The Space Law Stalemate

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Introduction

1. Background

2. Main challenges

I Space law: historical and institutional background

1. The Cold War

1.1. United Nations: the prime body in international space norm creation

1.2. UN Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN COPUOS)

2. Space treaties' creation

2.1. Space treaties

II The current state of the space domain

1. The rise of the private sector

2. The problem of legal ambiguity

3. New trends in regulating the space domain

3.1. The Cape Town Convention

3.2. Soft law

3.3. National space legislation

III The changing global context

1. Geopolitical transformations

1.1. The new space powers

1.2. The emerging space nations

2. Shift in the economic paradigm

3. Technological development: from military to civilian use

4. Multidirectional diplomacy

5. The lawmaking process itself

5.1. The norm-creation mechanism in the United Nations

5.2. The norm-creation mechanism in the Legal Subcommittee of the UN COPUOS

6. Conclusion

IV Necessity of new internationally binding norms in space law

1. Space activities outside of the current legal realm

1.1. Active debris removal

1.2. Resource utilization and extraction from celestial bodies

1.3. Human planetary exploration

2. Space actors outside of the current legal realm

3. Why is the stalemate dangerous?

4. State sovereignty in the area of globalization and interdependence

5. A legal obligation to cooperate: mandatory multilateralism

V Alternative ways of law-making

1. UN specialized agencies

1.1. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

1.1.1. Short history

1.1.2. Purpose

1.1.3. Membership

1.1.4. Decision-making bodies

1.1.5. Norm mechanisms: constituent instrument and secondary norms

1.1.6. Implementation

1.2. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

1.2.1. Short history

1.2.2. Purpose

1.2.3. Membership

1.2.4. Decision-making bodies

1.2.5. Norm mechanisms: constituent instrument and secondary norms

1.2.6. Implementation

2. International legal regimes that deal with international commons

2.1. The international legal regime for marine beyond national jurisdiction

2.1.1. Short history

2.1.2. Purpose

2.1.3. Membership

2.1.4. Decision-making bodies

2.1.5. Norm mechanism: constituent instrument and secondary norms

2.1.6. Implementation

2.2. The international legal regime for the Antarctic area

2.2.1. Short history

2.2.2. Purpose

2.2.3. Membership

2.2.4. Decision-making bodies

2.2.5. Norm mechanism: constituent instrument and secondary norms

2.2.6. Implementation

3. Regional space agencies

3.1. European Space Agency (ESA)

3.1.1. Short history

3.1.2. Purpose

3.1.3. Membership

3.1.4. Decision-making bodies

3.1.5. Norm mechanism: constituent instrument and secondary norm mechanism

3.1.6 Implementation

3.2. European Union Agency for the Space Program (EUSPA)

3.2.1. Short history

3.2.2. Purpose

3.2.3. Membership

3.2.4. Decision-making bodies

3.2.5. Norm mechanism: constituent instrument and secondary norm mechanism

3.2.6. Implementation provisions

VI Key findings and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats analysis

1. Key findings

1.1. Hierarchy of norms

1.2. Decision-making organ

1.3. Possibility to make amendments

1.4. Voting mechanism

1.5. Possibility to make reservations/to opt out

2. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats analysis

2.1. Strengths and opportunities

2.2. Weaknesses and potential threats

3. Proposed solutions

Conclusion

A. Bibliography

Index