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The book presents an empirical and theoretical investigation of lexical nonmanuals in German Sign Language including torso, head and facial expressions. Three empirical studies demonstrate the relevance of nonmanuals for the wellformedness of signs, their meaning, and lexical processing. Moreover, implications for the theoretical implementation of lexical nonmanuals concerning, e.g., articulation patterns and phonological status are discussed.
Fig. 2.1 Gestural-grammatical interplay within action role shift
Fig. 2.2 The sign SAD with lexicalized affective facial expression
Fig. 2.3 Yes/no-interrogative 'Does she paint a colorful picture?' in DGS
Fig. 2.4 Unilateral Action Units (AUs)
Fig. 2.5 The sign RECENTLY with lateral tongue show
Fig. 2.6 Neutral head and face (left), head action and facial expression within the sign CONCENTRATE (right)
Fig. 3.1 Potential nonmanual minimal pair TIRED - EFFORT
Fig. 3.2 Manual minimal pair WANT - PITY, which additionally differs with regard to lexical nonmanual marking of PITY
Fig. 4.1 Example of the filler group iv): the manual components of HAPPY and the nonmanual marking of DISGUST (Study I and II)
Fig. 4.2 Design of the judgment task in the questionnaire (Study I)
Fig. 4.3 Stimulus pair ALWAYS (Study I and II)
Fig. 4.4 Statistical distribution of all ratings for stimulus signs in the questionnaire (Study I)
Fig. 4.5 Statistical distribution of the ratings regarding meaning category 1 in the questionnaire (Study I)
Fig. 4.6 Statistical distribution of the ratings regarding meaning category 1 in the interview (Study I)
Fig. 4.7 Statistical distributions of the ratings of SEARCH and SUPER in the questionnaire and the interview (Study I)
Fig. 4.8 Statistical distributions of the ratings of FAVORITE in the questionnaire and the interview (Study I)
Fig. 4.9 Statistical distribution of the ratings of BROKEN in the interview (Study I)
Fig. 4.10 Statistical distribution of the ratings of LAZE in the interview (Study I)
Fig. 4.11 Statistical distribution of the ratings regarding signs with torso/head action (Study I)
Fig. 4.12 Statistical distribution of the ratings of nonmanually manipulated signs belonging to meaning category 1 and the ratings of manually manipulated signs (Study I)
Fig. 4.13 One-handed and two-handed sign SLEEP (Study I)
Fig. 4.14 The sign REVERE with head down and tongue show (Study I)
Fig. 4.15 The sign LAZE with two different lexical nonmanual markings (Study I)
Fig. 4.16 The sign PROTECTION with forward and backward torso action (Study I)
Fig. 4.17 The sign WINK with unilateral and bilateral facial expression (Study I)
Fig. 4.18 The sign SUPER with a bilateral blow (Study I)
Fig. 4.19 Matching between the dominant hand and the dominant face half by a left dominant signer within the signs SUPER and ALWAYS (Study I)
Fig. 4.20 The sign ARROGANT with mouthing and head up (Study I)
Fig. 4.21 Nonmanual minimal pair BLURRY - FOG. The sign FOG is articulated with small opened eyes (Study I)
Fig. 4.22 Nonmanual minimal pair BLURRY - FOG. The sign FOG is articulated without lexical nonmanuals (Study I)
Fig. 4.23 The sign DISGUST with lexical nonmanuals (Study I)
Fig. 5.1 Design of the forced-choice lexical decision task in the questionnaire: initial point of the m-NMF sign ARROGANT and the two German answer words hell and arrogant (Study
Fig. 5.2 Statistical distribution of the reaction times for NOT-YET (Study II)
Fig. 5.3 Statistical distribution of the reaction times for ALWAYS (Study II)
Fig. 5.4 Statistical distribution of the reaction times for STRESS and LAZE (Study II)
Fig. 5.5 Statistical distribution of the reaction times for WINK (Study
