENT LABORATORY TESTING
Blood Tests
Food Sensitivity/Food Allergy Testing
Saliva and Urine Testing
Organic Acid Testing
Leaky Gut Tests
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Sleep
Exercise
Lifestyle
Psychological Work
Relaxation Work
Nature
Environmental Toxicity
Supplementation
SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS ACCORDING TO AFFECTIVE DISORDER
Depression
Diet
Supplements
Anxiety
Diet
Supplements
Bipolar Disorder
Diet
Supplements to Use
Supplements to Avoid
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Light Therapy
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
143 - Alcohol Dependence
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Genetic Susceptibility
Alcohol Toxicity and Glutathione
INTOXICATION AND WITHDRAWAL
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
Ethanol Metabolism
Fatty Liver
Hypoglycemia
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Nutrition
Zinc
Vitamin A
Antioxidants
Carnitine
Amino Acids
Vitamin C
Selenium
B Vitamins
Magnesium
Essential Fatty Acids
Glutamine
Psychosocial Aspects
Depression
Miscellaneous Factors
Intestinal Flora
Exercise
Kudzu (Pueraria lobata)
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Recommendations for All Four Stages
Diet
Supplements
Exercise
Counseling
Specific Recommendations for Each Stage
Stage I: Active Alcohol Consumption
Stage II: Withdrawal
Stage III: Recovering
Stage IV: Recovering to Advanced Recovery
REFERENCES
References
144 - Alzheimer's Disease
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Neuropathology
Etiology
Environmental Toxins
Aluminum
Particulate Matter
Pesticides
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Fingerprint Patterns
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Diet
Estrogen
Environmental Toxins
NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Antioxidants
Thiamine
Vitamin B12
Zinc
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylserine
Acetyl- L-Carnitine
OTHER THERAPIES
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Melatonin
Botanical Medicines
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Huperzine A
Bacopa Monniera
Curcuma Longa (Turmeric)
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Dietary and Lifestyle Recommendations
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
145 - Anemia
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
TYPES OF ANEMIA
Excessive Blood Loss
Excessive Red Blood Cell Destruction
Deficient Red Blood Cell or Hemoglobin Production
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Vitamin B12-Deficiency Anemia
FOLATE DEFICIENCY
BONE MARROW AND STEM CELL DYSFUNCTION
Aplastic Anemia
Inherited Hemoglobin Disorders
Lead Toxicity
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT FOR ALL TYPES
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
Cautions and Warnings
Pernicious Anemia
Oral Versus Injectable B12
Folic Acid-Deficiency Anemia
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
General Recommendations
Diet
NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
B12-Deficiency Anemia
Folic Acid-Deficiency Anemia
REFERENCES
References
146 - Angina
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Nutritional Supplements for Angina
Carnitine
Pantethine
Coenzyme Q10
Magnesium
Arginine
Botanical Medicines
Crataegus Species
Ammi visnaga
Other Therapies
Acupuncture
Relaxation and Breathing Exercises
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Lifestyle
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
147 - Aphthous Stomatitis
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Allergies and Environmental Factors
Gluten Sensitivity
Dietary Factors
Mechanical Injuries
Hormonal Changes
Stress
Nutrient Deficiency
Quercetin
Deglycyrrhizinated Licorice
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
148 - Asthma
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Major Categories
Diagnostic Considerations
Causes
Inflammation and Th1/Th2 Balance
Mediators
Lipoxygenase Products
Autonomic Nervous System
Adrenal Gland
Vaccinations
Pertussis Vaccine
Influenza Vaccine
Environmental Toxins
Particulate Matter
Ozone
Acrolein
Arsenic
Cobalt
Occupational Agricultural Exposure
Mold
Drugs
Aspirin/NSAIDs
Beta Blockers
Other
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
General
Hypochlorhydria
Increased Intestinal Permeability
Candida albicans
Food Additives
Salt
Estrogen and Progesterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Melatonin
Diet
Beneficial Foods
Food Allergy
Breastfeeding
Antibiotics, Probiotics, and Mucosal IgA
Vegan Diet
Nutrition
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Tryptophan Metabolism and Pyridoxine Supplementation
Antioxidants
Vitamin C
Flavonoids
Carotenes
Vitamin E
Selenium
Vitamin B12
Magnesium
Vitamin D
Botanical Medicines
Hedera helix (Ivy)
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Lobelia inflata
Capsicum frutescens
Zizyphi fructus
Thea sinensis
Allium Family
Tylophora asthmatica
Ginkgo biloba
Aloe vera
Coleus forskohlii
Boswellia
Acupuncture and Acupressure
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Environment
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Hedera helix
Lobelia inflata
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Camellia sinensis
Tylophora asthmatica
Coleus forskolii
Counseling
Acupuncture and Acupressure
IN ACUTE ATTACK
REFERENCES
References
149 - Atherosclerosis
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Understanding Atherosclerosis
Structure of an Artery
The Process of Atherosclerosis
149
Causative Factors
Determining a Patient's Risk
Clinical Evaluation
Risk Factors
Smoking
Elevated Blood Cholesterol Levels
. Although LDL-C is referred to as "bad cholesterol," some forms are worse than others. For example, oxidized LDL-C is a persist...
. A large body of accumulating evidence indicates that hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is an independent risk factor for CVD. Multiva...
. Elevations of blood cholesterol, triglycerides, or both can be due to genetic factors. These conditions are referred to as fam...
Diabetes
Elevated Blood Pressure
Physical Inactivity
Environmental Toxins
. Cumulative epidemiological and experimental data have shown that exposure to air pollutants leads to increased cardiovascular ...
Persistent and nonpersistent organic pollutants
. Swedish seniors with higher levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 206, 170, 156, 153, 138, and 118 had more carotid arter...
. The Metabonomics and Genomics in Coronary Artery Disease study in the United Kingdom found that participants without coronary ...
Toxic metals
. Mercury is a powerful cardiac toxicant, and its presence in fish may completely negate the positive benefit of the omega-3 oil...
. The 1999 to 2006 NHANES trial found a 50% increase in blood cadmium was associated with a 35% increase in the risk of stroke a...
Other Risk Factors
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS-GENERAL GUIDELINES
Diet-General Guidelines
Mediterranean Diet
Olive Oil and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Nuts and Seeds
Vegetables, Fruits, and Red Wine
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS-LOWERING CHOLESTEROL
Natural Products to Lower Cholesterol Levels
Niacin
. The side effects of niacin are well known. The most common and bothersome side effect is the skin flushing that typically occu...
Plant Sterols and Stanols
Pantethine
Garlic (Allium sativum) and Onion (Allium cepa)
Comparing Natural Cholesterol-Lowering Agents
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS-ANTIOXIDANT STATUS
Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Grape Seed and Pine Bark Extracts
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS-MISCELLANEOUS RISK FACTORS
Platelet Aggregation
Fibrinogen
Homocysteine
"Type A" Personality
Other Nutritional Factors
Magnesium and Potassium
Vitamin D Deficiency
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS-PREVENTING A RECURRENT HEART ATTACK
Aspirin
Dietary Alternatives to Aspirin
Preventing a Subsequent Stroke
Other Considerations
Angiography, Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery, or Angioplasty
Intravenous Chelation Therapy
Earlobe Crease
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Dietary Recommendations
Lifestyle Recommendations
Supplements
REFERENCES
References
150 - Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Filaggrin and Epidermal Barrier Dysfunction
Environmental Factors: Atopic Dermatitis and Allergy
Predictors of Severity
Comorbidities
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Gluten Sensitivity
Nutritional Supplements
Probiotics
Essential Fatty Acids
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Botanical Medicines
Other Therapeutic Considerations
Endocrine Factors
Scratching Cessation
Bleach baths
Psychological Approach
Humor
Homeopathy
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
Dust Mite Exposure
Microwave Exposure
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Topical Treatment
Kamedis CALM Eczema Therapy and Eczema Wash
Psychological Approach
REFERENCES
References
151 - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Etiology
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Conventional Drugs
ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXINS
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers
Perfluorooctane sulfonate and ß-Hexachlorocyclohexane
Bisphenol A
Maternal Drug Use
Lead
Other Metals
Organophosphate Pesticides
Food Additives, Sugar, and the Feingold Hypothesis
Individual Nutrients and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Essential Fatty Acids
Magnesium
Zinc
Iron
Vitamin D
Food Allergy
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
IMMUNE SYSTEM IMPAIRMENT
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES
NEUROFEEDBACK
BOTANICAL MEDICINES
Procyanidolic Oligomers
Ginkgo biloba Extract
l-Theanine
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
REFERENCES
References
152 - Autism
MORGAN, A NONVERBAL 5-YEAR-OLD
CAUSES OF COMPLEX DISEASE
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
A THREE-STEP PROCESS FOR CARING FOR CHILDREN WITH ASD
TREATMENT
RESTORATION
BROCS TEST FOR ANY PROPOSED MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR ASD
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN TREATING ASD
OTHER LABORATORY TESTING
METHYLATION
GLUTATHIONE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
153 - Bacterial Sinusitis
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Antibiotics
Allergy
Mucolytics
Nasal Saline
Nasal Steroids
Pelargonium sidoides (South African Geranium)
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Supplements
Serratia Peptidase or Bromelain
Botanicals
Echinacea sp
Hydrastis canadensis
Pelargonium sidoides
Local Treatment
Physical Therapy
REFERENCES
References31
154 - Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Risk Factors
Hormones and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor
Toxins as Risk Factors
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
International Prostate Symptom Score
Urine and Blood Tests
Prostate-Specific Antigen
PSA and BPH
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Lifestyle/Exercise
Dietary and Nutritional Factors
High-Protein Diet
Zinc
Alcohol
Amino Acids
Cholesterol
Beta-Sitosterol
Vitamin D
Lycopene
Botanical Medicines
Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto)
Cernilton
Ganoderma lucidum
Vaccinium macrocarpon
Pygeum africanum
Urtica dioica (Stinging Nettle)
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Lifestyle
Diet
Supplements
Botanicals
REFERENCES
References
FURTHER READING
155 - Bronchitis and Pneumonia
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Special Considerations With Pneumonia
. Viral pneumonia is most often caused by one of several viruses: adenovirus, influenza, parainfluenza, and respiratory syncytia...
