Mechanism of Plant Hormone Signaling under Stress

Name: Mechanism of Plant Hormone Signaling under Stress
Brand: Wiley-Blackwell
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Girdhar K. Pandey(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

Erschienen am 15. März 2017

1104 Seiten

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Inhalt

1 - Cover???????????????????????? [Seite 1]
2 - volume 1 [Seite 3]
2.1 - Title Page?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 5]
2.2 - Copyright???????????????????????????????? [Seite 6]
2.3 - Contents?????????????????????????????? [Seite 7]
2.4 - About the Editor?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 17]
2.5 - List of Contributors?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 19]
2.6 - Preface???????????????????????????? [Seite 25]
2.7 - Part I Action of Phytohormones in Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 31]
2.7.1 - Chapter 1 Auxin as a Mediator of Abiotic Stress Responses???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 33]
2.7.1.1 - 1.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 33]
2.7.1.2 - 1.2 Auxin: A Short Overview of Appearance, Metabolism, Transport, and Analytics???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 34]
2.7.1.2.1 - 1.2.1 De Novo Synthesis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 34]
2.7.1.2.2 - 1.2.2 Reversible and Irreversible Conjugation Pathways?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 35]
2.7.1.2.3 - 1.2.3 IBA to IAA Conversion???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 36]
2.7.1.2.4 - 1.2.4 Degradation Pathways?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 36]
2.7.1.2.5 - 1.2.5 Polar Auxin Transport???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 37]
2.7.1.2.6 - 1.2.6 Analytical Methods in Auxin Identification and Quantification???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 37]
2.7.1.3 - 1.3 How Auxin Homeostasis Shifts with Diverse Abiotic Stresses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 39]
2.7.1.3.1 - 1.3.1 How the Auxin Pool is Affected by Abiotic Stress????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 39]
2.7.1.3.2 - 1.3.2 Transcription of Auxin Metabolic Genes under Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 40]
2.7.1.3.3 - 1.3.3 What Can We Learn from Functional Analysis Research??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 41]
2.7.1.4 - 1.4 How Does Auxin Signaling Respond to Abiotic Stress????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 43]
2.7.1.4.1 - 1.4.1 Brief Overview of Auxin Perception and Signaling?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 43]
2.7.1.4.2 - 1.4.2 Auxin Signaling Attenuation under Stress Conditions: The Importance of miRNA Driven Post-Transcriptional Regulation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 44]
2.7.1.5 - 1.5 Auxin and Redox State During Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 45]
2.7.1.6 - 1.6 Auxin-Stress Hormones Crosstalk in Stress Conditions?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 48]
2.7.1.6.1 - 1.6.1 Auxin-ABA Crosstalk???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 48]
2.7.1.6.2 - 1.6.2 Auxin-JA Crosstalk?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 49]
2.7.1.6.3 - 1.6.3 Auxin-Ethylene Crosstalk?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 50]
2.7.1.6.4 - 1.6.4 Auxin-SA Crosstalk?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 50]
2.7.1.7 - 1.7 Promiscuous Protein Players of Plant Adaptation: Biochemical and Structural Views???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 51]
2.7.1.7.1 - 1.7.1 IAR3 Auxin Amidohydrolase???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 51]
2.7.1.7.2 - 1.7.2 GH3 Auxin Conjugate Synthetases???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 53]
2.7.1.8 - 1.8 Conclusion?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 54]
2.7.1.9 - Acknowledgment?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 54]
2.7.1.10 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 55]
2.7.2 - Chapter 2 Mechanism of Auxin Mediated Stress Signaling in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 67]
2.7.2.1 - 2.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 67]
2.7.2.2 - 2.2 Auxin Biosynthesis, Homeostasis, and Signaling?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 67]
2.7.2.3 - 2.3 Auxin Mediated Stress Responses in Model and Crop Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 70]
2.7.2.4 - 2.4 Regulation of Root System Architecture under Drought and Nutrient Stresses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 71]
2.7.2.5 - 2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 75]
2.7.2.6 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 76]