Fig. 5.6 Statistical distribution of the reaction times for all stimuli (Study
Fig. 5.7 Statistical distribution of the reaction times for all stimulus pairs without slight mouthing (Study II)
Fig. 5.8 Statistical distribution of the reaction times for all stimulus pairs without the NMF signs with mouthing (Study II)
Fig. 5.9 Statistical distribution of the reaction times for all stimulus pairs without BROKEN, BLURRY, and CONCENTRATE (Study II)
Fig. 5.10 Statistical distribution of the reaction times for nonmanually and manually manipulated signs (Study
Fig. 5.11 Signs merged from two signs by taking the manual components of one sign and the nonmanuals of another: EVIL <> HAPPY, DISGUSTING <> LAUGH, and HAPPY <> DISGUSTING (Study
Fig. 5.12 The sign WINK with lexical muscle contraction in the upper face (Study II)
Fig. 6.1 Example of the structure of the stimulus videos (Study III)
Fig. 6.2 Design of the meaning attribution task in the questionnaire (Study III)
Fig. 6.3 Stimulus e) lip funneler / blow (AU 22+25+33A) (Study III)
Fig. 6.4 Distribution of the MeaAtts within the four main categories by deaf and hearing subjects (Study III)
Fig. 6.5 The sign FALL-ASLEEP with lexical facial expression in the upper face (Study III)
Fig. 6.6 The sign BE-FLABBERGASTED with lexical facial expression in the upper and lower face (Study III)
Fig. 6.7 Wh-interrogative 'What is the connection between both topics?' with the grammatical marker brow lowerer in DGS (Study III)
Fig. 6.8 Wh-interrogative 'Why do you do it like this?' with the grammatical marker brow lowerer in DGS (Study III)
Fig. 6.9 AU 7 within the signs BLURRY and ANNOY (Study III)
Fig. 6.10 AU 1+2 within the signs SUDDEN and SHOCK (Study III)
Fig. 7.1 The sign CONCENTRATE with lexical nonmanual marking
Fig. 7.2 AU 33 (left) vs. AU 34 (right) as part of the sign EFFORT
Fig. 7.3 The sign WASTE as an example of MuCon-AP
Fig. 7.4 The sign RECENTLY as an example of MuCon-AP
Fig. 7.5 The sign TIRED as an example of MuCon-AP
Fig. 7.6 The sign SLEEP as an example of MuCon-AP
Fig. 7.7 The sign BLURRY as an example of Com-AP
Fig. 7.8 The sign PROTECTION as an example of Com-AP: backward torso action
Fig. 7.9 The sign PROTECTION as an example of Com-AP: forward torso action
Fig. 7.10 The sign SUPER as an example of MuCon-AP and Com-AP
Fig. 7.11 The sign OWN with a non-iconic lexical mouth pattern
Fig. 7.12 The sign PIPE as an example for dynamic non-mirroring nonmanuals on the lower face
Fig. 7.13 The sign BITE-OFF as an example for dynamic mirroring nonmanuals
Fig. 7.14 The sign UNOFFICIAL-WAY as an example for dynamic mirroring nonmanuals
Fig. 7.15 The sign AWAKE as an example for dynamic mirroring nonmanuals
Fig. 7.16 Inverse mirroring nonmanuals: the sign DISAPPEAR
Fig. 7.17 Position with secondary movement in the form of finger wiggling within the sign HOLIDAY
Fig. 7.18 Primary movement with secondary movement in the form of handshape change within the sign PICK-UP
Fig. 7.19 The sign EFFORT with phonetic variance (unilateral or bilateral) in the lexical facial expression
Fig. 7.20 The sign IGNORE with a lexical head/torso action and a face action
Fig. 7.21 Gradation in the well-formedness of signs with lexical unilateral facial actions
Fig. 7.22 Examples for the semantic categorization of lexical nonmanuals
Fig. 7.23 The signs FALL-ASLEEP (left), KISS (in the middle), and SPIT (right) as examples for the category lexical nonmanual imitation of action
Fig. 7.24 The signs THIN/SLIM (left) and DIZZINESS (right) as examples for the category lexical nonmanual highlighting of a characteristic aspect of the sign meaning
Fig. 7.25 The sign SOUR as an example for the category lexicalized...
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