Anchor 377
. Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack cell walls. Mycoplasmal pneumonia is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae...
Anchor 379
. Pneumococcal pneumonia (due to S. pneumoniae) is the most common bacterial pneumonia and the most common cause of pneumonia re...
Anchor 381
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Expectorants
Pelargonium sidoides (South African Geranium)
Hedera helix (Ivy)
Mucolytics
N-Acetylcysteine
Bromelain
IMMUNE AND BARRIER FUNCTION SUPPORT
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Vitamin E
Garlic
Bottle Blowing and Salt Pipes
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Expectorants
Lobelia inflata
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Pelargonium sidoides
Hedera helix
Mucolytics
Guaifenesin
N-Acetylcysteine
Bromelain (1200-1800 Milk Clotting Units [MCU])
Supplements
Garlic
Hydrastis canadensis
REFERENCES
References
156 - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Anatomy of the Carpal Tunnel
Etiology
Risk Factors and Frequency of Occurrence
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
History
Physical Examination
Other Diagnostic Tests
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Physical Medicine
Splinting
Therapeutic Ultrasound
Yoga and Stretching
Manual Manipulation
Low-Level Laser Therapy
Hydrotherapy
Acupuncture
Ergonomics
Nutrition
Vitamin B Supplementation
Medications
Surgery
Physical Medicine
Diet
Supplements
REFERENCES
References
157 - Celiac Disease
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Chemistry of Grain Proteins
Zonulin
Pathogenesis
CLINICAL ASPECTS
Associated Conditions
DIAGNOSIS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Diet
Patient Response
SUPPLEMENTS
Pancreatic Enzymes
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
RESOURCES FOR PATIENTS
REFERENCES
References
158 - Cervical Dysplasia
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
RISK FACTORS (TABLE 158.1)
Human Papillomavirus
Histological Considerations
Sexual Transmission
Smoking
Oral Contraceptives
Toxicant Exposure
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Dietary Factors
Nutritional Supplements
Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Vitamin C
Folate
Pyridoxine
Selenium
Copper:Zinc Ratio, Zinc, and Retinol
Indole-3-Carbinol/Diindolylmethane
Botanical Medicines
Green Tea
Coriolus Versicolor
Miscellaneous Considerations
Vaginal Depletion Pack
Escharotic Treatment
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Atypical Cells of Undetermined Significance
Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
REFERENCES
References
159 - Chronic Candidiasis
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Causal Factors
Antibiotics
Syndromes Related to the Yeast Syndrome
DIAGNOSIS
Questionnaire
Comprehensive Digestive Stool Analysis
Antibody and Antigen Levels
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Diet
Sugar
Milk and Other Dairy Products
Mold- and Yeast-Containing Foods
Food Allergies
Hypochlorhydria
Enhancing Immunity
Causes of Depressed Immune Function in Candidiasis
Restoring Proper Immune Function
Promoting Detoxification
Lipotropic Factors
Promoting Elimination
Probiotics
Natural Antiyeast Agents
Caprylic Acid
Chitosan
Berberine-Containing Plants
. Garlic has demonstrated significant antifungal activity. Its inhibition of C. albicans in both animal and test tube (in vitro)...
Enteric-Coated Volatile Oils
. In one open study, 27 patients with AIDS and oral candidiasis clinically refractory to fluconazole were randomized to receive ...
Propolis
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
REFERENCES
References
160 - Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
Definition
Etiology
Infectious Agents
Immune System Abnormalities
Other Causes of Chronic Fatigue
DIAGNOSIS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Underlying Physiological Dysfunctions
Depression
Stress
Impaired Liver Function, Environmental Illness, or Both
Gastrointestinal Permeability
Hepatic Detoxification Functions
Impaired Immune Function, Chronic Infection, or Both
Chronic Candidal Infection
Food Allergies
Hypothyroidism
Hypoglycemia
Hypoadrenalism
Endotoxins
Mind and Attitude
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Magnesium
Essential Fatty Acids
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
l-Carnitine
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
Melatonin
Botanical Medicines
Siberian Ginseng (E. senticosus)
Rhodiola rosea
Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Other Therapies
Breathing, Posture, and Bodywork
Exercise
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Lifestyle
Supplementation
Botanical Medicines
Counseling
REFERENCES
References
161 - Congestive Heart Failure
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Nutritional Supplements
Magnesium
Thiamine
Carnitine
Coenzyme Q10
Arginine
Botanical Medicines
Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthorn)
Terminalia arjuna
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Exercise
Sauna
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
162 - Constipation
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Etiology
Constipation in Children
Microbiota
Toxins
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Dietary Factors
Exercise
Nutritional Factors
Magnesium
Vitamin C
Microbial Therapy
Prebiotics
Probiotics
Botanicals
Laxatives
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
General Recommendations
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
163 - Cystitis and Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Cystitis and Irritants
DIAGNOSIS
Collection of Urine Specimen for Culture
Examination of the Collected Urine
Dipstick Methods
Microscopic Examination
Urine Culture
COEXISTING CONDITIONS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Increasing Urine Flow
Chronic Interstitial Cystitis
Alternative Treatments
Herbal Medicine
L-Arginine
Quercetin
Cranberry Juice (Vaccinium macrocarpon)
Acidify or Alkalinize?
Acupuncture
Nutrient Supplementation
D-Mannose
Botanical Medicines
Arctostaphylos uva ursi
Allium sativum
Hydrastis canadensis
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
General Measures
Diet
Nutritional Supplements for Bacterial Cystitis
Nutritional Supplements for Nonbacterial Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome
Botanical Medicines for Bacterial Cystitis
Botanical Medicines for Nonbacterial Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder
Centella asiatica
Equisetum arvense
REFERENCES
References
164 - Dermatitis Herpetiformis
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
PATHOGENESIS OF DH: FROM GUT TO SKIN
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Gluten
Food Allergy
Para-Aminobenzoic Acid
Treatment of Nutritional Deficiencies
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplement
REFERENCES
References
165 - Diabetes Mellitus Types I and II
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Prediabetes and Metabolic Syndrome
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
RISK FACTORS FOR TYPE 1 DIABETES
Environmental and Dietary Risk Factors
Enteroviruses and Type 1 Diabetes
Vitamin D Deficiency
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Deficiency
Nitrates
Niacinamide
Epicatechin
RISK FACTORS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES
Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity
The Case of the Pima Indians
Other Genetic and Racial Factors
Diet, Exercise, Lifestyle, and Diabetes Risk
A Diet High in Refined Carbohydrates
The Importance of Dietary Fiber in Reducing the Risk of Developing Diabetes
The Wrong Types of Fats
Low Intake of Antioxidant Nutrients
Free Radicals and Diabetes
Environmental Toxins
Persistent Organic Pollutants
Arsenic
Bisphenol A and Phthalates
Ambient Air Pollutants
Environmental Toxicity
CLINICAL MONITORING OF DIABETES
Urinary Glucose Monitoring
Urinary Ketone Testing
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose
Type 1 Diabetes and Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose
Type 2 Diabetes and Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose
C-Peptide Determination
Physician Monitoring
THE COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
Acute Complications
Hypoglycemia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State
Chronic Complications
Atherosclerosis
Retinopathy
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Poor Wound Healing and Foot Ulcers
Immune System Dysfunction
Depression and Cognitive Difficulties
Contributors to the Long-Term Complications of Diabetes
Poor Glucose Control
Glycosylation of Proteins
Intracellular Accumulation of Sorbitol
Increased Oxidative Damage
Nutrient Deficiency
Elevated Levels of Homocysteine
Hypertension
Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Diet Therapy in Managing Diabetes
Clinical Studies With Diet Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes
Clinical Studies with Diet Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
Psychological Support in Diabetes
Dealing With Stress
Exercise and Diabetes
Aerobic Exercises
Strength Training
Stretching Exercises
Nutritional Supplements
Providing Optimal Nutritional Status
Chromium
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Niacin and Niacinamide
Vitamin B6
Magnesium
Zinc
Manganese
Biotin
Omega-3 Fatty Acids From Fish Oil Supplements
Reducing After-Meal Elevations in Blood Glucose Levels
Fiber Supplements
Natural Glucosidase Inhibitors
Berberine
Morus indica
Improving Insulin Function and Sensitivity
Gymnema sylvestre
Momordica charantia
Panax quinquefolium and Panax ginseng
Fenugreek
Allium cepa and Allium sativum
Preventing Nutritional and Oxidative Stress
Flavonoids
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Recommendations for Specific Chronic Complications
Elevated Cholesterol
Retinopathy and Cataracts
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Poor Wound Healing
Foot Ulcers
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Supplementation for Type 1 Diabetes
Supplementation for Type 2 Diabetes
REFERENCES
References
166 - Endometriosis
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Genetics
Menstrual History and Lifestyle Factors
Personal History and Stress
Immune System
ETIOLOGICAL THEORIES
Retrograde Flow
Cellular Transformation
Environmental Toxins
Immune Origins
Oxidative Stress
Genetic Origins
Gut Dysfunction and Pathology
DIAGNOSIS
Physical Findings
Laboratory Findings
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Diet
Reduce Inflammatory Foods and Increase Anti-inflammatory Foods
Enhance Detoxification Mechanisms, Especially Estrogen Metabolism
Increase Soy/Isoflavones and Lignans
Improving Gut Function and the Microbiome
Increase Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Reduce Trans Fats
Foods to Avoid
Nutritional Supplements
Estrogen Metabolism Facilitators
Aromatase Inhibitors
Indole-3-Carbinol
Calcium-D-Glucarate
Methylation Factors
Lipotropic Factors
Vitamin C
Beta-Carotene
Vitamin E
Selenium
N-Acetylcysteine
Resveratrol
Pine Bark (Pycnogenol)
Essential Fatty Acids
Botanical Medicines
Vitex Agnus Castus
Taraxacum Officinale
Xanthoxylum Americanum
Leonorus Cardiaca
Turska's Formula
Bioidentical Progesterone
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Topical
Stress Reduction
Surgery
REFERENCES
References
167 - Epilepsy
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Epidemiology
Etiology
Classification
DIAGNOSIS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Environmental Toxins
Metals
Neurotoxic Chemicals
Dietary Considerations
Hypoglycemia
Ketogenic Diet
Leptin
Food Allergy
Mitochondrial ATP
Microbiome
Nutritional Considerations
Pyridoxine
Folic Acid
Thiamine
Taurine
Magnesium
Manganese
Zinc
Choline, Betaine, Dimethylglycine, and Sarcosine
Vitamin D
Vitamin E, Selenium, and Antioxidants
Essential Fatty Acids
Melatonin
Botanical Medicines
Chinese Herbal Medicines
. The botanical Coleus forskolii, an important plant medicine in the Ayurvedic treatment of epilepsy, activates adenylate cyclas...
