Biological Sludge Minimization and Biomaterials/Bioenergy Recovery Technologies

Name: Biological Sludge Minimization and Biomaterials/Bioenergy Recovery Technologies
Brand: Wiley
Price: 107.99 EUR
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Etienne Paul Yu Liu(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

Erschienen am 6. Mai 2012

528 Seiten

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978-1-118-30965-0 (ISBN)

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Biological Sludge Minimization and Biomaterials/Bioenergy Recovery Technologies
Contents
Preface
Contributors
1 Fundamentals of Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of Biological Wastewater Treatment
1.2.1 The Objective of Biological Wastewater Treatment
1.2.2 Roles of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment
1.2.3 Types of Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes
1.3 Classification of Microorganisms
1.3.1 By the Sources of Carbon and Energy
1.3.2 By Temperature Range
1.3.3 Microorganism Types in Biological Wastewater Treatment
1.4 Some Important Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment
1.4.1 Bacteria
1.4.2 Fungi
1.4.3 Algae
1.4.4 Protozoans
1.4.5 Rotifers and Crustaceans
1.4.6 Viruses
1.5 Measurement of Microbial Biomass
1.5.1 Total Number of Microbial Cells
1.5.2 Measurement of Viable Microbes on Solid Growth Media
1.5.3 Measurement of Active Cells in Environmental Samples
1.5.4 Determination of Cellular Biochemical Compounds
1.5.5 Evaluation of Microbial Biodiversity by Molecular Techniques
1.6 Microbial Nutrition
1.6.1 Microbial Chemical Composition
1.6.2 Macronutrients
1.6.3 Micronutrients
1.6.4 Growth Factor
1.6.5 Microbial Empirical Formula
1.7 Microbial Metabolism
1.7.1 Catabolic Metabolic Pathways
1.7.2 Anabolic Metabolic Pathway
1.7.3 Biomass Synthesis Yields
1.7.4 Coupling Energy-Synthesis Metabolism
1.8 Functions of Biological Wastewater Treatment
1.8.1 Aerobic Biological Oxidation
1.8.2 Biological Nutrients Removal
1.8.3 Anaerobic Biological Oxidation
1.8.4 Biological Removal of Toxic Organic Compounds and Heavy Metals
1.8.5 Removal of Pathogens and Parasites
1.9 Activated Sludge Process
1.9.1 Basic Process
1.9.2 Microbiology of Activated Sludge
1.9.3 Biochemistry of Activated Sludge
1.9.4 Main Problems in the Activated Sludge Process
1.10 Suspended- and Attached-Growth Processes
1.10.1 Suspended-Growth Processes
1.10.2 Attached-Growth Processes
1.10.3 Hybrid Systems
1.10.4 Comparison Between Suspended- and Attached-Growth Systems
1.11 Sludge Production, Treatment and Disposal
1.11.1 Sludge Production
1.11.2 Sludge Treatment Processes
1.11.3 Sludge Disposal and Application
References
2 Sludge Production: Quantification and Prediction for Urban Treatment Plants and Assessment of Strategies for Sludge Reduction
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sludge Fractionation and Origin
2.2.1 Sludge Composition
2.2.2 Wastewater Characteristics
2.3 Quantification of Excess Sludge Production
2.3.1 Primary Treatment,
2.3.2 Activated Sludge Process,
2.3.3 Phosphorus Removal (Biological and Physicochemical)
2.4 Practical Evaluation of Sludge Production
2.4.1 Sludge Production Yield Variability with Domestic Wastewater
2.4.2 Influence of Sludge Age: Experimental Data Versus Models
2.4.3 ISS Entrapment in the Sludge
2.4.4 Example of Sludge Production for a Different Case Study
2.5 Strategies for Excess Sludge Reduction
2.5.1 Classification of Strategies
2.5.2 Increasing the Sludge Age
2.5.3 Model-Based Evaluation of Advanced ESR Strategies
2.6 Conclusions
2.7 Nomenclature
References
3 Characterization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Definitions
