Bioresource Technology

Name: Bioresource Technology | Concept, Tools and Experiences
Brand: Wiley
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Concept, Tools and Experiences

Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah Bisma Malik Rouf Ahmad Bhat Khalid Rehman Hakeem(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 18. März 2022

544 Seiten

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Bioresource Technology

Discover the latest developments in the field of bioresource technology with this practical handbook

The management and cultivation of bioresources are critical components of the economic survival of nations. Significantly underexplored, recent advances in bioresource technologies have breathed new life into the research and development of new bioresource techniques and capabilities.

In Bioresource Technology: Concept, Tools, and Experiences, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive work intended to bridge the gap between field-oriented taxonomists and ecologists and lab-oriented functional and molecular biologists.

The book is divided into three sections: food, environment, and energy. In the first part, the authors explore the functional food sector, from green and smart food packaging to nanosensors as diagnostic tools in the food industry. The second part is concerned with the achievement of future energy security through the use of bioresources as energy sources. Finally, the third section discusses sustainable environmental management policies via bioresource use.

Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:

* A thorough introduction on the recent advances in the technology pertaining to functional food industry to overcome the future food challenges

* Comprehensive explorations of the art and science of growing microgreens, including their historical background, cultivation practices, quality, and shelf life

* In-depth examinations of the bioprospecting of bioresources, including bioprospecting in agriculture, chemical industries, and diagnostic applications

* Provides state-of-the art technologies in the green energy sector to cater for the energy demand of the people, reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) and the reliance on fossil fuels

* In-depth understanding on the recent advances in the bioresource management policies and sustainable environment

Perfect for postgraduate students, research scholars, faculty, and scientists involved in agriculture, plant sciences, environmental sciences, bioenergy, biofuels, molecular biology, and microbiology, Bioresource Technology: Concept, Tools, and Experiences is also an indispensable resource for those working in biochemistry, biotechnology, and food technology.