. Ginkgo biloba is well known for its usefulness as a memory aid, for cerebral insufficiency, and for its powerful antioxidant p...
Cannabinoids
Endocannabinoid System
Endocannabinoid Receptors, Ligands, and Enzymes
CBD for Seizures
SUMMARY
Acupuncture
Yoga and Meditation
Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation
Exercise
Diet
Lifestyle
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
168 - Erythema Multiforme
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Potassium Iodide
Zinc
Topical Vitamin A
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Supplements
REFERENCES
References
169 - Fibrocystic Breast Disease
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BREAST
Extracellular Matrix and Fibrosis
Breast Cysts
Breast Microbiome
Hormonal Milieu
Environmental Toxins
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Mass
Inflammation
Pain
HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Inflammation
Treating the Breast Microbiome
Dietary Considerations
Methylxanthines
Fiber
Soy
Fats and Essential Fatty Acids
Nutritional Supplements
Evening Primrose Oil
Vitamin E
Vitamin A
Thyroid and Iodine
Herbal Supplements
Vitex Agnus-Castus (Chasteberry)
Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
Inositol, Betaine, Boswellia
Curcumin
Other Considerations
Liver Function
Colon Function
Pharmaceuticals
NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Mechanical
SURGICAL INTERVENTION
REFERENCES
References
170 - Fibromyalgia Syndrome
INTRODUCTION
Diagnostic Summary
Differential Diagnosis
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Focus of the Conventional Fibromyalgia Research Community
Environmental Toxicants
Hypometabolism Hypothesis of Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Experimental Support for the Hypometabolism Hypothesis of Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Thyroid Supplementation
Wholesome Diet
Nutritional Therapies
Exercise to Tolerance
Physical Treatment
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Laboratory Testing for Thyroid Status
Thyroid Function Tests
Thyroid Antibodies
The Basis of Dosage Adjustments
Rehabilitation Model: Data-Driven Clinical Decisions
Objective Assessment of Patient Status
Pain Distribution Body Form
Mean Pressure/Pain Threshold of Tender Point Sites
FibroQuest Symptoms Survey
Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire
Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale
Physical Examination
Additional Metabolic Therapies Necessary for Some Patients
Adrenocortical Hypofunction
Metabolism-Impairing Medications
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Assessment of Fibromyalgia Syndrome Status
Patient Safety
Thyroid Hormone Therapy
Wholesome Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Exercise to Tolerance
Physical Treatment
REFERENCES
References
171 - Gallstones
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
PATHOGENESIS
Cholesterol and Mixed Stones
Risk Factors for Cholesterol and Mixed Stones
Gender
Genetic and Ethnic
Obesity
Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases
Drugs
Age
Hypothyroidism
Environmental Pollutants
Risk Factors for Pigmented Gallstones
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Asymptomatic Gallstones
Diet
Dietary Fiber
Vegetarian Diet
Food Allergies
Buckwheat
Sugar
Caloric Restriction
Coffee
Nutritional Supplements
Lecithin (Phosphatidylcholine)
Nutrient Deficiencies
Olive Oil
Fish Oils
Lipotropic Factors and Botanical Choleretics
Chemical Dissolution of Gallstones
Bile Acids
Terpenes
Combined Therapy
Lifestyle
Sunbathing
Social Stress
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Water
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Gallstone-Dissolving Formula
REFERENCES
References
172 - Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Microbiota
Medications
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Diet and Lifestyle Factors
Nutritional Factors
Alginates
Melatonin
Limonene
Botanical Medicines
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
Althea officinalis (Marshmallow)
Ulmus fulva (Slippery elm)
Pistacia lentiscus (Mastic)
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Diet
Supplements
Botanicals
REFERENCES
References
173 - Glaucoma: Acute (Angle Closure) and Chronic (Open Angle)
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
Acute Glaucoma
Chronic Glaucoma
Normotensive Glaucoma
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Toxic Metals
DIAGNOSIS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Corticosteroids
Diet, Supplements, Botanicals, and Lifestyle
Vitamin C
Flavonoids
Allergen Avoidance
Magnesium
Chromium
Fish Oil
Caffeine
Exercise
Coleus forskohlii
Other Factors
Helicobacter pylori
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Lifestyle
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
174 - Gout
174
Signs and Symptoms
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Xenobiotics
Dietary Considerations
Alcohol
Low-Purine Alkaline-Ash Diet
Weight Reduction
Carbohydrates, Fats, and Protein
Fluid Intake
Nutritional Supplements
Eicosapentaenoic Acid
Folic Acid
Quercetin
Vitamin C
Niacin
Botanical Medicines
Cherries
Zingiber officinalis (Ginger)
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
175 - Hair Loss in Women
BASIC PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HAIR CYCLE
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
CAUSES OF HAIR LOSS IN WOMEN AND THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Androgenic Female-Pattern Hair Loss
175
Drug-Induced Hair Loss
Nutritional Deficiency
Hypothyroidism
Antigliadin Antibodies
Toxicant Exposure
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
References
176 - Hepatitis
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Symptoms and Signs
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Prevention
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Conventional Therapies
Lifestyle Recommendations
Sleep
Exercise
Diet
Flavonoids
Caffeine
Whey Protein
Nutritional Supplements
Vitamins C and E
Zinc
Vitamin D
Branched-Chain Amino Acids
Acetyl-l-Carnitine
Selenium
S-Adenosyl Methionine
Probiotics
Glandulars
Liver Extracts
Thymus Extracts
Botanical Medicines
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice Root)
Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle)
Phyllanthus amarus
Combination Approach with Antioxidants and Botanical Therapy
Acupuncture and Chinese Medicine Herbs
Sho-saiko-to or "Xiao Chai Hu Tang"
Hepatotoxic Supplements
Hepatotoxic Botanicals
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Lifestyle
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)
Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle)
Berkson Combination Antioxidant Approach
REFERENCES
References
177 - Herpes Simplex
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Recurrence Rate
Immunological Aspects
DIAGNOSIS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Nutritional Supplements
Zinc
Vitamin C
Lysine and Arginine
Topical Preparations
Melissa officinalis
Salvia officinalis
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Resveratrol
Vitamin E and Other Antioxidants
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Topical Treatments
REFERENCES
References
178 - HIV/AIDS: Naturopathic Medical Principles and Practice
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
Focus and Goals of Chapter
BIOLOGY OF HIV
TRANSMISSION
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM'S RESPONSE
CLINICAL PROGRESSION TO AIDS
DIAGNOSIS AND WORKUP
Diagnostic Testing
Medical History
Laboratory Assessment and Monitoring
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Medical Management of HIV and AIDS
HIV Prevention Strategy and the Continuum of Care
Naturopathic Management of HIV and AIDS
Enhance Overall Integration With Primary Care Physicians and Build a Caregiving Team
Complement and Enhance the Positive Effects of Conventional Medical Treatment and Minimize the Negative Effects
Conventional Treatment: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
. NRTIs were the first class of antiretroviral drugs approved for use in the United States by the FDA. These drugs work during t...
. The second class of HAART comprises the NNRTIs. NNRTIs also affect the transcription process and work by allosterically bindin...
. The third class of HAART is the PIs. PIs intervene during the cleavage part of the viral life cycle by binding competitively t...
. There are now three classes of entry inhibitors: fusion inhibitors, chemokine coreceptor antagonists (CCR5 inhibitors), and mo...
. ISTIs are one of the newer classes of antiretroviral medications, first approved for use by the FDA in 2007. These drugs disru...
. The PKs are medications that have no inherent anti-HIV activity but are used in low doses in combination with other classes of...
. Over the past several years, there has been a trend in the medical treatment of HIV toward the use of multiclass combination S...
. One promising new approach to antiretroviral therapy involves the use of long-acting injectable medications as an alternative ...
