Physics of the Plasma Universe

1. Cosmic Plasma Fundamentals.- 1.1 Plasma.- 1.2 The Physical Sizes and Characteristics of Plasmas in the Universe.- 1.3 Regions of Applicability of Plasma Physics.- 1.4 Power Generation and Transmission.- 1.5 Electrical Discharges in Cosmic Plasma.- 1.6 Particle Acceleration in Cosmic Plasma.- 1.7 Plasma Pinches and Instabilities.- 1.8 Diagnosing Cosmic Plasmas.- 2. Birkeland Currents in Cosmic Plasma.- 2.1 History of Birkeland Currents.- 2.2 Field-Aligned Currents in Laboratory Plasma.- 2.3 Field-Aligned Currents in Astrophysical Plasmas.- 2.4 Basic Equations of Magnetohydrodynamics.- 2.5 The Generalized Bennett Relation.- 2.6 Application of the Carlqvist Relation.- 2.7 Basic Fluid and Beam Instabilities.- 2.8 Laboratory Simulation of Cosmic Plasma Processes.- 2.9 The Particle-in-Cell Simulation of Beams and Birkeland Currents.- 3. Biot-Savart Law in Cosmic Plasma.- 3.1 History of Magnetism.- 3.2 The Magnetic Interaction of Steady Line Currents.- 3.3 The Magnetic Induction Field.- 3.4 The Vector Potential.- 3.5 Quasi-Stationary Magnetic Fields.- 3.6 Inductance.- 3.7 Storage of Magnetic Energy.- 3.8 Forces as Derivatives of Coefficients of Inductance.- 3.9 Measurement of Magnetic Fields in Laboratory Plasmas.- 3.10 Particle-in-Cell Simulation of Interacting Curents.- 3.11 Magnetic Fields in Cosmic Dimensioned Plasma.- 4. Electric Fields in Cosmic Plasma.- 4.1 Electric Fields.- 4.2 Measurement of Electric Fields.- 4.3 Magnetic Field Aligned Electric Fields.- 4.4 Magnetospheric Electric Fields.- 4.5 Outstanding Questions.- 4.6 Phenomena Associated with Electric Fields.- 5. Double Layers in Astrophysics.- 5.1 General Description of Double Layers.- 5.2 The Time-Independent Double Layer.- 5.3 Particle-in-Cell Simulation of Double Layers.- 5.4 Double Layers in CurrentFilaments.- 5.5 Basic Properties of Double Layers.- 5.6 Examples of Cosmic Double Layers.- 6. Synchrotron Radiation.- 6.1 Theory of Radiation from an Accelerated Charge.- 6.2 Radiation of an Accelerated Electron in a Magnetic Field.- 6.3 Field Polarization.- 6.4 Radiation from an Ensemble of Electrons.- 6.5 Synchrotron Radiation from Z Pinches.- 6.6 Particle-in-Cell Simulation of Synchrotron Processes.- 6.7 Synchrotron Radiation from Cosmic Sources.- 7. Transport of Cosmic Radiation.- 7.1 Energy Transport in Plasma.- 7.2 Applications of Geometrical Optics.- 7.3 Black Body Radiation.- 7.4 The Source Function and Kirchoff's Law.- 7.5 Self Absorption by Plasma Filaments.- 7.6 Large-Scale, Random Magnetic Field Approximation.- 7.7 Anisotropic Distribution of Velocities.- 8. Particle-in-Cell Simulation of Cosmic Plasma.- 8.1 "In-Situ" Observation of Cosmic Plasmas via Computer Simulation.- 8.2 The History of Electromagnetic Particle-in-Cell Simulation.- 8.3 The Laws of Plasma Physics.- 8.4 Multidimensional Particle-in-Cell Simulation.- 8.5 Techniques for Solution.- 8.6 Issues in Simulating Cosmic Phenomena.- 8.7 Gravitation.- 8.8 Scaling Laws.- 8.9 Data Management.- 8.10 Further Developments in Plasma Simulation.- Appendix A. Transmission Line Fundamentals in Space and Cosmic Plasmas.- A.1 Transmission Lines.- A.2 Definition of the State of the Line at a Point.- A.3 Primary Parameters.- A.4 General Equations.- A.4.1 The General Case.- A.4.2 The Special Case of the Lossless Line.- A.5 Heaviside's Operational Calculus (The Lapace Transform).- A.5.1 The Propagation Function.- A.5.2 Characteristic Impedance.- A.5.3 Reflection Coefficients.- A.6 Time-Domain Reflectometry.- Appendix B. Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasma.- Appendix C. Dusty and Grain Plasmas.-C.1 Dusty Plasma.- C.2 Grain Plasma.- Appendix D. Some Useful Units and Constants.- Appendix E. TRISTAN.- References.