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Inhalt

Intro
Bioresource Technology: Concept, Tools and Experiences
Contents
About the Editors
About the Book
Foreword
List of Contributors
Preface
Part I: The Application of Bioresource Technology in the Functional Food Sector
1. Millets: Robust Entrants to Functional Food Sector
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nomenclature and Use
1.3 Description of Important Millets
1.3.1 Sorghum
1.3.2 Pearl Millet
1.3.3 Finger Millet
1.3.4 Foxtail Millet
1.3.5 Proso Millet
1.3.6 Barnyard Millet
1.3.7 Little Millet
1.3.8 Kodo Millet
1.3.9 Brown-Top Millet
1.4 Millets: The Ancient Crops
1.5 Current Scenario of Millets Production
1.6 Nutritional Importance of Millets
1.6.1 Millets as Functional Food 13
1.6.2 Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Aging Properties
1.6.3 Protection Against Cancer
1.6.4 Anti-Diabetic Properties
1.6.5 Protection Against Gastro-Intestinal Disorders
1.6.7 Protection Against Osteoporosis
1.7 Changes in Food Consumption Pattern and Future Demand
1.8 Food and Nutritional Security
1.9 Climate Change and Associated Threat to Agriculture
1.10 Millets: As Climate Smart Crops
1.11 Future Agriculture: Smart Technologies in Millet Farming
1.12 Conclusions
References
2. The Art and Science of Growing Microgreens
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Historical Background
2.3 Health Benefits of Microgreens
2.3.1 Source of Functional Food Components
2.3.2 Component of Space Life Support Systems
2.3.3 Component of Nutritional Diet of Troops and Residents of High Altitude Regions
2.4 Cultivation Practices
2.4.1 Species Selection 30
2.4.2 Growing Media and Propagation Felts
2.4.3 Growing Process
2.5 Quality and Shelf Life
2.6 Market Trends
2.7 Future Outlook
2.8 Conclusions
References
3. Novel Nutraceuticals From Marine Resources
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Marine Microorganisms as a Source of Nutraceuticals
3.2.1 Marine Algae
3.2.2 Marine Invertebrates
3.2.2.1 Sponges
3.2.2.2 Crustaceans, Echinoderms and Molluscs
3.2.2.3 Marine Fishes
3.2.2.4 Marine Actinomycetes
3.2.2.5 Marine Fungi
3.2.2.6 Marine Bacteria
3.3 Classification of Different Nutraceuticals Obtained from Marine Environment
3.3.1 Polysaccharides
3.3.2 Marine Lipids
3.3.3 Natural Pigments from Marine Sources
3.3.4 Chitosan and Its Derivatives
3.3.5 Proteins and Peptides
3.3.6 Minerals, Vitamins and Enzymes
3.3.7 Marine Probiotics and Phenolic Compounds
3.4 Important Bioactive Metabolites and Their Biological Properties
3.5 Current Status of Nutraceuticals in Market
3.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
4. Bioprospecting of Bioresources: Creating Value From Bioresources
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bioprospecting in Various Industrial Fields
4.2.1 Pharmaceutical Industries
4.2.1.1 Drugs From Plants
4.2.1.2 Drugs From Bugs
4.2.1.3 Drugs From Aquatics
4.3 Chemical Industries
4.3.1 Biocatalysis
4.4 Bioprospecting in Agriculture
4.4.1 Biofertilizers and Biopesticides
4.4.2 Bioremediation
4.5 Bioprospecting in Beautification/Cosmetics
4.6 Bioprospecting in Detergent Industry
4.7 Bioprospecting in Textile Industry
4.8 Bioprospecting in Paper Industry
4.9 Bioprospecting in Food Industry
4.9.1 Bioprospecting in Brewing Industry
4.10 Diagnostic
4.10.1 Application of Enzymes for the Detection of Pyrogens in Pharmaceutical Products
4.10.2 Bioprospecting in Biofuel Production
4.11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
5. Green and Smart Packaging of Food
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Green Packaging in Food
5.3 Properties of Green Packaging Materials
5.4 Mechanical Properties of Green Packaging Materials
5.5 Barrier Properties of Green Packaging
5.6 Green Packaging Materials with Active Properties
5.7 Biodegradation Mechanisms of Green Packaging
5.8 Main Green Food Packaging
5.8.1 Poly(lactic Acid) (PLA)
5.8.2 Polyhydroxyalkaonate (PHA)
5.8.3 Starch-based Materials
5.8.4 Cellulose-based Materials
5.9 Life Cycle of Green Packaging Materials
5.10 Smart Packaging in Food
5.11 Indicators for Smart Packaging
5.11.1 Time-Temperature Indicator (TTI)
5.11.2 Freshness Indicators
5.11.3 Packaging Integrity Indicators
5.12 Sensor Applications for Smart Packaging
5.13 Data Carriers for Smart Packaging
5.14 Regulatory Aspects