2.7.3 - Chapter 3 Integrating the Knowledge of Auxin Homeostasis with Stress Tolerance in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 83]
2.7.3.1 - 3.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 83]
2.7.3.2 - 3.2 Auxin Biosynthesis and its Role in Plant Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 83]
2.7.3.3 - 3.3 Auxin Transport and its Role in Plant Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 87]
2.7.3.4 - 3.4 Auxin Signaling and its Role in Plant Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 90]
2.7.3.5 - 3.5 Auxin Conjugation and Degradation and its Role in Plant Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 91]
2.7.3.6 - 3.6 Conclusions???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 93]
2.7.3.7 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 93]
2.7.4 - Chapter 4 Cytokinin Signaling in Plant Response to Abiotic Stresses???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 101]
2.7.4.1 - 4.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 101]
2.7.4.2 - 4.2 CK Metabolism???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 102]
2.7.4.2.1 - 4.2.1 CK Components and Regulatory Functions?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 102]
2.7.4.2.2 - 4.2.2 CK Metabolism, Perception, and Signal Transduction?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 105]
2.7.4.2.2.1 - 4.2.2.1 CK Metabolism???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 105]
2.7.4.2.2.2 - 4.2.2.2 CK Perception and Signal Transduction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 107]
2.7.4.3 - 4.3 The Components of the CK Signaling Pathway?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 107]
2.7.4.3.1 - 4.3.1 The CK Receptor Histidine Kinases???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 107]
2.7.4.3.2 - 4.3.2 Histidine Phosphotransfer Proteins?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 109]
2.7.4.3.3 - 4.3.3 Response Regulators???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 110]
2.7.4.4 - 4.4 CK Signaling in Plant Responses to the Abiotic Stresses???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 111]
2.7.4.5 - 4.5 Genetic Engineering of CK Content for Improvement of Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 112]
2.7.4.6 - 4.6 Conclusions???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 118]
2.7.4.7 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 118]
2.7.4.8 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 118]
2.7.5 - Chapter 5 Crosstalk Between Gibberellins and Abiotic Stress Tolerance Machinery in Plants???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 131]
2.7.5.1 - 5.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 131]
2.7.5.2 - 5.2 Gibberellins: Biosynthesis, Transport, and Signaling?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 132]
2.7.5.3 - 5.3 GA Metabolism and Signaling During Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 136]
2.7.5.3.1 - 5.3.1 Salinity Stress Induces GA2ox and GA20ox Gene Expression?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 136]
2.7.5.3.2 - 5.3.2 Reduced GA Confers Tolerance to Drought Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 141]
2.7.5.3.3 - 5.3.3 Role of GA in Cold and Heat Stresses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 142]
2.7.5.4 - 5.4 Crosstalk between GA and Other Plant Hormones in Response to Abiotic Stresses???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 144]
2.7.5.4.1 - 5.4.1 Crosstalk between GAs and Ethylene During Abiotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 144]
2.7.5.4.2 - 5.4.2 Crosstalk Between GAs and Abscisic Acid During Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 145]
2.7.5.4.3 - 5.4.3 Crosstalk Between GAs and SA During Abiotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 146]
2.7.5.4.4 - 5.4.4 Crosstalk Between GAs and Jasmonic Acid During Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 146]
2.7.5.5 - 5.5 Applications in Crop Improvement?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 147]
2.7.5.5.1 - 5.5.1 Flower Development?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 147]
2.7.5.5.2 - 5.5.2 Fruit Development???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 148]
2.7.5.5.3 - 5.5.3 Brewing Industry?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 148]
2.7.5.6 - 5.6 Conclusion?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 148]
2.7.5.7 - Acknowledgment?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 149]
2.7.5.8 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 149]
2.7.6 - Chapter 6 The Crosstalk of GA and JA: A Fine-Tuning of the Balance of Plant Growth, Development, and Defense?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 157]
