Toward Uniformly Accepted Principles for Interpreting MFN Clauses

Name: Toward Uniformly Accepted Principles for Interpreting MFN Clauses | Striking a Balance Between Sovereignty and the Protection of Investors
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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Striking a Balance Between Sovereignty and the Protection of Investors

Nudrat Ejaz Piracha(Autor*in)

Kluwer Law International (Verlag)

Erschienen am 7. Juni 2021

688 Seiten

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Beschreibung

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Inhalt

Intro
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
I. Introduction to MFNCs
II. Issues Engulfing MFNCs
A. Undermining Sovereignty
B. Inconsistent Application of MFNCs
III. Road Map
Chapter 1 History of Development of MFNCs and Background of MFN Issues
I. Meaning of MFN Treatment
II. Sources for Interpreting MFN Standard
III. Understanding MFNCs under the VCLT
IV. Treaties as a Source of MFN Standards
V. Understanding MFNCs Given Their Evolution
A. Understanding the Nature of MFN Treatment and Mechanisms by Which MFNCs Operated Before the Advent of Investment Disputes
B. Evolution of MFNCs and BITs
a. Evolution of MFNCs under Pre-1948 Treaties, Before the Emergence of BITs
b. Evolution of Modern Multilateral Agreements, BITs, and Other Instruments Containing Clauses on Protecting Investment
i. Evolution of BITs and Other Treaties Containing Investment Protection Provisions
ii. Evolution of Multilateral Agreements
VI. Understanding MFNCs Considering Their Object and Purpose
VII. Understanding MFNCs in the Context of Their Interaction with Other Standards and Legal Concepts
A. Interaction Between MFN Treatment in the Trade and Investment Regimes
B. Interaction Between MFN Treatment and Protections Available under BITs
a. National Treatment
b. Less Favorable Treatment Standard
c. The Principle of Non-discrimination under Customary International Law
d. Fair and Equitable Treatment
e. Provisions Regarding Compensation for Expropriation
f. Full Protection and Security
g. Interaction of the MFNCs with the Substantive Protections Considering ICSID Jurisprudence
C. Interaction Between MFNCs with DSMCs in a BIT
a. Current Trends in Treaties Concerning Exemption of DSMCs from MFNCs
b. Understanding the Scope of MFNCs Considering ICJ Jurisprudence Before the Advent of Investment Disputes
c. Understanding the Interaction of MFNCs Regarding Jurisdictional Issues under ICSID Jurisprudence
VIII. Understanding MFNCs in the Context of Interaction with Jurisdictional Elements of the Basic Treaty
A. Ratione Personae of the Basic Treaty
B. Ratione Temporis of the Basic Treaty
C. Ratione Materiae of the Basic Treaty and DSMC
a. Expanding Ratione Materiae of the DSM/BIT to Fora Not Provided in the BIT
b. Expanding Ratione Materiae of the DSM/BIT to Standards Not Provided in the BIT
c. Expanding Ratione Materiae/Arbitral Scope of the DSM to Standards Not Part of the Arbitral Scope, but Guaranteed in the Basic Treaty
D. Ratione Voluntatis (Conditions of Consent) of the Basic Treaty and DSMC
IX. Interaction of MFNCs with Other State Obligations and Principles Relevant to Articles 31(3)(c) and 32 of the VCLT
A. State Consent
B. Other Interpretive Principles
C. Contractual Theories
D. Innovations
X. Conclusion
Chapter 2 Underlying Theories for Interpreting MFNCs
I. Interpreting Investment Treaties under the VCLT
A. Article 31 of the VCLT
B. Article 32 of the VCLT
C. Article 33 of the VCLT
II. Interpretive Theories Supported by the VCLT
A. Textualism
B. Contextualism
C. Objectivism and Purposivism
D. Intentionalism
III. Interpretive Principles under Customary International Law, ILC's Articles on MFNCs, General Principles of Law and Other Canons of Interpretation