5.15 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
6. Nanosensors: Diagnostic Tools in the Food Industry
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Identification of Foodborne Pathogens and Toxins
6.3 Pesticides and Carcinogenic Detection
6.3.1 Nitrites-Carcinogenic Detection
6.3.2 Mycotoxin Detection
6.3.3 Food Packaging
6.3.4 Food Freshness Detection
6.4 Chemicals and Food Additives Detection
6.4.1 Preservatives
6.4.2 Dyes
6.4.3 Sweeteners
6.4.4 Antioxidants
6.4.5 Food Allergens
6.5 Nano-based Sensors for Smart Packaging
6.5.1 Nanobarcodes
6.5.2 e-NOSE and e-TONGUE
6.5.3 Oxygen Sensors
6.5.4 Humidity Sensors
6.5.5 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sensor
6.6 Challenges
6.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
7. Harnessing Genetic Diversity for Addressing Wheat-based Time Bound Food Security Projections: A Selective Comprehensive Practical Overview
7.1 The Global Wheat Scenario
7.2 Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding Over 9 Billion by 2050
7.3 Conventional Wheat Improvement Strategies
7.3.1 Breeding Methods
7.3.2 Recombination Breeding
7.3.3 Pedigree or Line Breeding
7.3.4 Bulk Method
7.3.5 Single Seed Descent (SSD) Method
7.3.6 Backcross Breeding
7.3.7 Modified Pedigree Bulk
7.3.8 Selected Bulk
7.3.9 Multiline Breeding
7.3.10 Shuttle Breeding
7.3.11 Doubled Haploid
7.3.12 Mutation Breeding
7.3.13 Hybrid Wheat
7.3.14 The XYZ System
7.4 Innovative Technologies for Accessing Novel Genetic Diversity
7.5 Major Global Locations of Wheat Genetic Diversity
7.6 Utilization of Genetic Diversity
7.6.1 Wide Crosses: The Historical Build-up
7.7 Distribution of Genetic Diversity: Gene Pools, Their Potential Impact and Research Integration for Practicality
7.7.1 The Gene Pool Structure
7.7.1.1 Primary Gene Pool Species
7.7.1.2 The A Genome (Triticum Boeoticum, T. Monococcum, T. Urartu
2n = 2x = 14, AA)
7.7.1.3 The D Genome (Aegilops Tauschii = Goat Grass
2n = 2x = 14, DD)
7.7.1.4 Secondary Gene Pool Species
7.7.1.5 Selected Secondary Gene Pool Species Utilization Example
7.7.1.6 Tertiary Gene Pool Species
7.7.1.7 The Gene Pool Potential Recap
7.7.1.8 Conclusion: Transfer Prerequisites Across Gene Pools
7.8 Underexplored Areas
7.8.1 Land Races: Definitions, General Characteristics and Practicality Potential
7.8.2 Wheat Landraces: An Additive Diversity Source
7.8.3 Important Collections of Wheat Landraces
7.9 Perennial Wheat
7.9.1 The Concept of a More Sustainable Perennial Wheat-Like Cereal. Is It Feasible?
7.9.1.1 What Benefit/s Would Come?
7.9.1.2 Potential Pitfalls
7.9.1.3 What Approaches Can Be Conceived?
7.9.1.4 What Progress?
7.9.1.5 What Lessons?
7.9.1.6 Suggested Way Forward?
7.9.2 Genetic Engineering for Wheat Improvement Focused on a Few Major Food Security Aspects
7.9.2.1 Tissue Culture and Transformation of Wheat
7.9.2.2 Production of Genetically-Modified Wheat
7.9.2.3 CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Wheat
7.9.2.4 Potential Traits for Genetic Improvement of Wheat Through Biotechnology
7.9.2.5 Yield Potential
7.9.2.6 Climate Change
7.9.2.7 Drought
7.9.2.8 Salinity
7.9.2.9 Heat
7.10 Historical Non-Conventional Trends for Exploiting Wheat's Genetic Resources
7.10.1 Pre-1900
7.10.2 1901-1920
7.10.3 1921-1930
7.10.4 1931-1950
7.10.5 The Post-1950 Era: Preamble
7.10.6 Homoeologous Pairing
7.10.7 Isolation of Homoeologous Recombinants
7.10.8 Intergeneric Hybridization Steps for Wheat/Alien Crossing
7.10.8.1 Embryo Extraction and Handling
7.10.8.2 Pre-Breeding Protocol
7.10.8.3 Development of Genetic Stocks
7.10.8.4 Establishing a Living Herbarium
7.10.9 Interspecific Hybridization
7.10.10 Additive Durum Wheat Improvement
7.10.10.1 The Parental Choice
7.10.10.2 Shortening the Breeding Cycle by Inducing Homozygosity in Desired Early Breeding Generations
7.10.10.3 The Integration of Molecular Development Options for Efficiency and Precision
7.11 Alleviating Wheat Productivity Constraints via New Genetic Variation
7.11.1 Biotic Constraints
7.11.2 Insect Resistance
7.11.3 Root Diseases
7.11.4 Abiotic Stresses
7.11.5 Grain Yield
7.11.6 Bio-Fortification
7.11.7 Future Directions and Strategies
7.12 Accruing Potental Practical Benefits
7.13 Summary of the Practical Potential Benefits
7.14 The Role of Genomics Information Including Molecular Markers in Wheat
7.15 The Way Forward and Wrap-Up