2.7.6.1 - 6.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 157]
2.7.6.2 - 6.2 GA Pathway in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 158]
2.7.6.3 - 6.3 JA Pathway in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 159]
2.7.6.4 - 6.4 GA Antagonizes JA-Mediated Defense?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 161]
2.7.6.5 - 6.5 JA Inhibits GA-Mediated Growth?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 163]
2.7.6.6 - 6.6 GA and JA Synergistically Mediate Plant Development???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 164]
2.7.6.7 - 6.7 Conclusions???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 166]
2.7.6.8 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 166]
2.7.6.9 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 166]
2.7.7 - Chapter 7 Jasmonate Signaling and Stress Management in Plants???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 173]
2.7.7.1 - 7.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 173]
2.7.7.2 - 7.2 JA Biosynthesis and Metabolic Fate?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 174]
2.7.7.3 - 7.3 JA Signaling Network?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 176]
2.7.7.4 - 7.4 Physiological Role of JAs???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 181]
2.7.7.4.1 - 7.4.1 JA in Seed Germination?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 181]
2.7.7.4.2 - 7.4.2 JA in Root Growth???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 181]
2.7.7.4.3 - 7.4.3 JA in Tuber Formation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 182]
2.7.7.4.4 - 7.4.4 JA in Trichome Development?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 182]
2.7.7.4.5 - 7.4.5 JA in Flower and Seed Development???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 183]
2.7.7.4.6 - 7.4.6 JA in Abscission and Senescence???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 183]
2.7.7.4.7 - 7.4.7 JA in Photosynthesis Regulation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 184]
2.7.7.4.8 - 7.4.8 JA in Secondary Metabolism?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 185]
2.7.7.5 - 7.5 JA Regulated Stress Responses???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 186]
2.7.7.5.1 - 7.5.1 JA in Antioxidant Management and Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 186]
2.7.7.5.2 - 7.5.2 JA in Biotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 187]
2.7.7.5.3 - 7.5.3 JA in Abiotic Stresses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 187]
2.7.7.6 - 7.6 Conclusion?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 189]
2.7.7.7 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 189]
2.7.8 - Chapter 8 Mechanism of ABA Signaling in Response to Abiotic Stress in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 203]
2.7.8.1 - 8.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 203]
2.7.8.2 - 8.2 Signal Perception and ABA Receptors???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 205]
2.7.8.3 - 8.3 Negative Regulators of ABA Signaling: Protein Phosphatase 2C (PP2C)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 208]
2.7.8.4 - 8.4 Positive Regulators of ABA Signaling: SnRK2???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 209]
2.7.8.5 - 8.5 ABA Signaling Regulating Transcription Factor???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 211]
2.7.8.5.1 - 8.5.1 Basic-Domain Leucine Zipper (bZIP) TF???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 211]
2.7.8.5.2 - 8.5.2 AP2/ERF TF?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 212]
2.7.8.5.3 - 8.5.3 NAC TF?????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 213]
2.7.8.5.4 - 8.5.4 WRKY TF???????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 213]
2.7.8.5.5 - 8.5.5 C2H2 ZF TF?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 214]
2.7.8.5.6 - 8.5.6 MYB TF?????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 215]
2.7.8.5.7 - 8.5.7 bHLH TF???????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 215]
2.7.8.6 - 8.6 Crosstalk Between Various ABA Responsive Pathways in Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 216]
2.7.8.7 - 8.7 Summary and Future Prospects?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 217]
2.7.8.8 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 218]
2.7.8.9 - Abbreviations???????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 218]
2.7.8.10 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 218]
2.7.9 - Chapter 9 Abscisic Acid Signaling and Involvement of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases and Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases During Plant Abiotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 227]
