Antitrust and New Media

Name: Antitrust and New Media
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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Miguel de Avillez Pereira(Herausgeber*in)

Kluwer Law International (Verlag)

Erschienen am 1. Juni 2000

490 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
ABOUT AIJA
OFFICERS OF AIJA
A WORD FROM THE PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE
PREFACE
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
QUESTIONNAIRE
GENERAL REPORT
A. INTRODUCTION
A. Media regulation
B. Antitrust regulation
B. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
1. Legal definition of Media company
2. Legal form
3. Public monopolies
4. Implementation formalities
5. Shareholding limits
6. Cross Media ownership
7. Foreign investment
8. Right of establishment of foreign Media companies
9. Regulatory authority
C. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
10. Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of Media
11. Restrictive practices
12. Defensive cartels
13. Permitted forms of co-operation
14. Commercial agreements
15. Monopolies
16. Abuse of market power
17. Mergers
18. Antitrust enforcement
ARGENTINA
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Antitrust regulation
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of a media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3. Public Monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholding limits
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.7 Foreign investment
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory authority
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
AUSTRALIA
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Antitrust regulation
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholding limits
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.7 Foreign investment
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory authority
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
AUSTRIA
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulations
1.1.1 General legal framework
1.1.2 Legal framework for print media
1.1.3 Legal framework for broadcasting
1.2 Antitrust regulations
1.2.1 Legal sources and system of antitrust regulations
1.2.2 Antitrust procedures
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Public monopolies
2.3 Legal form and implementation formalities
2.3.1 Legal form and implementation formalities for print media companies
2.3.2 Legal form and implementation formalities for regional and local radio broadcasters
2.3.3 Legal form and implementation formalities for providers of satellite and cable programmes
2.4 Shareholding limits and foreign investments
2.5 Cross-media ownership
2.6 Regulatory authority
2.6.1 Competency according to the Media Act
2.6.2 Special regulatory authorities
3. EXPOSURE OF THE MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.5 Monopolies and abuse of market power
3.6 Merger control
3.7 Antitrust enforcement
BELGIUM
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Anti-trust regulation
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 and 2.5 Implementation formalities - regulation on shareholding of media companies - shareholding limits
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.7 Foreign investment
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory authorities
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of the media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Anti-trust enforcement
BRAZIL
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Anti-trust regulation
1.2.1 A short explanation of the framework of the Brazilian Law
1.2.1.1 The Brazilian authorities and structure of the commissions
1.2.2 Basic aspects of the CADE
1.2.3 Areas of intervention and entities subject to inspection
1.2.4 Control of commercial acts and agreements
1.2.5 Procedural rules to administrative control
1.2.6 Performance commitment
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholding limits
2.6 Cross media ownership
2.7 Foreign investments
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory authority
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.2.1 The infractions established in the law
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
CANADA
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Antitrust regulation
1.2.1 The Competition Act
1.2.2 Broadcasting
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholder limits
2.6 Media cross-ownership
2.6.1 Cross-ownership in the broadcasting industry
2.6.2 The Rogers/Maclean Hunter takeover
2.7 Foreign investment
2.7.1 The Investment Canada Act
2.7.2 Foreign ownership in broadcasting
2.7.3 Publishing and distribution
2.7.3.1 Policy on foreign investment
2.7.3.2 Tax deductions for advertising costs only available to Canadian news papers and periodicals
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.8.1 Protection and promotion of Canadian television programming
2.8.2 Regulation of competition in the broadcasting industry