Establish a Foundation of Health and Wellness on the Basis of Naturopathic Principles
Establish a Core Nutrient Protocol
. Vitamin and mineral replenishment has been demonstrated to be efficacious in HIV+ patients.106-109 A double-blind placebo-cont...
. Box 178.5 summarizes nutrients that have been found to replace or reduce other nutrient deficiencies or have beneficial action...
Provide Therapies to Address Constitutional Symptoms, Medication Side Effects, and Symptoms of Immunosuppression
. Overgrowth of this fungal organism may occur as a result of HIV itself (a low CD4+ count, reducing the body's immune capacity)...
. The issue of cardiovascular disease is becoming increasingly problematic and prevalent, particularly in the aging HIV+ populat...
. Diarrhea is a common complaint and an issue that can greatly affect quality of life. An HIV+ person might develop diarrhea for...
. All conditions with a herpes-type virus etiology are considered together because the treatment approach is similar for each. T...
. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an HIV-associated neoplasm of vascular origin that tends to occur when CD4+ counts fall below 500/mm3. ...
. Lipodystrophy is a redistribution of adipose tissue from the extremities to the trunk. It often manifests with a Cushingoid "b...
. Macrocytic anemia can be a secondary effect from the malabsorption of nutrients or a side effect of HAART (AZT causes bone mar...
. This is usually manifested in the periphery, particularly in the feet. It can work its way proximally as it increases in seve...
. Issues such as depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, sexual dysfunction, and substance abuse are extremely commo...
. In 1987, the CDC defined HIV-associated wasting syndrome as an involuntary weight loss of greater than 10% of baseline body w...
Provide Specific Antiviral Therapy and Immunomodulation Using Other Nondrug Treatments
Botanical Medicines
Homeopathy
Provide Education and Guidance to Patients Seeking Alternatives to Conventional Treatment
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Lifestyle
Nutritional Supplements
REFERENCES
References
179 - Hypertension
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
179
White-Coat Hypertension
Etiology
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension
Overview of Dietary and Lifestyle Factors
Stress
Exercise
Dietary Recommendations
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)
Potassium and Sodium
Nutritional Supplements
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Vitamin C
Folic Acid and Vitamin B6
Omega-3 Oils
Arginine
Anti-ACE Peptides
Coenzyme Q10
L-Citrulline
Caffeine
Botanical Medicines
Crataegus Species
Olive (Olea europaea)
Allium Sativum and Allium Cepa
Hibiscus Sabdariffa
Viscum Album
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Elevated Blood Pressure (120-129/&80 mm Hg) or White-Coat Hypertension
Stage 1 Hypertension (130-139/80-89 mm Hg)
Stage 2 Hypertension (140+/90+ mm Hg)
REFERENCES
References
180 - Hyperthyroidism
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Disease Risk
Gender
Stress
Genetics
Smoking
Iodine Supplementation
Infection
Drugs
Toxins
Other
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Comorbidities
Diet
Balanced, Whole-Foods Diet
Dietary Goitrogens
NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
Iodine
l-Carnitine
Calcium
Selenium
Antioxidants
Vitamin D
Vitamin A
Botanical Medicines
Lycopus Species, Lithospermum officinale, and Melissa officinalis
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
181 - Hypoglycemia
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
The Glucose-Insulin Tolerance Test
24-Hour Continuous Glucose Monitoring
The Hypoglycemic Index
The Hypoglycemia Questionnaire
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Health Effects of Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia and the Brain
Aggressive and Criminal Behavior
Premenstrual Syndrome
Migraine Headaches
Atherosclerosis, Intermittent Claudication, and Angina
Metabolic Syndrome
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Dietary Factors
A Closer Look at Simple Carbohydrates
The Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load
The Importance of Fiber
PolyGlycoPlex
Chromium
Lifestyle Factors
Alcohol
Exercise
Toxin Exposure
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
REFERENCES
References
182 - Hypothyroidism
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Symptoms of Hypothyroidism
Psychological
Metabolic
Endocrine
Skin, Hair, and Nails
Muscular and Skeletal
Cardiovascular
Other Manifestations
Causes of Hypothyroidism
Iodine Deficiency
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Toxins
PCBs, Dioxins, and Furans
Organophosphate Pesticides
Mercury
Perchlorate
Cadmium
Polybrominated Flame Retardants
Phthalates
Other Causes
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Clinical Assessment
Laboratory Evaluation
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Diet/Iodine Status
Physiological/Hormonal Considerations
Iodine and Tyrosine
Vitamins and Minerals
Exercise
Thyroid Hormone Replacement
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Treatments for Autoimmune Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's Disease)
Thyroid Replacement
Diet/Lifestyle
Other Recommendations
Treatments for Nonautoimmune Overt or Subclinical Hypothyroid Disorder
Diet
Supplements
Thyroid Hormones
Detoxification
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
183 - Infectious Diarrhea
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND SYMPTOMS
Viral Agents
Rotavirus
Parvovirus (Norwalk Virus)
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr Virus
Bacterial Agents
Escherichia coli
Campylobacter jejuni
Clostridium difficile
Salmonella
Shigella
Yersinia enterocolitica
Laribacter hong-kongensis14
Parasitic Agents
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Laboratory Diagnosis
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Conventional Medicines
Underlying and Predisposing Factors
Hydration/Electrolyte Balance
Diet
Supplements
Vitamin A
Folic Acid and Vitamin B12
Zinc
Glutamine
Probiotics
Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces
Botanical Medicines
Berberine-Containing Plants
Potentilla tormentilla (Tormentil Root)
Allium sativum (Garlic)
Other Antidiarrheal Botanicals
Other Antiparasitic Botanicals
Homeopathy
Acupuncture
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Underlying Factors
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanicals
Homeopathy
Acupuncture
REFERENCES
References
184 - Infertility, Female
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
184
Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Natural Medicine
Optimizing Natural Fertility
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Female Reproductive Assessment
Miscarriage
Classic Causes of Miscarriage
Unexplained Causes of Miscarriage
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Supporting Female Fertility
Naturopathic Preconception Treatment
Fertility-Damaging Factors
. The biggest preventable cause of infertility is undoubtedly a woman's age. Approximately 20% of women wait until after age 35 ...
. For optimal conception, women must ensure that their body fat percentage is between 20% and 25% to support fertility and the s...
. Although this topic is beyond the scope of this chapter, the immunological considerations associated with successful conceptio...
. Increased industrialization and the use of agricultural chemicals has contributed to an increased exposure to thousands of che...
. Shift work is associated with negative effects on the regularity of the menstrual cycle and reproductive function and also inc...
Lifestyle
. Both active and passive cigarette smoking are known to have a significant effect on both pregnancy rates and long-term ovarian...
. Patients should be encouraged to avoid caffeine during the preconception period and during pregnancy. Caffeine has been shown ...
. A review of the literature regarding alcohol intake and female fertility indicates that there are many factors that can affect...
. As discussed in Chapter 61, marijuana contains cannabinoids, which have been shown to impair signaling pathways, alter hormona...
NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
The Fertility Diet
l-Arginine
l-Carnitine
Antioxidants
R-Alpha Lipoic Acid
Vitamin A
Coenzyme Q10
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Selenium
Zinc
B-Complex Vitamins
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin B9 (Folate, Folinic Acid or L-5MTHF)
Vitamin B12 (Hydroxo-, Adenosyl- or Methyl-Cobalamin)
Vitamin D
Calcium
Iodine
Iron
Magnesium
Essential Fatty Acids
Probiotics
Botanical Medicines
Actaea racemosa (Black Cohosh)
Alchemilla vulgaris (Lady's Mantle)
Angelica sinensis (Dang Gui)
Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari)
Chamaelirium luteum (False Unicorn Root)
Paeonia lactiflora (White Peony)
Tribulus terrestris (Tribulus)
Vitex agnus castus (Chaste Tree)
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
General Measures
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Actaea racemosa (Black Cohosh)
Alchemilla vulgaris (Lady's Mantle)
Angelica sinensis (Dang Gui)
Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari)
Paeonia lactiflora (White Peony)
Tribulus terrestris (Tribulus)
Vitex agnus castus (Chaste Berry)
REFERENCES
References
185 - Infertility, Male
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
SPERMATOGENESIS
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Semen Analysis
Male Reproductive Assessment
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Scrotal Temperature
Estrogen and Xenoestrogen Exposure
Exposure Route
Assessment
Heavy Metals
Radiation
Cigarettes, Alcohol, Caffeine, and Illicit Drugs
. A common source of oxidants is cigarette smoking, which is associated with decreased sperm counts and sperm motility as well a...
. Excessive alcohol consumption in men is strongly associated with diminished sperm function
however, there is a scarcity of co...
. High dosages of caffeine have been shown in vitro to increase protein oxidative damage in Sertoli cells, but moderate caffeine...
. The effects of marijuana and other recreational drugs are difficult to determine because their use is illegal
however, the il...