IV. Conclusion
Chapter 3 ILC and MFNCs
I. History of the ILC's Articles on MFNCs
A. Development of the ILC's Articles on MFNCs
B. Current Legal Status
II. The Substance of ILC's Articles on MFNCs
A. Ordinary Meaning and Nature of MFN Treatment
B. The Mechanism for Operation of MFNC
C. Interpretive Guidance from ILC's MFN Articles and Its Final MFN Study Group Report
III. Limitations Implicit in MFNCs According to ILC's Articles on MFNCs
A. Ratione Personae of the MFNC
B. Ratione Temporis of the MFNC
C. Ratione Materiae of the MFNC
a. Textual Limitations in the Basic Treaty
i. Beneficiaries of the MFNC (Ratione Personae)
ii. Subject Matter of the MFNC (Actual and Potential Scope)
iii. Defining "Treatment" and Limitations Thereupon
iv. Limits Based on Less Favorable Treatment
D. Ratione Voluntatis of the MFNC
a. Limitations Based on Application of MFN to Procedural and DSMCs
b. Application of MFN to Jurisdictional Issues
E. Other Limitations
IV. Conclusion
Chapter 4 Interpretation of MFNCs
I. Misapplication of Article 31 of the VCLT
A. Good Faith
B. Ordinary Meaning
C. The Plain Meaning of MFNCs
a. "All Matters" Provision
b. MFNCs Tied to FET
c. MFNCs Relating to Processes
d. Territory
e. Interpretation of "Treatment" Absent Express Subject Matter
f. Less Favorable Treatment
g. Like Circumstances/Similar Situations
D. Context
a. Interaction Between Various Clauses in the BIT
i. Investor and Investment
ii. Interaction of the Clauses of a BIT When MFNCs Extend to All Matters in the Basic Treaty
iii. Interaction of MFNCs with Similar Terms Used in the Basic Treaty
iv. Exemptions in the Treaty
v. Interaction Between Various MFNCs
vi. Interaction of MFNC with the DSMC
E. Object and Purpose
II. Interaction with Elements External to the BIT to Be Considered Along with the Context of the Basic Treaty
A. Interaction Considering Ejusdem Generis
B. Reliance on the Practice of Parties
C. Other Legal Obligations and Sources of International Law under Article 31(3)(c) of the VCLT to Be Considered Along with the Context of the Basic Treaty
III. Article 31(4) of the VCLT
IV. Role of Intention in the Interpretive Exercise and Misapplication of Article 32 of the VCLT
V. Perceived Lack of Hierarchy among Various Elements of Article 31 and Between Articles 31 and 32 of the VCLT
VI. Article 33 of the VCLT
VII. Conclusion
Chapter 5 Misapplication of Interpretive Principles and Canons of Interpretation Arising Out of International Law Sources Other Than the VCLT
I. Ejusdem Generis
A. Imposition of the Requirement of Substantial Identity
B. Requiring an Express Provision in the Basic Treaty of the Treatment Relied Upon
C. Artificial Distinctions Between Procedural, Substantive, and Jurisdictional Provisions
D. Introduction to the Concept of Likeness
II. Res Inter Alios Acta
III. Principle of Dubio Mitius
A. Implied Application of Dubio Mitius
B. Consent of the State and Pacta Sunt Servanda
C. Restrictive Interpretation
IV. Principle of Expressio Unius Exclusio Alterius
V. Lex Specialis Derogat Legi Generali
VI. Contra Proferentem (Treaty Is to Be Construed Against Drafter)
VII. Effectiveness (Ut Res Magic Valeat Quam Pereat)
VIII. Principles of Contemporaneity
IX. Conclusion
Chapter 6 Application of MFNCs to Jurisdictional Issues
I. Ratione Materiae of the MFNC
A. Application of MFNCs to Substantive Obligations
B. Application of MFN Obligation to Procedural Rights
C. Application of MFN Obligation to DSMCs in Other BITs
D. Application of MFNCs to Jurisdictional Issues
E. Application of MFN Obligation to the Arbitral Scope of the DSMC
II. Expansion and Alteration of Jurisdictional Elements
A. Rationale Adopted for Refusal to Apply MFNCs to Ratione Temporis
B. Rationale Adopted for Refusal to Apply MFNC to Ratione Personae