2.8.3 Funding for Canadian programming
2.8.4 DTH satellite dishes and the grey market
2.8.5 The Canadian film industry
2.8.6 The future of the Canadian film industry
2.8.7 Challenges to Canada 's cultural policies
2.9 Regulatory authority
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of the media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.2.1 Price discrimination
3.2.2 Price maintenance
3.2.3 Predatory pricing
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.3.1 Conspiracy and agreements in restraint of trade
3.3.2 Market restrietion
3.3.3 Exclusive dealing/tied selling
3.4 Permitted forms of cooperation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.5.1 Exclusive programming rights in the broadcasting industry
3.5.2 Integration of broadcasting and programming functions
3.5.3 Integration of production, distribution and exhibition in the film industry
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.7.1 Abuse of dominant position under the Competition Act
3.7.2 Monopoly situations in the broadcasting industry
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
DENMARK
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Antitrust regulation
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA INDUSTRY
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.4.1 General remarks
2.4.2 Broadcasting within a local area
2.4.3 Satellite and cable TV broadcasting
2.4.4 Consumer influence on cable TV distribution
2.5 Shareholding limits
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.7 Foreign investment
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media industry companies
2.9 Regulatory authority
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of cooperation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
EUROPEAN UNION
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
2. THE SUPREMACY OF EC LAW OVER NATIONAL LAW
3. THE RATIONALE FOR EC REGULATION OF THE MEDIA
4. THE INCREASED ROLE OF EC COMPETITION LAW
5. SPECIFIC MEDIA REGULATION AT EC LEVEL
6. COMPETITION LAW IN THE EC
6.1 Article 85
6.2 Article 86
6.3 Regulation 17/62
6.4 EC control of mergers
7. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND EC
8. OTHER RELEVANT EC LAW
9. MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE COMPETITION IN THE MEDIA
9.1 Convergence in media markets
9.2 The consequences of technological advances
9.3 Exclusive rights
9.4 The problem of consolidating new markets and 'first mover advantages'
9.5 Merger cases under the MCR
9.5.1 MSG media service
9.5.2 Nordic satellite distribution
9.5.3 RTL-Everonica-Endemol
9.5.4 CLT/Disney/Super RTL
9.5.5 Kirche-Richemont-Multichoice-Telepiu
9.5.6 Telefonica
9.5.7 Bertelsmann-UFA and CLT
9.5.8 Channel 5
9.5.9 UK cable merger
9.6 Commission approach to exclusive rights and privileges
9.7 Performing rights societies
9.7.1 GEMA
9.7.2 BRT v. SABAM
9.7.3 Greenwich film production v. SACEM
9.7.4 GVL v. Commission
9.7.5 GEMA (3)
9.8 The doctrine of essential facilities
9.8.1 New technology as essential facilities
9.8.2 CAS's as essential facilities under Article 85
9.8.3 Overcoming the inherently anti-competitive nature of IP Rights
9.8.4 Overcoming the effects of monopoly rights given to national TV broadcasters
9.8.5 Controlling other abuses of dominant positions
9.8.6 The use of the doctrine of essential facilities in relation to interim measures
9.8.7 Dealing with PRS's
9.9 Application of Article 85
9.9.1 The Screensport-EBU decision
9.9.2 The International Private Satellite Partner Case (IPSP)
9.10 Other uses of Article 86
9.11 Free movement of goods and IP rights
9.12 Freedom to provide services
9.13 Challenges to EC competition law regulation
9.13.1 The geographic limits of relevant markets
9.13.2 Article 90(2) and 'special' rights
9.13.3 The impact of other policy concerns
9.13.4 National media regulation regimes and policies
10. CONCLUSION
FRANCE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Antitrust regulation
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholding limits
2.5.1 Press
2.5.2 Television
2.5.3 Radio
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.7 Foreign investments
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory authority: the Conseil Supérieur de l'Audiovisuel
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.3.1 Relevant market for the press
3.3.2 Relevant market for films
3.3.3 Threshold sensitivity
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.4.1 Specific exemptions mechanisms
3.4.2 Rule of reason
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.5.1 Rebates and discount
3.5.2 Minimum imposed prices
3.5.3 Discriminatory practices
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
4. CONCLUSION: TENTATIVE DEVELOPMENTS
GERMANY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.1.1 Definition of the media industry
1.1.2 Constitutional and statutory framework
1.1.2.1 Print media
1.1.2.2 Broadcasting
1.1.2.3 Multimedia services
1.1.2.4 Media services
1.1.2.5 Teleservices
1.2 Antitrust regulation
