Forestry Pesticide Aerial Spraying

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Historical Perspective.- 1.2 Scope and Orientation of Text.- 2 Characterizing Forest Stands.- 2.1 Foliage Density and Vertical Distribution.- 2.2 Forest Micrometeorology.- 2.3 Foliage as Filter for Atmospheric Particulates.- 2.4 Foliage Simulators.- 2.5 Importance of Properly Defining the Biological Interface.- 3 Properties of Spray Formulations.- 3.1 Biological Toxic Requirement and Droplet Size.- 3.2 Effects of Viscosity, Surface Tension, and Volatility.- 3.3 Summary.- 4 Spray Aircraft and Atomizers.- 4.1 Aircraft in Use.- 4.2 Aircraft Wake Behaviour.- 4.3 Droplet Generation and Atomizer Types.- 4.4 Atomizer Characterization Methods.- 4.5 Atomizer Droplet Spectrum Data.- 4.6 Correlations for Atomizer Emission Characteristics.- 4.7 Dry Material Dispensing Devices.- 5 Research Field Trials.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Measurements and Analytical Methods.- 5.3 The Mass Balance Test as a Measure of Accuracy In Field Trials.- 5.4 Experimental Design, Management, and Costs.- 6 Modeling Spray Application, Dispersion, and Deposition.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Details of the PKBW model.- 6.3 Model Validations and Comparisons: PKBW Model.- 6.4 Off-target Drift and Buffer Zone Estimation.- 6.5 Simulation of Block Spraying, PKBW Model.- 7 Spraying in Complex Terrain.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Air flows in Well-defined Mountain Valleys.- 7.3 Implications with Respect to Pesticide Spraying.- 7.4 Predicting Pesticide Dispersion and Deposition in Valleys.- 7.5 Comment.- 8 Spraying Innovations.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Drop Size Optimization.- 8.3 Field Trials for Dose Efficacy Measurements.- 8.4 Aircraft Navigation and Data Logging.- 8.5 Investigating Possible Improvements in Application Methods with PKBW.- 9 Pesticides and Government Regulations.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2Federal and Provincial Regulations in Canada.- 9.3 Specific Excerpts from FIFRA.- 9.4 The Training of Pesticide Applicators and the Inspection of Application Equipment.- Appendix I Spray Efficacy Research Group (Serg).- Appendix II Atomizer Charact Erization Data.- Appendix III Details of Agdisp, Fscbg, and Pkbw Models.