C. Rationale Adopted for Refusal to Apply the MFNC to Conditions of Ratione Voluntatis
D. Rationale Adopted for Refusal to Apply the MFNC to Expand or Alter the Ratione Materiae of the BIT
III. Rationale of Tribunals
A. Application of MFNCs Does Not Pose Any Question of Consent of the State
a. The Ability of an MFNC to Create Jurisdiction Indirectly
b. Implied Consent Through an MFNC
i. Strict Interpretation
B. Requirement of Consent for Application of MFNCs to Jurisdictional Provisions
a. Power of the Tribunal to Allow Access to a More Favorable DSM
b. Automatic Application of MFNC
C. Putting the Cart Before the Horse
D. Public Policy and Innovation
a. Public Policy
b. Inability of MFNCs to Displace Specifically Negotiated Provisions
c. Inability of MFNCs to Displace Expressly Agreed Treatment
d. Treatment of Silence in the Treaty
e. Subverting the Negotiated Balance
f. Value of the DSMCs
g. Altering the Consent of the State
h. Treaty Shopping
i. Cherry-Picking Provisions
j. Likeness and Public Policy Issues
k. Application of MFNCs Creates Uncertainty Incompatible with Public Policy
l. The Existence of Justification on the Part of the States for Discrimination
E. Contractual Justifications
F. Assumptions
G. Reciprocity
IV. Application of Burden of Proof
V. Conclusion
Chapter 7 Interpretation and Application of MFNCs in Relation to Substantive Provisions
I. Modification of Substantive Provisions in the Basic Treaty by Reliance on More Favorable Treatment Arising from a Third-Party Treaty
A. Reliance on More Favorable Substantive Provisions Not Forming Part of Ratione Materiae of the Basic Treaty (Expanding Jurisdiction)
B. Altering Jurisdiction in Relation to Substantive Provisions Mentioned in the Basic Treaty
C. Tribunals' Rationales, States, and Dissenting Arbitrators
a. Interpretive Justifications
i. Reliance on FET
ii. Presumptions Regarding Ordinary Meaning and Operation of MFNCs
b. The MFNC Does Not Encompass the Omission of a Condition or Defense in a Comparator Treaty
i. MFNC Cannot Create New Rights/Substantive Obligations
ii. The Inability of MFNCs to Create a Customized Clause by Mixing and Matching
iii. MFN Extends Merely to Actual Treatment and Not More Favorable Standards in a Comparator Treaty
c. Principle of Renvoi
d. MFNCs Cannot Act as a Choice of Law Provision
e. The Inability of General Provisions to Replace Special Provisions
D. Reliance on Isolated Terms
a. More Favorable Treatment not Established
b. Similar Situation Requirement Not Met
E. Justifications Based on Other Interpretive Principles under VCLT Articles 31(3)(c) and 32
a. Strict Interpretation
i. Effectiveness
ii. Ejusdem Generis
b. Other Relevant Considerations
i. Jurisdictional Justifications
ii. Circumstances of the Case
F. Irrelevant Considerations
a. Perceived Importance of the Standard
i. Final Anticipated Outcome
ii. Outcome under Another Standard
b. Limitations in the Comparator Treaty
II. Application of the MFNC to Factual Circumstances: Issues Exterior to the Treaty
A. Tests
B. Discrimination (Less Favorable/More Favorable Treatment)
C. Like Circumstances
D. Justification
E. High Burden of Proof
F. Other Reasons
III. Conclusion
Conclusion
I. Basis of Inconsistent Approaches
II. Limitations Rendering MFNCs Ineffective
III. Present Solutions
IV. Recommendations
A. Need for Uniformly Accepted Principles Regarding the MFN Obligation
a. Uniformly Accepted Principles for Interpreting MFNCs Considering the VCLT and the ILC's Articles on MFNCs with Commentaries
b. Shifting the Burden of Proof
c. Creating a Balance Between Unequal Parties and Preventing Abuse of Rights Through Drafting of BITs
Annexes to Chapter 1 Providing Statistics Relating to MFN Clauses Decided by ISDS Tribunals
Index

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