3.3 Wastewater and Sludge Composition and Fractionation
3.3.1 Wastewater COD Fractions
3.3.2 WAS COD Fractions
3.3.3 ADS Organic Fractions
3.4 Physical Fractionation
3.4.1 Physical State of Wastewater Organic Matter
3.4.2 Methods for Physical Fractionation of Wastewater Components
3.5 Biodegradation Assays for Wastewater and Sludge Characterization
3.5.1 Background
3.5.2 Methods Based on Substrate Depletion
3.5.3 Methods Based on Respirometry
3.5.4 Anaerobic Biodegradation Assays
3.6 Application to Wastewater COD Fractionation
3.6.1 Global Picture of Fractionation Methods and Wastewater COD Fractions
3.6.2 Application of Physical Separation for Characterization of Wastewater COD Fractions
3.6.3 Biodegradable COD Fraction
3.6.4 Relation Between Physical and Biological Properties of Organic Fractions
3.6.5 Unbiodegradable Particulate COD Fractions
3.7 Assessment of the Characteristics of Sludge and Disintegrated Sludge
3.7.1 Physical Fractionation of COD Released from Sludge Disintegration Treatment
3.7.2 Biological Fractionation of COD Released from Sludge Disintegration Treatment
3.7.3 Biodegradability of WAS in Anaerobic Digestion
3.7.4 Unbiodegradable COD in Anaerobic Digestion
3.8 Nomenclature
References
4 Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process for Enhanced Microbial Decay
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Description of the Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process
4.2.1 Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic Process
4.2.2 Characteristics of the OSA Process
4.3 Effects of an Anaerobic Sludge Tank on the Performance of an OSA System
4.3.1 Fate of Sludge Anaerobic Exposure in an OSA System
4.3.2 Effect of Sludge Anaerobic Exposure on Biomass Activity
4.4 Sludge Production in an OSA System
4.5 Performance of an OSA System
4.5.1 Organic and Nutrient Removal
4.5.2 Sludge Settleability
4.6 Important Influence Factors
4.6.1 Influence of the ORP on Sludge Production
4.6.2 Influence of the ORP on Performance of an OSA System
4.6.3 Influence of SAET on Sludge Production
4.6.4 Influence of SAET on the Performance of an OSA System
4.7 Possible Sludge Reduction in the OSA Process
4.7.1 Slow Growers
4.7.2 Energy Uncoupling Metabolism
4.7.3 Sludge Endogenous Decay
4.8 Microbial Community in an OSA System
4.8.1 Staining Analysis
4.8.2 FISH Analysis
4.9 Cost and Energy Evaluation
4.10 Evaluation of the OSA Process
4.11 Process Development
4.11.1 Sludge Decay Combined with Other Sludge Reduction Mechanisms
4.11.2 Improved Efficiency in Sludge Anaerobic Digestion
4.11.3 Combined Minimization of Excess Sludge with Nutrient Removal
References
5 Energy Uncoupling for Sludge Minimization: Pros and Cons
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of Adenosine Triphosphate Synthesis
5.2.1 Electron Transport System
5.2.2 Mechanisms of Oxidative Phosphorylation
5.3 Control of ATP Synthesis
5.3.1 Diversion of PMF from ATP Synthesis to Other Physiological Activities
5.3.2 Inhibition of Oxidative Phosphorylation
5.3.3 Uncoupling of Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
5.4 Energy Uncoupling for Sludge Reduction
5.4.1 Chemical Uncouplers Used for Sludge Reduction
5.4.2 Uncoupling Activity
5.5 Modeling of Uncoupling Effect on Sludge Production
5.6 Sideeffects of Chemical Uncouplers
5.7 Full-Scale Application
References
6 Reduction of Excess Sludge Production Using Ozonation or Chlorination: Performance and Mechanisms of Action
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Significant Operational Results for ESP Reduction with Ozone
6.2.1 Options for Combining Ozonation and Biological Treatment
6.2.2 ESP Reduction Performance