7.16 Concerns
7.17 Conclusions
7.18 Some Perceptions
References
Part II: Bioresource and Future Energy Security
8. Waste-to-Energy: Potential of Biofuels Production from Sawdust as a Pathway to Sustainable Energy Development
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of Potential WTE Technologies for Biomass Wastes
8.2.1 Thermo-Chemical Conversion Technologies
8.2.1.1 Gasification
8.2.1.2 Pyrolysis
8.2.1.3 Liquefaction
8.3 Biochemical Conversion Technologies
8.4 Potential Feedstocks for Waste-to-Energy
8.4.1 Agricultural Residues
8.4.2 Animal Waste
8.4.3 Forestry Residues
8.4.4 Industrial Wastes
8.4.5 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
8.4.6 Black Liquor
8.5 Waste-to-Energy and Sustainable Energy Development
8.6 Challenges and Future Prospects of Waste-to-Energy Technologies
8.7 Case Study: Application of Fast Pyrolysis for Conversion of Sawdust to Bio-Oil
8.7.1 Samples Collection and Experimental Analysis
8.7.2 Instrumentation and Experimental Set-up
8.7.3 GCMS Analysis
8.7.4 Chemical and Physical Composition of Biofuel Yield
8.7.5 Characterization of Bio-Oil Yield from Sawdust Samples
8.8 Economic and Environmental Benefits of Biofuel
8.8.1 Economics Benefits
8.8.2 Environmental Benefits of Biofuel
8.9 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
9. Biogas Production and Processing from Various Organic Wastes in Anaerobic Digesters and Landfills
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Urban Waste as a Raw Material for Biogas Production
9.2.1 Independent-Source Organic Waste
9.2.2 Sewage Sludge
9.3 Biogas Feedstock Properties
9.3.1 Suitability and Availability
9.3.2 Digestibility
9.3.3 Impurities with Digester-Disrupting Effects
9.3.4 Feedstocks Acting as AD Biogas Boosters
9.4 Biogas Production Technology Applied to Landfills
9.4.1 Anaerobic Digester Pre-Treatments
9.4.2 Digester Design and Process Optimization
9.4.3 Hydrolysis Enhancements
9.4.4 Bacterial Clean-up of AD Digester Effluent
9.4.5 Additives to Enhance Methane Yield
9.4.6 Biogas Upgrading Technologies
9.4.6.1 Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies
9.4.7 Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Removal
9.4.8 Siloxane Removal
9.5 Conclusions
References
10. Extremophiles as Gold Mines for Bioprospecting
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Bioprospecting of Extremophiles
10.3 Bioprospecting of Thermophiles
10.4 Bioprospecting of Acidophiles
10.5 Bioprospecting of Psychrophiles
10.6 Bioprospecting of Halophiles
10.7 Bioprospecting of Metallophiles
10.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Part III: Bioresource Technology: Solution to Sustainable Environment and Management Policies
11. Algal-based Membrane Bioreactor for Wastewater Treatment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Algal Treatment System: Requirements and Complications
11.3 Elements of Microalgae Cultivation
11.4 Membranes and Their Application in Water and Wastewater Treatments
11.5 Algal Membrane Photobioreactors
11.6 Factors Affecting the Performance of Membrane Photobioreactors
11.6.1 Operating Factors
11.6.1.1 Temperature
11.6.2.2 Acidity-Alkalinity (Ph)
11.6.3.3 Flux and Permeate Flux Through the Reactors
11.6.4.4 Hydraulic and Solids Retention Time
11.6.5.5 Lighting
11.6.6.6 Aeration
11.7 Biomass Properties Impacting MPBR Performance
11.7.1 Microorganisms
11.7.2 Wastewater Properties
11.8 Challenges and Limitations
11.9 Future Directions for Algal-based Membrane Bioreactors
11.10 Conclusions
References
12. Engineering Plants for Metal Tolerance and Accumulation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Metals' Bioremediation
12.2.1 Metal Phytoremediation
12.2.2 Non-Target Specific Engineered Plants to Metal Phytoremediation
12.2.3 Target Specific Genomic Engineering Technique to Enhance Plants Metal Tolerance and Accumulationc
12.2.4 Important Methodologies to Engineer Plants to Metals Phytoremediation
12.3 Omics as Tools to Elucidate Important Genes to Plants Engineering
12.4 Conclusion
12.5 Future Perspectives
References
13. Recent Advances in Enzymatic Membranes and Their Sustainable Applications Across Industry
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Enzymes
13.3 Global Demand for Commercial Enzymes
13.4 Membrane Technology
13.5 Fouling-Type Immobilization Membranes