Obesity, Weight Loss, and Exercise
Sedentary Lifestyle
Infections and Infertility
DIETARY CONSIDERATIONS
NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
Antioxidants
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Vitamin A, Beta-Carotene, and Lycopene
Vitamin D
Selenium
Zinc
B Vitamins (Especially Folate and Vitamin B12)
Carnitine
R-Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Coenzyme Q10
l-Arginine
Probiotics
Botanical Medicines
Panax ginseng (Korean Ginseng)
Pygeum africanum (Pygeum)
Tribulus terrestris
Astragalus membranaceus
Turnera diffusa (Damiana)
Mucuna pruriens (Velvet Bean)
Withania somnifera (Withania)
Nigella sativa (Black Cumin)
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
General Measures
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
186 - Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis)
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Definition
Crohn's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
186
Etiology
Genetic Predisposition
Gut Dysbiosis
Antibiotic Exposure
Immune Mechanisms
Dietary Factors
Miscellaneous Factors
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Control of Causative Factors
Natural History of Crohn's Disease
Eicosanoid Metabolism in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Mucin Defects in Ulcerative Colitis
Intestinal Microflora
Carrageenan
Aspirin and Intestinal Permeability
Endotoxemia and the Alternative Complement Pathway
Extraintestinal Manifestations
Malnutrition
Prevalence of Nutritional Deficiencies
Diet
Elemental Diet
Elimination (Oligoantigenic) Diet
Minerals
Zinc
Magnesium
Iron
Calcium
Potassium
Vitamins
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Ascorbic Acid
Antioxidant Defenses
Other Nutrients
Recommendation for a High-Potency Multivitamin/Multimineral Formula
Botanical Medicines
Curcumin
Boswellia
Quercetin
Aloe Vera
Bastyr Formula (Modified Robert Formula)
Butyrate Enemas in Ulcerative Colitis
Prebiotics
Probiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
THERAPEUTIC MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Fecal Calprotectin
Crohn's Disease Activity Index
Monitoring of the Pediatric Patient
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
187 - Insomnia and Other Sleep Disorders
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Normal Sleep Patterns
The Importance of Adequate Sleep
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Lifestyle
Exercise
Progressive Relaxation
Nocturnal Glucose Levels
Serotonin Precursor and Cofactor Therapy
Tryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan
Vitamin B Complex
Magnesium
Melatonin
Restless Legs Syndrome and Nocturnal Myoclonus
Botanicals With Sedative Properties
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Lifestyle
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
188 - Intestinal Protozoan Infestation and Systemic Illness
PROTOZOA
Entamoeba histolytica
188
Helminths and Immune Modulation
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Artemisia annua
Berberine
Allium sativum and Juglans nigra
Intestinal Bacterial Milieu
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
References
189 - Irritable Bowel Syndrome
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Diet
Dietary Fiber
Food Allergy/Intolerance
Sugar
Dietary FODMAPs
Nutritional Supplements
Probiotics
Botanical Medicines
Enteric-Coated Volatile Oils
Herbal Formulas
Miscellaneous Considerations
Psychological Factors
Physical Medicine
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicine
Physical Therapy
Counseling
REFERENCES
References
190 - Kidney Disease
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Physiology of Kidney Function
190
Prevalence
Risk Factors
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AND KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION
Excessive Salt in Diet
Excessive Phosphates in Diet
Toxic Metals
Persistent Organic Pollutants
Glyphosate
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Minimal-Change Nephropathy
Membrane-Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
Membranous Nephropathy
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic Syndrome
DIAGNOSIS OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
STAGES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Case Management
Dialysis
Water and Mineral Balance
Dietary Protein Requirements
General Principles of Nutrient Administration
Nutritional Therapies for Chronic Kidney Disease
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Fish Oil
Flax Oil
N-Acetylcysteine
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Carnitine
Curcumin
Glandulars
Homeopathy
Botanical Medicines
Salvia Militorrhizae
Hydrastis, Phytolacca, Bryonia, and Baptisia
Gotu kola
Dark Chocolate
Blueberry
Zingiber officinale
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
191 - Kidney Stones
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Stone Formation
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Stone Composition
Dietary Factors
DIET
Sodium and Salt
Fructose
Dietary Recommendations for Patients With High Urine Oxalate
Low-Oxalate Diet
Weight and Carbohydrate Metabolism
Gut Flora
Nutrients
Magnesium and Vitamin B6
Glutamic Acid
Calcium
Citrate
Vitamin K
Uric Acid Metabolism
Botanical Medicines
Lifestyle
Sleep Position
Stress
Miscellaneous
Toxin Exposure
Vitamin C and the Risk of Oxalate Stones
Inositol Hexaphosphate
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Acute Obstruction
Calcium Stones
Diet
Supplements
Botanicals
Miscellaneous
Uric Acid Stones
Diet
Supplements
Miscellaneous
Magnesium-Ammonium-Phosphate Stones
Miscellaneous
Cystine Stones
Diet
Miscellaneous
Brushite and Struvite Stones
REFERENCES
References
192 - Leukoplakia
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
VITAMIN A AND BETA-CAROTENE
LYCOPENE
OTHER ANTIOXIDANTS
CURCUMIN
ANTHOCYANINS
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
SUPPLEMENTS
REFERENCES
References
193 - Lichen Planus
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Incidence, Onset, and Course
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Dental Amalgams
Photodynamic Therapy
Supplements and Botanical Medicines
Vitamin Deficiencies
Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Synthetic Retinoids
Glycyrrhizin
Aloe Vera
Hyaluronic Acid
Purslane
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Topical Treatments
Oral Treatments
Intravenous Treatments
REFERENCES
References
194 - Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, Overactive Bladder Syndrome, and Urinary Incontinence (LUTS, OAB, and UI)
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
LOWER URINARY TRACT SYMPTOMS
Overactive Bladder
Urinary Incontinence
Stress Urinary Incontinence
Urgency Urinary Incontinence
194
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Causes/Contributing Factors
Considerations (Causes, Contributing/Interacting Factors)
DIAGNOSIS
LUTS Questionnaires
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Pharmaceutical
Anticholinergic/Antimuscarinic and Beta 3-Adrenergic Agonists
Botox
Surgery
Physical Therapy
Pelvic Muscle Rehabilitation
.1). Arnold Kegel first advocated pelvic floor muscle strengthening and retraining to treat SUI. Kegel's program has shown some ...
. Small weights are held within the vagina by tightening the vaginal muscles. This exercise should be performed for 15 minutes, ...
Biofeedback
Pelvic Floor Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation
Posture
Neural Reflex for Overactive Bladder
Transcutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation
Urge-Suppression Techniques
Behavioral Therapy
Bladder Retraining
Botanical Medicines
Crateva nurvala/Crateva magna (Varuna, Three-Leaf Caper)
Equisetum arvense (Horsetail)
Crateva and Equisetum Combined
Lindera aggregata/L strychnifolia (Japanese Evergreen Spicebush, Benzoin, Wuyao)
Urox (Crateva, Equisetum, and Lindera)
Pumpkin Seed (Cucurbita pepo) and Soy
Angelica archangelica (Garden Angelica, Wild Celery)
Vaccinium macrocarpon (Cranberry)
Other Herbals
Chinese and Japanese Herbal Medicine
. Hachi-mi-jio-gan extract (Harncare
HE) contains the ancient traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbal mixture Ba-Wei-Die-Huan...
. Gosha-jinki-gan (GJG) contains the same type and amount of concentrated extracts as Hachi-mi-jio-gan, with the addition of two...
Alpinia oxyphylla
Dietary/Nutritional
Diet
Fluid
Medications That Increase Urgency
Lifestyle
Other Holistic Treatments
Hypnotherapy
Physiotherapy
Acupuncture
Chiropractic
Therapeutic Approach
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Physical Medicine
Behavioral Therapy
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
195 - Macular Degeneration
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Types of Macular Degeneration
Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Reducing and Preventing Atherosclerosis
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Xanthophylls (Lutein, Zeaxanthin)
Zinc
Flavonoid-Rich Extracts
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Exercise
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Exercise
REFERENCES
References
196 - Menopause
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Benefits
Symptoms
Osteoporosis
Colorectal Cancer
Risks
Endometrial Cancer
Venous Thromboembolism
Coronary Heart Disease
Stroke
Gallstones
Areas of Uncertainty
. For many women, fears about breast cancer and a higher risk of breast cancer from HT dominate the decision-making process abou...
. Observational studies have suggested that there is a relationship between endogenous estrogen exposure and cognition.69 A numb...
. Evidence concerning a possible positive association between HT use and ovarian cancer risk is less consistent and of lesser si...
. The WHI originally had three components: HT, a low-fat dietary modification, and supplementation with calcium and vitamin D. I...
. It is important to understand that most of the research on hormone regimens is on CEEs and MPA. However, that is not exclusive...
The Major Symptoms of Menopause
TREATMENT OVERVIEW
Diet, Exercise, Toxin Avoidance, and Stress Management
Nutrition
. Soy foods may be useful in menopause primarily for their potential benefits in moderating hot flashes, slowing bone loss, impr...
. Another significant dietary source of phytoestrogens is flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum). Flaxseed contains the lignans mataires...
Exercise
Toxin Avoidance
. In an analysis of NHANES data, at least 15 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) were found to be associated with earlier meno...
. Some PCB compounds, such as PCB138, have also been associated with an increase of over threefold in the risk for breast cancer...
. Another recent review found that EDCs, including phthalates and bisphenol A, were likely causes of premature ovarian insuffici...
. Data from NHANES have also shown that lead body burden, assessed via blood lead levels, was also associated with earlier menop...