1.2.1 The antitrust act
1.2.1.1 Applicability to public broadcasting entities
1.2.1. 2 Horizontal restraints
1.2.1.3 Vertical restraints
1.2.1.4 Monopolisation
1.3 Interstate broadcasting agreement
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholding limits
2.5.1 Broadcasting
2.5.2 Print media and multimedia services
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.7 Foreign investment
2.7.1 Print media and media services
2.7.2 Broadcasting
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.8.1 General observations
2.8.2 Preferential treatment for local broadcasters
2.8.3 Additional administrative requirements
2.9 Regulatory authority
2.9.1 Print media and multimedia services
2.9.2 Broadcasting
2.9.2.1 Insufficient coordination in the past
2.9.2.2 Recent improvements
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA INDUSTRY TO ANTITRUST
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.1.1 Applicability of market economy principles to the media
3.1.2 Objectives of German antitrust policy
3.1.2.1 GWB
3.1.2.2 Interstate broadcasting agreement
3.1.3 Feasibility of seeking 'effective competition' in the media sector
3.1.4 Definition of markets
3.1.4.1 Print media
3.1.4.2 Broadcasting
3.1.4.3 Multimedia services
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.3.1 Price fixing
3.3.2 Market sharing and other restrictive practices
3.3.3 Tying agreements
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.4.1 Statutory exemptions
3.4.2 Rule of reason/justijications
3.4.2.1 Horizontal restraints
3.4.2.2 Vertical restraints
3.4.2.3 Merger control
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.5.1 Exclusive dealing agreements
3.5.2 Possibility to contract sports events exclusively
3.6 Monopolies
3.6.1 General statutory framework
3.6.2 Specific concepts for the media industry
3.6.3 Determination of dominant position
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.7.1 Statutory obligations of dominant media companies
3.7.2 (Hypothetical) examples of abuse of market domination by media companies
IRELAND
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.1.1 Legislation
1.1.1.1 The Broadcasting and Wireless Telegraphy Acts
1.1.1.2 The Radio and Television Act, 1988
1.1.1.3 The Competition Acts, the Companies Acts and the Mergers, Takeovers & Monopolies Act
1.1.1.4 The Defamation Act, 1961
1.1.2 The Irish Constitution
1.1.3 Common law - Contempt of Court
1.2 Antitrust regulation
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of a media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholding limits
2.6 Cross media ownership
2.7 Foreign investment
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory rights
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field ofmedia
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
ISRAEL
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.1.1 Television and radio
1.1.2 Cable and satellite broadcasting
1.1.3 Print media
1.2 Antitrust regulation
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.2.1 Television and radio
2.2.2 Cable and satellite broadcasting
2.2.3 Print media
2.3 Public monopolies
2.3.1 Television and radio
2.3.2 Cable and satellite broadcasting
2.3.3 Print media
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.4.1 Television and radio
2.4.2 Cable and satellite broadcasting
2.4.3 Print media
2.5 Shareholding limits
2.5.1 Television and radio
2.5.2 Cable and satellite broadcasting
2.5.3 Print media
2.6 Cross media ownership
2.6.1 Television and radio
2.6.2 Cable and satellite broadcasting
2.6.3 Print media
2.7 Foreign investment
2.7.1 Television and radio
2.7.2 Cable and satellite broadcasting
2.7.3 Print media
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.8.1 Television and radio, cable and satellite broadcasting
2.8.2 Print media
2.9 Regulatory authority
2.9.1 Television and radio
2.9.2 Cable and satellite broadcasting
2.9.3 Print media
3 EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of Media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of cooperation
3.4.1 Television and radio
3.4.2 Cable broadcasting
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Enforcement
3.9.1 Civil responsibility
3.9.2 Criminal responsibility
ITALY
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Antitrust regulation
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholdings limits
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.7 Foreign investment
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory authority
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
JAPAN
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Antitrust regulation
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholders limits
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.7 Foreign investment
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory authority
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Anti-trust enforcement
THE NETHERLANDS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Antitrust regulation