6.2.3 Assessing Ozone Efficiency for Mineral ESP Reduction
6.3 Side Effects of Sludge Ozonation
6.3.1 Outlet SS and COD
6.3.2 N Removal
6.4 Cost Assessment
6.5 Effect of Ozone on Sludge
6.5.1 Synergy Between Ozonation and Biological Treatment
6.5.2 Some Fundamentals of Ozone Transfer
6.5.3 Sludge Composition
6.5.4 Effect of Ozone on Activated Sludge: Batch Tests
6.5.5 Effect of Ozone on Biomass Activity
6.5.6 Competition for Ozone in Mixed Liquor
6.6 Modeling Ozonation Effect
6.7 Remarks on Sludge Ozonation
6.8 Chlorination in Water and Wastewater Treatment
6.8.1 Introduction
6.8.2 Chlorination-Assisted Biological Process for Sludge Reduction
6.8.3 Effect of Chlorine Dosage on Sludge Reduction
6.8.4 Chlorine Requirement
6.9 Nomenclature
References
7 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Biological Process for Sludge Reduction
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanism of High-Dissolved-Oxygen Reduced Sludge Production
7.2.1 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Decreased Specific Loading Rate
7.2.2 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Uncoupled Microbial Metabolism Pathway
7.2.3 High-Dissolved-Oxygen Shifted Microbial Population
7.3 Limits of High-Dissolved-Oxygen Process for Reduced Sludge Production
References
8 Minimizing Excess Sludge Production Through Membrane Bioreactors and Integrated Processes
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mass Balances
8.3 Integrated Processes Based on Lysis-Cryptic Growth
8.3.1 Mass Balance Incorporating Sludge Disintegration and Solubilization
8.3.2 Thermal and Thermal-Alkaline Treatment
8.3.3 Ozonation
8.3.4 Sonication
8.4 Predation
8.5 Summary and Concluding Remarks
References
9 Microbial Fuel Cell Technology for Sustainable Treatment of Organic Wastes and Electrical Energy Recovery
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamentals, Evaluation, and Design of MFCs
9.2.1 Principles
9.2.2 Performance Evaluation
9.2.3 MFC Configurations
9.3 Performance of Anodes
9.3.1 Electrode Materials
9.3.2 Microbial Electron Transfer
9.3.3 Electron Donors
9.4 Cathode Performances
9.4.1 Electron Acceptors
9.4.2 Electrochemical Fundamentals of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
9.4.3 Air-Cathode Structure and Function
9.4.4 Electrocatalyst
9.5 Separator
9.6 pH Gradient and Buffer
9.7 Applications of MFC-Based Technology
9.7.1 Biosensors
9.7.2 Hydrogen Production
9.7.3 Desalination
9.7.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis
9.7.5 Environmental Remediation
9.8 Conclusions and Remarks
References
10 Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Principles of Anaerobic Digestion
10.2.1 Hydrolysis and Acidogenesis
10.2.2 Methane Formation
10.3 Environmental Requirements and Control
10.3.1 pH
10.3.2 Alkalinity
10.3.3 Temperature
10.3.4 Nutrients
10.3.5 Toxicity
10.4 Design Considerations for Anaerobic Sludge Digestion
10.4.1 Hydraulic Detention Time
10.4.2 Solids Loading
10.4.3 Temperature
10.4.4 Mixing
10.5 Component Design of Anaerobic Digester Systems
10.5.1 Tank Configurations
10.5.2 Temperature Control
10.5.3 Sludge Heating
10.5.4 Auxiliary Mixing
10.6 Reactor Configurations
10.6.1 Conventional Anaerobic Digesters
10.6.2 Anaerobic Contact Processes
10.6.3 Other Types of Configurations
10.7 Advantages and Limitations of Anaerobic Sludge Digestion
10.8 Summary and New Horizons
References
11 Mechanical Pretreatment-Assisted Biological Processes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Mechanisms of Mechanical Pretreatment
11.2.1 From Sludge Disintegration to Cell Lysis and Chemical Transformation
11.2.2 Specific Energy
11.2.3 Sonication
11.2.4 Grinding