Stress Management
Dietary Supplements
Hesperidin, Vitamin C, and Procyanidolic Oligomers
Gamma-Oryzanol
Fish Oils
Vitamin E
Botanical Medicines
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)
Hops (Humulus lupulus)
Maca (Maca peruvianum)
Red Clover (Trifolium praetense)
Siberian Rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum)
St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
Kava (Piper methysticum)
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
Kudzu (Pueraria mirifica)
Dong Quai (Angelica sinensis)
Valerian
Conventional Medications
HORMONE THERAPY
Bioidentical or Natural Hormones
Bioidentical Estrogens
Progesterone
Progesterone Cream
Testosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Nonbioidentical Hormones
Perimenopause-Menopause Evaluation
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
DIET
SUPPLEMENTS
BOTANICAL MEDICINES
LIFESTYLE
REFERENCES
References
197 - Menorrhagia
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Etiology
Abnormalities in Prostaglandin Metabolism
Thyroid Abnormalities
Estimating Menstrual Blood Loss
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Conventional Medicine
Psychological Considerations
Nutrition
Iron Deficiency
Vitamin A
Vitamin C and Bioflavonoids
Vitamin E
Vitamin K and Chlorophyll
Essential Fatty Acids
Vitamin B Complex
Botanical Medicines
Zingiber Officinale (Ginger)
Vitex Agnus Castus (Chaste Tree)
Pomegranate Flower
Myrtle Berry
Traditional Astringent Herbs
Traditional Uterine Tonics
Traditional Herbs for Semiacute and Acute Blood Loss When the Patient is Stable
Bioidentical Hormones
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
198 - Migraine Headache
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Pathophysiology
Vasomotor Activity
198
Platelets and Serotonin
Neuronal Disorder
Unified Hypothesis
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Conventional Treatments
Drug Reactions
Diet
Food Allergy/Intolerance
Dietary Amines
Miscellaneous Diet-Related Triggers
Nutritional Supplements
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)
Essential Fatty Acids
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Other B Vitamins
Coenzyme Q10
Magnesium
Lipoic acid
Botanical Medicines
Hormones
Melatonin
Sex Steroid Hormones
Physical Medicine and Relaxation Therapies
Manual Medicine
Acupuncture
Biofeedback and Relaxation Therapy
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Hormonal Therapies
Botanical Medicines
Physical Medicine and Relaxation Therapies
REFERENCES
References
199 - Multiple Sclerosis
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
199
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Risk Factors
Genes
Infections
Environment
. The association with latitude and MS prevalence has shown mixed results and is confounded by factors that include migration, l...
. Diet has been investigated as a risk factor for acquiring MS. An association was first suspected based on the observation that...
. The gut microbiome is an ecosystem of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that outnumber their host's genes b...
. All environmental pollutants have demonstrated prooxidant activity, with the most toxic compounds causing the most oxidative ...
Summary of Risk Factors
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Disease Modifying Therapies (DMTs)
Natural Medicine Therapeutic Considerations
Diet
Low-Saturated-Fat Diets
. The Swank diet is one of the oldest and most well known dietary interventions used by people with MS. Dr. Roy Swank reported t...
. The McDougall diet is a very low-fat, strictly plant-based diet that is based mainly on complex carbohydrates as the main sour...
. The Paleolithic (Paleo) diet is based on the idea that humans are better equipped to handle the diet consumed by their Paleoli...
Caloric Restriction
Nutritional Supplements
. O3FAs are found in both plant and animal forms, with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) being found in plant foods and EPA and DHA bei...
. There have been multiple studies evaluating O3FAs in RRMS. One open-label study in RRMS patients (n = 10) showed a significant...
. There is some experimental basis for considering supplementation with O6FAs. Two studies in an animal model of MS reported tha...
. Epidemiological studies have found that low vitamin D intake and low serum levels of vitamin D may increase the risk of MS.93,...
. Oral lipoic acid (LA) is an over-the-counter supplement that has been investigated as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and n...
. Biotin, also known as vitamin H or vitamin B7, is a water-soluble B vitamin that is taken orally and is known to have multiple...
Botanical Medicines
Ginkgo biloba
Cannabinoids
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Exercise
Stress and Multiple Sclerosis
Mind-Body
Stress Management Therapy
Tai Chi
Yoga
Mindfulness-Based Intervention
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Exercise
Stress Reduction
REFERENCES
References
200 - Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis91
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
TOXICITY-MECHANISMS OF ACTION
High-Fructose Corn Syrup
Obesity
Gut-Derived Endotoxins
Air Particulate Matter
Chemicals
Chloroalkenes
Volatile Organic Compounds
Persistent Organic Pollutants
Toxic Metals
Cadmium
Mercury
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Alkaline Phosphatase
Bilirubin
Transaminase Enzymes-ALT and AST
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Supplements
REFERENCES
References
201 - Obesity
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
PREVALENCE
DETERMINATION OF BODY COMPOSITION
Visual Observation
Skinfold Thickness
Body Density
Bioelectric Impedance
TYPES OF OBESITY
CAUSES OF OBESITY
Psychological Factors
Physiological Factors
Adipokines and Gut-Derived Hormonal Alterations
Gut-Derived Appetite Regulators
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis
The Low-Serotonin Theory
Environmental Toxins
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Behavioral Therapy
Dietary Strategies
Water
The Atkins Diet
Natural Weight-Loss Aids
Meal-Replacement Formulas
Fiber Supplements
Chromium
Medium-Chain Triglycerides
Hydroxycitrate
5-Hydroxytryptophan
Detox Support
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Psychological Support
Lifestyle
Botanical Medicine
REFERENCES
References
202 - Osteoarthritis
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Environmental Toxins
Conventional Pharmacological Treatment
Physical Therapy
Dietary and Exercise Considerations
GENERAL DIETARY GUIDELINES
Nutritional Supplements
Glucosamine Sulfate
Chondroitin Sulfate
Hyaluronic Acid
Natural Eggshell Membrane
Niacinamide
S-Adenosylmethionine
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Pantothenic Acid
Vitamins A and E, Pyridoxine, Zinc, Copper, and Boron
Vitamin K
Botanical Medicines
Boswellia Serrata
Procyanidolic Oligomers
Limbrel (Flavocoxid)
Harpagophytum Procumbens (Devil's Claw)
Yucca
Additional Therapeutic Considerations
Topical Analgesics
Proteolytic Enzymes
Acupuncture
Magnetic Therapies
Relaxation Techniques
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Topical Application
Physical Therapy and Exercise
Acupuncture
REFERENCES
References
203 - Osteoporosis
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Osteoporosis Defined
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Prevention and Reversal
DIAGNOSIS
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Bindex
Fracture Risk Algorithms
Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS
Regardless of Ethnicity, Risk for Osteoporosis Is High
Risk Factors Indicating the Need for DXA Screening
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Lifestyle Factors
Nutritional Factors
Environmental Factors
Genetic Diseases
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms25
Bone Formation
Bone Resorption
Inflammation
Vitamin D Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Vitamin K Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Vitamin A Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism
Vitamin B6 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism
Calciotropic and Sex Hormone Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Hypogonadal States
Endocrine Disorders
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Hematological Disorders
Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases
Neurological and Musculoskeletal Risk Factors
Miscellaneous Conditions and Diseases
Medications
Risk Factors for Men
CAUSES OF BONE LOSS
Standard American Diet
Sodium
Excessive Protein
Refined Sugars and Carbohydrates
Metabolic Acidosis
Phosphate Additives
Saturated Fats
Polyunsaturated Fats
Trans Fats
Monounsaturated Fats
Gluten
Commonly Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs
Aromatase Inhibitors
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists
Anticonvulsants
Benzodiazepines
Antidepressants
Insulin-Sensitizing Medications
Opioid Pain Medications
Glucocorticoid Medications
Calcineurin Inhibitors
Antacids, H2 Blockers, Proton Pump Inhibitors
Loop Diuretics
Anticoagulants (Coumarins, Heparin)
Thyroid Hormone Replacement Medications
Hormonal Contraceptives: Birth Control Pills, Intrauterine Devices, Injectable Depo-Provera
Environmental Toxins
Lead
Cadmium
Mercury
Fluoride
Pesticides
Excessive Alcohol Consumption
Nutrient Insufficiencies
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Pharmacological Therapy Is Rarely an Effective Long-Term Solution
Pharmacological Therapy Adverse Effects
Minerals
Calcium
Magnesium
Boron
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Silicon
Selenium
Iodine
Strontium Citrate
Vitamins
Vitamin D
Vitamins K1 and K2
Vitamin A
B Vitamins: B6, B12, Folate, Riboflavin, Niacin
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids
Exercise
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Lifestyle Factors
Genetic Susceptibility
Evaluate and Treat for Comorbidities
Nutritional Supplements
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
204 - Otitis Media
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Standard Medical Treatment
204
Causes
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Bottle-Feeding
Food Allergy
Reflux
Thymus Gland Extract
Naturopathic Ear Drops
Echinacea
Xylitol
Sinupret
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Probiotics
Humidifiers
Osteopathic Manipulation
Homeopathy
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Physical Medicine
REFERENCES
References
205 - Parkinson's Disease
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Substantia Nigra Cell Death
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Inflammation
Oxidative Stress and Glutathione Deficiency
Environmental Exposures
MPTP
"Natural" Pesticides (Rotenone)
Synthetic Pesticides (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D], Paraquat, Maneb, and Permethrin)
Solvents
Manganese
Iron
Detoxification Dysfunction and Genetics
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Conventional Medicine
Diet
Food Sources of l-Dopa
Calorie Restriction
Low-Protein Diet
Supplements
Glutathione
Vitamin D
Coenzyme Q10
Melatonin
Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
B Vitamins
Creatine
Botanical Medicines
Camellia sinensis (Green Tea)
Ginkgo biloba
Mucuna puriens (Velvet Bean)
Piper methysticum (Kava-Kava)-Caution
Other Therapeutic Considerations
Smoking
Estrogen
Exercise
Homeopathy
Acupuncture and Tui Na
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diagnosis
Dietary Recommendations
Lifestyle Recommendations
Nutritional Supplementation
Botanical Medicines
Acupuncture
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
References
206 - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Etiology
206
Neisseria Gonorrhea
Chlamydia Trachomatis
Anaerobic Infections
Other Organisms
Complications
Risk Factors
Pathogen Access to the Upper Female Tract
DIAGNOSIS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Antibiotics
Oral Treatment
Physical Medicine
Diathermy
Sitz Baths
Nutritional Supplements
Vitamin C
Beta-Carotene
Bromelain
Probiotics
Botanical Medicines
Vaginal Depletion Packs
Hydrastis Canadensis
Prevention
Oral Contraceptives
Intrauterine Devices
Barrier Methods
Douching
Intercourse During Menses
Smoking
Education
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Physical Medicine
REFERENCES
References
207 - Peptic Ulcer-Duodenal and Gastric
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Helicobacter pylori
207
Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Lifestyle Factors
Stress and Emotions
Smoking
Nutritional Factors
Food Allergy
Fiber
Cabbage
Bismuth Subcitrate
Polyphenols
Flavonoids
Botanical Medicines
. Licorice has historically been regarded as an excellent medicine for peptic ulcer. However, owing to the known aldosterone-lik...