2.7.9.1 - 9.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 227]
2.7.9.2 - 9.2 ABA Signaling in Plants???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 228]
2.7.9.2.1 - 9.2.1 ABA as a Phytohormone???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 228]
2.7.9.2.2 - 9.2.2 ABA Metabolism?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 229]
2.7.9.2.3 - 9.2.3 ABA Transport???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 229]
2.7.9.2.4 - 9.2.4 ABA Perception and Signal Transduction?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 231]
2.7.9.2.4.1 - 9.2.4.1 ABA Receptors in Signal Transduction?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 232]
2.7.9.2.4.2 - 9.2.4.2 PP2Cs as Negative Regulators of ABA Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 233]
2.7.9.2.4.3 - 9.2.4.3 SnRK2 Acting as a Global Positive Regulator of ABA Signaling?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 235]
2.7.9.3 - 9.3 The Signalosome and Signaling Responses Mediated by ABA: Structural Alterations in ABA by PYR/PYL/RCAR?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 237]
2.7.9.4 - 9.4 Structural Alterations During PP2C Inhibition by ABA?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 238]
2.7.9.5 - 9.5 The abi1-1 Mutation Mystery Solved?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 238]
2.7.9.6 - 9.6 Basic Leucine Zipper (bZIP) TFs in ABA Signaling?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 239]
2.7.9.7 - 9.7 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Cascades and Regulation of Downstream Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 240]
2.7.9.7.1 - 9.7.1 Relevance and Crosstalk of MAPKs in Plant Abiotic Stresses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 242]
2.7.9.7.2 - 9.7.2 The MAPK Families of Arabidopsis and Rice???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 242]
2.7.9.7.2.1 - 9.7.2.1 Arabidopsis???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 242]
2.7.9.7.2.2 - 9.7.2.2 Rice?????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 243]
2.7.9.7.3 - 9.7.3 MAPK Cascades Regulating Abiotic Stress Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 245]
2.7.9.7.3.1 - 9.7.3.1 Salt Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 245]
2.7.9.7.3.2 - 9.7.3.2 Drought Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 245]
2.7.9.7.3.3 - 9.7.3.3 Oxidative Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 245]
2.7.9.7.3.4 - 9.7.3.4 Ozone Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 246]
2.7.9.7.3.5 - 9.7.3.5 Heavy Metal Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 246]
2.7.9.7.3.6 - 9.7.3.6 Temperature Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 246]
2.7.9.7.3.7 - 9.7.3.7 ABA-Induced Activation of MAPKs???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 246]
2.7.9.8 - 9.8 Calcium Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 249]
2.7.9.8.1 - 9.8.1 CDPK Activities???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 251]
2.7.9.8.1.1 - 9.8.1.1 Regulation of CDPK Activity???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 251]
2.7.9.8.1.2 - 9.8.1.2 CDPK in ABA Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 251]
2.7.9.8.2 - 9.8.2 Relevance and Crosstalk of CDPKs in Plant Abiotic Stresses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 253]
2.7.9.8.3 - 9.8.3 CDPKs as Potent Signaling Hubs?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 254]
2.7.9.9 - 9.9 MAPK-CDPK Crosstalk???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 255]
2.7.9.10 - 9.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 256]
2.7.9.11 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 257]
2.7.9.12 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 257]
2.7.10 - Chapter 10 Abscisic Acid Activates Pathogenesis-Related Defense Gene Signaling in Lentils???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 273]
2.7.10.1 - 10.1 Plant Host Defense Mechanisms?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 273]
2.7.10.1.1 - 10.1.1 Host versus Non-Host Resistance?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 273]
2.7.10.1.2 - 10.1.2 Preformed and Induced Defense Responses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 274]
2.7.10.1.3 - 10.1.3 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) During an Oxidative Burst?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 275]
2.7.10.1.4 - 10.1.4 Hypersensitive Response (HR)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 275]
2.7.10.1.5 - 10.1.5 Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 276]
2.7.10.2 - 10.2 Phytoalexins and Pathogenesis-Related (PR) Proteins?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 277]
2.7.10.3 - 10.3 The Role of Plant Hormones in Pathogen Defense???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 277]