13.6 Physical Procedures that Immobilize Enzyme in/on Membranes
13.7 Covalent Bonds that Immobilize Enzymes in/on Membranes
13.7.1 Amino Groups that Modify Membranes
13.7.2 Carboxylic Groups that Modify Membranes
13.7.3 Epoxy Groups that Modify Membranes
13.7.4 Azido Groups that Modify Membranes
13.8 Cross-linkage Procedures
13.9 Applications of Enzymatic Membrane Reactors
13.9.1 Treatment of Milk or Cheese Whey
13.9.2 Treatments of Animal, Plant, and Waste Oils and Fats
13.9.3 Pharmaceutical Production Employing Biocatalytic Membrane Reactors
13.9.4 Biocatalytic-Membrane Reactors for Biomedical Applications
13.9.5 Biocatalytic-Membrane Reactors for Agricultural Applications
13.9.6 Biocatalytic-Membrane Reactors for Waste-Water Treatment
13.10 Limitations, Challenges and Solution for EMR Applications
13.11 Conclusions
References
14. Use and Manufacture of Biopesticides and Biofertilizers in Latin America
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Current Problems of Pesticides and Fertilizers in Latin America
14.3 Manufacture and Use of Biopesticides and Biofertilizers in Latin America
14.4 Manufacture of A Natural Repellent: A Case Study
14.5 Biotechnological Interventions in Biopesticide Synthesis
14.6 Biofertilizers Relevance and Plant Tolerance to Abiotic/Biotic Stress
14.7 Conclusions
References
15. Carbon Sequestration Alternatives for Mitigating the Accumulation of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Impact of Greenhouse Gases
15.2.1 The Natural Greenhouse Impacts
15.2.2 Anthropogenic Greenhouse Impacts
15.3 Soil's Role in the Sequestration of Carbon
15.3.1 Organic Carbon Sequestration
15.3.2 Inorganic Carbon Sequestration in Soils
15.4 Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration
15.4.1 Global Forest Management
15.4.1.1 Improving Agricultural Practices
15.4.1.2 Improving Biofuel Production Processes
15.5 Carbon Sequestration into Sub-Surface Geological Reservoirs
15.6 Oceanic Carbon Sequestration
15.7 Conclusions
References
16. Nanotechnology for Future Sustainable Plant Production Under Changing Environmental Conditions
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nanotechnology and Synthesis of Nanomaterials
16.2.1 Chemical Methods
16.2.2 Physical Methods
16.2.3 Biological Methods (Green Synthesis)
16.2.3.1 Plant Extract-based Synthesis of Nanomaterials
16.2.3.2 Microorganism-based Synthesis of Nanomaterials
16.3 Potential Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture for Climate Resilient Crops
16.3.1 Nanotechnology and Efficient Use of Input Resources
16.3.1.1 Water Use Efficiency Enhancement
16.3.1.2 Light Use Efficiency Enhancement
16.3.1.3 Nutrient Use Efficiency Enhancement
16.3.2 Nanomaterials and Plant Growth Enhancement
16.3.2.1 Germination and Vigor Enhancement
16.3.3 Nanoparticles to Mitigate Biotic Stresses
16.3.3.1 Nano-Pesticides
16.3.3.2 Nano-Fungicides
16.3.4 Nanomaterials to Mitigate Abiotic Stresses
16.3.4.1 Nanoparticles to Mitigate Drought Stress
16.3.4.2 Nanoparticles to Mitigate Metal Stress
16.3.4.3 Nanoparticles to Mitigate Salinity Stress
16.3.4.4 Nanoparticles to Mitigate Flooding Stress
16.3.4.5 Nanoparticles to Mitigate Heat Stress
16.3.4.6 Nanoparticles to Mitigate Cold Stress
16.4 Advances in Nanotechnology
16.4.1 Nanotechnology in Tissue Culture
16.4.2 NPs in Genome Editing
16.4.3 Nanosensors/Smart Plant Sensors
16.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
17. Nanoscience: A Boon for Reviving Agriculture
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Agriculture: A Growing Need
17.2.1 Advanced Agriculture System Through Nanoscience
17.2.2 Nanofertilizers for Agriculture
17.3 Nano Herbicides and Agriculture
17.4 Nanotechnology Leading to Sustainable Agriculture
17.5 Conclusion
References
18. Profitability and Economics Analysis of Bioresource Management
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Bioeconomy
18.3 Profitability Analysis of Bioresource-based Business
18.3.1 Short Rotation Cultivation (SRC
18.3.2 Ecotourism
18.3.3 District Heating
18.3.4 Aquatic Biorefinery
18.4 Food Waste to Bioresource Businesses and Their Efficacies
18.4.1 Biofertilizer and Biogas Production
18.4.2 Biomethane
18.4.3 Bioethanol Fermentation
18.5 Bioresources for Risk Prevention and Poverty Alleviation
18.6 Conclusion
References
Index
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