. Mastic is a resin obtained from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus). In Greece it is known as the "tears of Chios," being tra...
. In cases of active intestinal bleeding, rhubarb (Rheum species) preparations can be extremely effective. In one double-blind s...
. In rats, the dried extract of the unripe plantain banana (Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca) has been found to have antiulceroge...
. Ginger root (Zingiber officinale) has traditionally been used for the treatment of GI ailments such as indigestion, motion sic...
. Growing on the western slopes of the Rockies, Artemisia douglasiana has been used as a folk remedy in Argentina to treat gastr...
. People whose diets are high in garlic and onions are well known to have a lower incidence of stomach cancer. H. pylori is a ri...
Probiotics
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Psychological Considerations
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
208 - Periodontal Disease
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Prevalence and Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Gingival Sulcus
208
Bacterial Factors
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Macrophages and Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Complement
Mast Cells and Immunoglobulin E
Amalgam Restorations
Miscellaneous Local Factors
Tobacco and Alcohol
Structure and Integrity of the Collagen Matrix
Environmental Toxicants
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Sucrose
Vitamin A
Zinc and Copper
Vitamin E and Selenium
Coenzyme Q10
Flavonoids
Folic Acid
Botanical Medicines
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Hygiene
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
209 - Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
CAUSES OF PCOS
Androgen Excess/Hyperandrogenism
Insulin Resistance and Insulin Action Abnormalities
Obesity
Oxidative Stress
The concentration levels of oxidative stress (OS) markers such as lipid peroxidation are higher than normal in PCOS. IR is thoug...
Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation
Prenatal Androgen Exposure
Neuroendocrinology Dysfunction of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
Adrenal Dysfunction
Ovarian Dysfunction
Environmental Toxins
Genetic Determinants
Attenuated Apoptosis
DIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Signs and Symptoms
Classification of Features
Hyperandrogenism
Anovulation
Hyperinsulinemia
Hirsutism, Acne, Seborrhea, and Alopecia
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Recognized Phenotypes in PCOS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Dietary Considerations
Low-GI Diet
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet
Mediterranean Diet
Dietary Exclusions
. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are proinflammatory molecules that trigger a state of intracellular oxidative stress an...
. Women with PCOS need to keep their caffeine intake to a minimum because caffeine affects ovulation and corpus luteum function ...
. Women with PCOS are at risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease and need to keep saturated fat and deep-fried foo...
. Sugar in all its forms needs to be minimized in the patient with PCOS. Sugar contributes to elevated blood sugar and inflammat...
. Like sugar, refined carbohydrates such as white bread, candies, and pasta (which are ultimately broken down to sugar) aggravat...
Nutritional Supplements
Antioxidants
B Vitamins (Especially Folate and Vitamin B12)
Chromium
Essential Fatty Acids
Magnesium
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Vitamin E
Zinc
Vitamin D
Inositol
Selenium
Carnitine
Probiotics
Botanical Medicines
Actaea racemosa (Black Cohosh)
Cinnamomum spp. (Cinnamon)
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice)
Gymnema sylvestre (Gymnema)
Paeonia lactiflora (Peony)
Schisandra chinensis (Shisandra)
Tribulus terrestris (Tribulus)
Vitex agnus castus (Chaste Tree Berry)
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek Seed)
Camellia sinesus (Green Tea)
Origanum majorana (Marjoram)
Combination Botanicals
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Lifestyle Measures
Weight Management
Weight Loss
Exercise
Stress Management
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
210 - Porphyrias
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Classifications of Porphyria
BIOCHEMISTRY OF PORPHYRIA
210
Heme Formation
DIAGNOSIS
Manifestation of Porphyria
Signs and Symptoms of Hepatic Porphyrias
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF PORPHYRIA
Etiological Agents Triggering Porphyria
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Diet
Antioxidants
B-Complex Vitamins
Carotenoids
Iron
Detoxification
Constitutional Hydrotherapy
Ozone Therapy
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
REFERENCES
References
211 - Preconception and Pregnancy Health
INTRODUCTION
PRECONCEPTION
NUTRITION
HYDRATION
LIFESTYLE
Healthy Weight
Physical Activity
Sleep
Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Restless Leg Syndrome
Substance Use
Alcohol
Caffeine
Cannabis
Tobacco
Environmental Toxin Exposure
Mind-Body Medicine
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION
Prenatal Multivitamin
Biotin
Calcium
Carnitine
Carotenoids
Choline
Folate
Iodine
Iron
Magnesium
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Vitamin A
Vitamin C and Vitamin E (Antioxidants)
Vitamin D
Zinc
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
References
212 - Premenstrual Syndrome
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Estrogen Metabolism
Estrogen Impairs Vitamin B6
Dietary Considerations
Thyroid Function
Stress, Coping Style, and Depression
Exercise
Nutritional Supplements
Vitamin B6
Magnesium
Calcium
Zinc
Vitamin E
Vitamin D
Essential Fatty Acids
Multiple Vitamin and Mineral Supplements
l-Tryptophan
Botanical Medicines
Vitex agnus castus (Chaste Tree)
Ginkgo biloba
Hypericum Perforatum
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)
Curcumin
Bioidentical Progesterone Therapy
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
213 - Proctologic Conditions
ANORECTAL ANATOMY
ANAL DISEASES
Anal Fistula and Anal Abscess
Anal Cryptitis
Anal Fissure
Treatment
HEMORRHOIDS
Classification
Treatment
Botanical Medicines
Hydrotherapy
Surgical Treatment
Prevention
EXTERNAL HEMORRHOIDS
Treatment
PERIANAL DERMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Condylomata Acuminata
Condyloma Lata
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Herpes
Pilonidal Sinus
Proctalgia Fugax
Proctitis
Pruritus Ani
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Botanicals
Homeopathic Medicines
TREATMENT SUMMARY FOR HEMORRHOIDS
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Botanical Medicine
Physical Medicine
REFERENCES
References
214 - Psoriasis
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Pathogenesis
Neuropeptides and Skin Microbiome
214
Gastrointestinal Comorbidities
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Celiac Disease
Environmental Toxins
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Advanced Glycation End Products
Homocysteine and DNA Methylation
Inflammatory Leukotrienes
Depression
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Gastrointestinal Function
Incomplete Protein Digestion
Bowel Toxemia
Liver Function
Bile Deficiencies
Nutrition
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Diet, Fasting, and Food Allergy Control
Individual Nutrients
Fumaric Acid
Psychological Aspects
Physical Therapeutics
Sunlight, Ultraviolet Light, Climatotherapy, and Balneotherapy
Stem Cell Therapy
Topical Treatments
Scalp Psoriasis
Aloe vera
Curcumin
Mahonia aquifolium
Topical Vitamin D
Emollients
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Psychological Considerations
Physical Medicines
Topical Treatment
REFERENCES
References
215 - Rheumatoid Arthritis
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Pathogenesis
215
Genetic Susceptibility
Environmental Factors
Oxidative Stress
Autoantibody Production
Microbial Influences: Infection and Cross-Reactivity
Dysbiosis and Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
Adverse Food Reactions
Xenobiotics and Autoantibody Production
Abnormal Gut Permeability
Decreased Androgen Levels
Abnormal Estrogen Levels
DIAGNOSIS
Laboratory Findings
Rheumatoid Factor
Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C-Reactive Protein
Other Laboratory Abnormalities
Other Diagnostic Testing
STANDARD MEDICAL THERAPY
Corticosteroids
Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Biological Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Diet
Adverse Food Reactions
Therapeutic Fasting
Vegetarian Diet
The Mediterranean Diet
Dietary Antioxidants
Nutritional Supplements
Gamma-Linolenic Acid
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Multivitamin/Multimineral Supplementation
Selenium and Vitamin E
Zinc
Manganese and Superoxide Dismutase
Vitamin C
Pantothenic Acid
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Copper
Vitamin D
Pancreatic Enzymes and Hydrochloric Acid
Probiotics
Botanical Medicines
Curcuma longa
Resveratrol
Bromelain
Zingiber officinalis
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F
Valeriana officinalis
Physical Medicine
Exercises
Hydrotherapy
Psychological Aspects
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Physical Medicine
Counseling/Psychological Therapy
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
REFERENCES
References
216 - Rosacea
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
216
Etiology
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Hypochlorhydria
Helicobacter pylori
Food Allergy
B Vitamins
Zinc
Topical Azelaic Acid
Kanuka Honey
Physical Modalities and Devices
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
General Recommendations
Diet
Supplements
REFERENCES
References
217 - Sarcopenia
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Epidemiology
PATHOGENESIS
Etiology
Molecular and Biochemical Basis
Loss of Neuromuscular Function
Protein Metabolism
Genetic Influence
Developmental Influences
Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Accelerated Myonuclear Apoptosis
Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation
Impaired Satellite-Cell Function
Myostatin as a Negative Regulator of Muscle Mass
Altered MicroRNA Expression
Oxidative Stress
Altered Endocrine Function
Lack of Physical Activity
Nutritional Status
DIAGNOSIS
Classifications
Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidities
Categorizing Sarcopenia
Assessment of Physical Performance
Gait Speed
Timed Up and Go
Balance Testing
Stair Climb Power Test
Assessment of Muscle Strength
Handgrip Dynamometry
Lower Limb Strength Testing
Repeated Chair Stand
Short Physical Performance Battery
Assessment of Muscle Mass
Anthropometry
Bioelectrical Impedance
Ultrasound
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance
Laboratory Measures of Muscle Mass
Urinary Indicators of Muscle Mass/Degradation
Serum Biomarkers
Interleukin-6
Procollagen Type III N-Terminal Peptide
C-Terminal Agrin Fragment (CAF)
Indirect Measures of Muscle Mass/Damage
Stress Proteins
Oxidative Stress
Myostatin
Vitamin D
Rapid Screening SARC-F
Assessment of Nutritional Status
STANDARD MEDICAL THERAPY
Myostatin Inhibition
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Anabolic Hormone Repletion
Testosterone
Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Ghrelin Agonists
Selective Androgen-Receptor Modulators
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Exercise and Physical Activity
Dietary Modification
Manipulation of Gut Microbiota
Nutritional Supplements
ß-Hydroxy-ß-Methyl Butyrate
Creatine
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin B12
Resveratrol
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Green Tea Catechins
Antioxidants
Botanical Medicines
Muscle Atrophy Prevention
Muscle Regeneration and Differentiation
Physical Medicine
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Physical Activity
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Physical Medicine
REFERENCES
References
218 - Seborrheic Dermatitis
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Food Allergy
Nutritional Supplements
Vitamin A
Biotin
Pyridoxine
Botanical Medicines
Proprietary Herbal Shampoo
Aloe vera
Melaleuca alternifolia
Homeopathic Therapy
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Topical Treatments
REFERENCES
References
219 - Senile Cataracts
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
219
Antioxidants
Lutein
Vitamin C
Glutathione
. The antioxidants ascorbic acid (AA) and GSH work in close conjunction and are the most important of all the host-protective fa...