11.2.5 Shear-Based Methods: High-Pressure and Collision Plate Homogenization
11.2.6 Lysis Centrifuge
11.3 Impacts of Treatment: Rate vs. Extent of Degradability
11.3.1 Grinding
11.3.2 Ultrasonication
11.4 Equipment for Mechanical Pretreatment
11.4.1 Sonication
11.4.2 Grinding
11.4.3 Shear-Based Methods: High-Pressure and Collision Plate Homogenization
11.4.4 Lysis Centrifuge
11.5 Side Effects
11.6 Mechanical Treatment Combined with Activated Sludge
11.7 Mechanical Treatment Combined with Anaerobic Digestion
11.7.1 Performances
11.7.2 Dewaterability
11.7.3 Full-Scale Performance and Market Penetration
11.7.4 Energy Balance
11.7.5 Nutrient Release and Recovery/Removal
11.8 Conclusion
References
12 Thermal Methods to Enhance Biological Treatment Processes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mechanisms
12.2.1 Effects of Heating on Cells
12.2.2 Effect of Heating on Sludge
12.2.3 Mechanisms of Thermal Pretreatment
12.3 Devices for Thermal Treatment
12.3.1 Low-Temperature Pretreatment
12.3.2 High-Temperature Pretreatment
12.4 Applications of Thermal Treatment
12.4.1 Thermal Treatment Combined with Activated Sludge
12.4.2 Thermal Pretreatment to Anaerobic Digestion
12.5 Conclusions
References
13 Combustion, Pyrolysis, and Gasification of Sewage Sludge for Energy Recovery
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Characteristics and Dewatering of Sewage Sludge
13.3 Energy Recovery from Sludge
13.3.1 Incineration
13.3.2 Pyrolysis and Gasification
13.3.3 Wet Oxidation
13.3.4 Thermal Plasma Pyrolysis and Gasification
References,
14 Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology for Wastewater Treatment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Technological Starting Points: Cultivating Aerobic Granules
14.2.1 Substrate Composition
14.2.2 Organic Loading Rate
14.2.3 Seed Sludge
14.2.4 Reactor Configuration
14.2.5 Operational Parameters
14.3 Mechanisms of the Aerobic Granulation Process
14.3.1 Granulation Steps
14.3.2 Selective Pressure
14.4 Characterization of Aerobic Granular Sludge
14.4.1 Biomass Yield and Sludge Reduction
14.4.2 Formation and Consumption of Microbial Products
14.4.3 Microbial Structure and Diversity
14.4.4 Physicochemical Characteristics
14.5 Modeling Granule-Based SBR for Wastewater Treatment
14.5.1 Nutrient Removal in Granule-Based SBRs
14.5.2 Multiscale Modeling of Granule-Based SBR
14.6 Bioremediation of Wastewaters with Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology
14.6.1 Organic Wastewater Treatment
14.6.2 Biological Nutrient Removal
14.6.3 Domestic Wastewater Treatment
14.6.4 Xenobiotic Contaminant Bioremediation
14.6.5 Removal of Heavy Metals or Dyes
14.7 Remarks
References,
15 Biodegradable Bioplastics from Fermented Sludge, Wastes, and Effluents
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Context of Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Production from Sludge and Effluents
15.1.2 Industrial Context for PHA Production
15.2 PHA Structure
15.3 Microbiology for PHA Production
15.4 Metabolism of PHA Production
15.4.1 PHB Metabolism
15.4.2 Metabolism for Other PHA Production
15.4.3 Nutrient Limitations
15.4.4 PHA Metabolism in Mixed Cultures
15.4.5 Effect of Substrate in Mixed Cultures
15.5 PHA Kinetics
15.6 PHA Storage to Minimize Excess Sludge Production in Wastewater Treatment Plants
15.7 Choice of Process and Reactor Design for PHA Production
15.7.1 Criteria
15.7.2 Anaerobic-Aerobic Process
15.7.3 Aerobic Dynamic Feeding Process
15.7.4 Fed-Batch Process Under Nutrient Growth Limitation
15.8 Culture Selection and Enrichment Strategies
15.9 PHA Quality and Recovery
15.10 Industrial Developments
References
Index

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