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholdings limits
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.7. Foreign investment
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory authority
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
PORTUGAL
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Antitrust regulation
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholding limits
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.7 Foreign investment
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory authority
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
SPAIN
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Antitrust regulation
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of a media company
2.2 Legal Form
2.2.1 Press
2.2.2 Radio
2.2.3 Television
2.2.3.1 Television by hertzian or terrestrial waves
2.2.3.2 Cable television
2.2.3.3 Satellite television
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholding limits
2.5.1 Television by hertzian waves
2.5.2 Cable TV
2.5.3 Radio
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.6.1 Radio
2.6.2 Television by hertzian waves.
2.6.3 Cable television
2.7 Foreign investment
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory authority
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in tbe field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
SWEDEN
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.1.1 The press
1.1.2 Television and radio
1.1.3 Cable and satellite
1.1.4 Multimedia and film
1.1.5 Developments
1.2 Antitrust regulations
1.2.1 Agreements between undertakings (seetion 6)
1.2.2 Abuse of a dominant position (section 19)
1.2.3 Merger control (section 34)
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.4.1 Television
2.4.2 Cable and satellite broadcasting
2.4.3 Newspaper and magazine publishing
2.4.4 Radio
2.4.5 Multimedia
2.5 Shareholding limits
2.5.1 Television
2.5.2 Cable and satellite broadcasting
2.5.3 Newspaper and magazine publishing
2.5.4 Radio
2.5.5 Film and multimedia
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.7 Foreign investments
2.8 Right of establishment for foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory authority
2.9.1 Television and radio
2.9.2 Satellite broadcasting
2.9.3 Newspaper and magazine publishing
2.9.4 Multimedia
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the media field
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of cooperation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
UNITED KINGDOM
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.1.1 What laws apply?
1.1.1.1 Media
1.1.1.2 Competition
1.1.2 Open or closed market?
1.2 Antitrust regulation
1.2.1 Mergers and monopolies
1.2.2 Merger control
1.2.3 Monopolies
1.2.4 The Competition Act 1998
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA
2.1 Legal definition of a media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation formalities
2.5 Shareholding limits
2.6 Cross-media ownership
2.6.1 Accumulation
2.6.2 Cross-media holdings
2.7 Foreign investment
2.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.9 Regulatory authority
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGES
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of co-operation
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Media mergers
3.8.1 Mergers with adverse effect:
3.8.2 Mergers with companies in related industries:
3.8.3 Vertical integration and advertising:
3.8.4 Merger reference to the MMC:
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
UNITED STATES
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Media regulation
1.2 Antitrust regulation
1.2.1 Historical background
1.2.2 Antitrust authorities
2. LIBERALISATION OF THE MEDIA INDUSTRY
2.1 Legal definition of media company
2.2 Legal form
2.3 Public monopolies
2.4 Implementation Formalities
2.5 Shareholding limits and cross-media ownership
2.5.1 TV ownership
2.5.2 Radio ownership
2.5.3 Dual network rule: The 1996 Telecom Act
2.5.4 Daily newspaperlbroadcast cross-ownership rule
2.5.5 Cableltelevision cross-ownership
2.5.6 Cable ownership restrietions
2.5.7 Foreign investment
2.5.8 Right of establishment of foreign media companies
2.5.9 Regulatory authority
3. EXPOSURE OF THE NEW MEDIA TO ANTITRUST CHALLENGE
3.1 Justification for competition and its regulation in the field of media
3.2 Restrictive practices
3.3 Defensive cartels
3.4 Permitted forms of cooperation
3.4.1 Newspaper Preservation Act
3.5 Commercial agreements
3.6 Monopolies
3.7 Abuse of market power
3.8 Mergers
3.9 Antitrust enforcement
3.9.1 Example 1
3.9.2 Example 2
3.9.3 Example 3
4. CONCLUSION
APPENDIX I
A. Clayton Act §2 - Robinson-Patman Act
B. Clayton Act §3
C. Hart-Scott Rodino Act
D. State Antitrust Laws
APPENDIX II
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