The origin of this text was a request by industry and government to summarize the biological effects and to estimate the limits of safe exposure to longwave ul traviolet radiation. The specific issue was the safety of a small medium-pressure mercury arc designed to emit UV-A (NUVA-Lite, L. D. Caulk Co. , Milford, Delaware) for photopolymerization of resinous fillings used in dentistry. How- ever, the context grew to become a consideration of the risks and benefits to hu mans of electromagnetic radiation between the biologically active short UV and the visible spectrum. We have accumulated data from our own experimental work and from the literature and have attempted to put this information in the perspective of known biologic effects of ultraviolet radiation as it influences hu mans. Interest in the biological effects of longwave ultraviolet radiation is increas ing in all of the many scientific disciplines that make up the complex field of photobiology. In order to minimize the chance for error and personal prejudice and to maximize the use of expertise, each chapter has been reviewed by several authorities. Some of the contributions of this group led to significant alterations and creative additions to the chapter, and these persons deserve not only our sin cere gratitude but also recognition by the reader. These include Chapters 2 and 3: Dr. Robert E. Levin, Mr. Charles P. Comeau, Mr. Donald Gonser, Dr. David Sliney; Chapter 5: Dr. Jerry Williams, Dr. Robert Webb, Dr. Madhu A.
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ISBN-13
978-1-4684-2475-1 (9781468424751)
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4684-2475-1
Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation: UV-A in Perspective.- 2 Sources of UV-A.- Solar Ultraviolet Radiation.- Summary.- Artificial Sources of UV-A.- Ultraviolet Spectral Transmission and Reflection of Common Materials.- References.- 3 Radiometry of Ultraviolet Radiation.- and General Considerations of Radiometry.- Detectors.- Spectral Filters and Input Optics.- Appendix: U.S. Manufacturers of UV-Related Instrumentation.- 4 Optical Properties of the Skin and Eyes.- Structure of the Skin.- Factors Affecting Penetration and Absorption of Ultraviolet Radiation in the Skin.- Measurements of the Penetration and Reflection of Optical Radiation in Skin.- Ultraviolet Optics for the Eye.- References.- 5 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Microorganisms and Animal Cells.- Effect of Ultraviolet on Cells.- DNA Repair.- Effects of UV-A.- Summary.- References.- 6 Immediate and Short-Term Biologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Normal Skin.- Erythema.- Histology.- UV and Epidermal Macromolecular Synthesis.- Effects of UV-A on Mucous Membrane.- Tanning.- References.- 7 Adverse Cutaneous Reactions to UV-A.- Chemical Photosensitivity.- Persistent Light Reactivity.- Actinic Reticuloid.- Polymorphous Light Eruption.- Solar Urticaria.- Porphyrias and Other Endogenous Photosensitization Syndromes.- Melasma and Ephelides.- Management of U V-A-Induced Dermatoses.- References.- 8 Skin Aging and Carcinogenesis Due to Ultraviolet Radiation.- Incidence of Skin Cancers in Man.- Epidemiologic Evidence Supporting the Role of Sunlight.- Mechanisms of UV Carcinogenesis.- Action Spectrum of Animal Photocarcinogenesis and the Carcinogenic Effects of UV-A.- Other Factors Influencing or Associated with Development of Skin Cancer.- Ultraviolet Radiation and Aging.- References.- 9 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Eye.- Morphology and Histology of the Cornea and the Lens.- Histologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation.- Action Spectrum of Ocular Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation.- Corneal and Lenticular Effects of Longwave Ultraviolet Radiation.- Effects of U V-A in the Retina.- The Ocular Effects of UV-A Exposure in the Presence of Photosensitizing Compounds (Psoralens).- Summary: UV-A Exposure of the Eye.- References.- 10 Uses of UV-A Involving Exposure of Humans.- Therapeutic Uses of Ultraviolet Radiation.- Ultraviolet Treatment of Psoriasis.- Photochemotherapy.- Oral Psoralen Photochemotherapy.- UV-A-Activated Polymerization of Resinous Dental Restorations.- Diagnostic Uses of UV-A.- References.- 11 Safety Measures and Protection Against Ultraviolet Exposure.- Ultraviolet Exposure Safety Standards.- Sunscreens.- Eye Protection against Ultraviolet Radiation.- References.