Selenium and Vitamin E
Superoxide Dismutase
Catalase
Tetrahydrobiopterin
Other Nutritional Factors
B Vitamins
Amino Acids
Zinc, Vitamin A, and Beta-Carotene
Melatonin
Multivitamin/Mineral
Curcumin
Lanosterol
Dairy Products
Toxic Metals
Botanical Medicines
Flavonoid-Rich Extracts
Hachimijiogan
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
220 - Streptococcal Pharyngitis
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Vitamin C
Hydrastis canadensis and Echinacea Species
Pelargonium sidoides (South African Geranium)
Bacteriotherapy
Probiotics
Lactoferrin
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Local Treatment
REFERENCES
References
221 - Trichomoniasis
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
221
Trichomonal Vaginitis
Trichomonas in the Male
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Conventional Treatment
Diet
Lifestyle
Nutritional Supplements
Topical Trichomonacides
Povidone-Iodine
Propolis
Essential Oils
Melaleuca alternifolia
Berberine-Containing Botanicals
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Topical Treatments
REFERENCES
References
222 - Urticaria
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CAUSES OF URTICARIA
Physical Urticarias
Dermographism
Cholinergic Urticaria (Heat Urticaria)
Cold Urticaria
Autoimmune Urticaria
Drugs
Penicillin
Aspirin and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Environmental Toxicants
Food-Related Causes
Food Allergy
Food Colorants
. In 1959 the azo dye tartrazine (Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act [FD&C] Yellow no. 5) was the first food dye reported to induce urt...
Food Flavorings
. A broad range of salicylic acid esters are used to flavor foods such as cake mixes, puddings, ice cream, chewing gum, and soft...
. Other flavoring agents, such as cinnamon, vanilla, menthol, and other volatile compounds, may produce urticaria in some indivi...
Food Preservatives
. Benzoic acid and benzoates are the most commonly used food preservatives. Although the incidence of adverse reactions to these...
. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole are the primary antioxidants used in prepared and packaged foods. ...
. Sulfites, like tartrazine, have been shown to induce asthma, urticaria, and angioedema in sensitive individuals.104,105 The so...
Food Emulsifiers and Stabilizers
Infections
Bacteria
Viruses
Candida albicans
Vitamin D Deficiency
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Psychological Aspects
Ultraviolet Light Therapy
Thyroid
Conventional Drug Treatment
Phototherapy
Traditional Chinese Medicine/Acupuncture Therapy
Supplements
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D3
Quercetin
Fish Oil
Probiotics
DIAGNOSIS
Physical Evaluation and History
Laboratory Testing
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Psychological
Physical Medicine
Traditional Chinese Medicine/Acupuncture
REFERENCES
References
223 - Uterine Fibroids
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Environmental Endocrine Disrupters
DIAGNOSIS
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Lipotropic Factors
Pancreatic Enzymes
Vitamin D
Traditional Botanical Medicines
Scudder's Alterative
Compounded Echinacea/Red Root
Compounded Fraxinus/Ceonothus
Compounded Gelsemium/Phytolacca
Other Herbal Extracts to Consider
Topical Herbal Applications
Herbal Phytoestrogens
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F
Bioidentical Progesterone
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Nutritional Supplements
Herbal Medicines
Topical Treatment
Conventional Medicine Therapies
Surgery
REFERENCES
References
224 - Vaginitis, Vulvovaginitis, and Vulvodynia
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY1,2
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
TYPES OF VAGINITIS
Infectious Vaginitis
Bacterial Vaginosis
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Trichomoniasis
Atrophic Vaginitis
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Dietary Considerations
Nutritional Supplements
Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
B Vitamins
Vitamin C and Bioflavonoids
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Zinc
Botanical Medicines
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Chlorophyll
Allium sativum
Hydrastis canadensis and Berberis vulgaris
Melaleuca alternifolia
Humulus lupulus
Botanical Mixture
Other Agents
Lactobacillus Probiotics
Iodine
Boric Acid
Kudzu (Pueraria mirifica)
Estrogens
Vaginal Dehydroepiandrosterone
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Supplements
Botanical Medicines
Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal)
Allium sativum (garlic)
General Recommendations
Specific Recommendations/Sample Treatments
Acute Candidal Vaginitis
Chronic Candida Vaginitis
Bacterial Vaginosis
Trichomonas
Atrophic Vaginitis
REFERENCES
References
225 - Varicose Veins
DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY
GENERAL DISCUSSION
ETIOLOGY
THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Dietary Factors
Fiber
Flavonoid-Rich Berries
Botanical Medicines
Aesculus hippocastanum
Centella asiatica
Ruscus aculeatus (Butcher's Broom)
Nutritional Supplements
Flavonoids and Flavonoid-Rich Extracts
Bromelain and Other Fibrinolytic Compounds
THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
Diet
Botanical Medicines
REFERENCES
References
1 - CANDIDA QUESTIONNAIRE1
QUESTIONNAIRE
Candida Questionnaire1
REFERENCES
REFERENCE
HISTORY
Major Symptoms
Other Symptoms
2 - Cervical Escharotic Treatment
3 - Crohn's Disease Activity Index
4 -THE ROLE OF ESSENTIAL OILS IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
KEY ESSENTIAL OILS
Oregano Essential Oil
Thyme Essential Oil
Cinnamon Essential Oil
Clove Essential Oil
Melissa Essential Oil
Patchouli Essential Oil
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
References
5 -Fasting-Patient Guidelines
FASTING INSTRUCTIONS
Starting the Fast
During the Fast
Breaking the Fast
PROBLEMS WHILE FASTING
SUMMARY
6 - Gluten and Gliadin Content of Select Foods
7 - Glycemic Index, Carbohydrate Content, and Glycemic Load of Select Foods
8 - Hydrochloric Acid Supplementation: Patient Instructions
PURPOSE
DIRECTIONS
9 -Optimal Health Food Pyramid
FOODS TO AVOID ENTIRELY
VEGETABLES: FIVE TO SEVEN SERVINGS DAILY
WHOLE GRAINS: THREE TO FIVE SERVINGS DAILY
FRUITS: THREE TO FOUR SERVINGS DAILY
DAIRY: ONE OR TWO SERVINGS DAILY (OPTIONAL)
10 - Patient Instructions for Measuring Basal Body Temperature
PURPOSE
PROCEDURE
INTERPRETATION
11 - Rotation Diet Master Chart and Plan
12 - Seligman's Attributional Style Questionnaire
INSTRUCTIONS
INTERPRETING YOUR TEST RESULTS
Permanence
Pervasiveness
Hope
Personalization
Your Overall Scores
13 - Supplier Certification: Compliance Guide and Questionnaire1
INTRODUCTION
Critical Questions: 8, 12, 14A, 15, 18, 19, 20, and 22
Major Questions: 6, 7, 11, 14B, 16, 17, and 21
Minor Questions: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, and 13
FOREWORD
OBJECTIVES
REFERENCES
REFERENCE
14 -Vaginal Depletion Pack
INTRODUCTION
PROCEDURE
Supplies
Mixing the Solution
The Tampon
Application
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Cervical Dysplasia
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

Systemvoraussetzungen

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