2.7.10.3.1 - 10.3.1 Salicylic Acid???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 277]
2.7.10.3.2 - 10.3.2 Jasmonic Acid?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 278]
2.7.10.3.3 - 10.3.3 Ethylene???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 279]
2.7.10.3.4 - 10.3.4 Abscisic Acid?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 279]
2.7.10.3.5 - 10.3.5 Conservation and Crosstalk Within Signaling Pathways???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 280]
2.7.10.4 - 10.4 The Lentil Ascochyta lentis Pathosystem?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 281]
2.7.10.5 - 10.5 Key Defense-Related Genes Involved in Ascochyta lentis Defense???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 282]
2.7.10.6 - 10.6 The Effect of Exogenous Hormone Treatment on PR4 and PR10 Transcription in Lentils???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 283]
2.7.10.6.1 - 10.6.1 Bioassays and cDNA Production?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 285]
2.7.10.6.2 - 10.6.2 PR Gene Amplification and Expression Profiling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 285]
2.7.10.6.3 - 10.6.3 Effects of ABA, ACC, MeJA, and SA on Lentil PR4 Gene Expression?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 286]
2.7.10.6.4 - 10.6.4 Effects of ABA,ACC,MeJA, and SA on Lentil PR10 Gene Expression???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 286]
2.7.10.7 - 10.7 Conclusions?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 289]
2.7.10.8 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 291]
2.7.11 - Chapter 11 Signaling and Modulation of Non-Coding RNAs in plants by Abscisic Acid (ABA)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 301]
2.7.11.1 - 11.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 301]
2.7.11.2 - 11.2 Biogenesis of Non-Coding RNAs in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 303]
2.7.11.3 - 11.3 Mode of Action of ncRNAs in Plants???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 304]
2.7.11.3.1 - 11.3.1 Mechanism of Action in Small RNAs?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 304]
2.7.11.3.2 - 11.3.2 Mechanism of Action of lncRNAs???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 305]
2.7.11.4 - 11.4 ABA Signaling in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 306]
2.7.11.4.1 - 11.4.1 ABA Biosynthesis, Transport, and Catabolism?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 306]
2.7.11.4.2 - 11.4.2 ABA Signal Transduction?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 308]
2.7.11.4.3 - 11.4.3 Cis-Acting Elements and Transcription Factors in ABA-Mediated Gene Expression?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 308]
2.7.11.4.4 - 11.4.4 ABA-Mediated Stomatal Closure During Pathogen Attack???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 310]
2.7.11.5 - 11.5 Non-Coding RNAs and ABA Response???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 310]
2.7.11.5.1 - 11.5.1 MiRNAs in ABA Signaling?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 310]
2.7.11.5.2 - 11.5.2 Other ncRNAs in ABA Signaling?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 313]
2.7.11.6 - 11.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 315]
2.7.11.7 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 316]
2.7.12 - Chapter 12 Ethylene and Stress Mediated Signaling in Plants: A Molecular Perspective?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 325]
2.7.12.1 - 12.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 325]
2.7.12.2 - 12.2 Types of Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 325]
2.7.12.2.1 - 12.2.1 Temperature Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 326]
2.7.12.2.1.1 - 12.2.1.1 Cold Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 326]
2.7.12.2.1.2 - 12.2.1.2 Heat Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 326]
2.7.12.2.2 - 12.2.2 Water Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 327]
2.7.12.2.2.1 - 12.2.2.1 Drought Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 327]
2.7.12.2.2.2 - 12.2.2.2 Salinity stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 328]
2.7.12.3 - 12.3 Overview of Stress Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 328]
2.7.12.3.1 - 12.3.1 Perception of Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 328]
2.7.12.3.1.1 - 12.3.1.1 Perception at Plasma Membrane?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 328]
2.7.12.3.1.2 - 12.3.1.2 Perception by Changed Ca2+ Concentration???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 329]
2.7.12.3.2 - 12.3.2 Action of Different Secondary Messengers???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 329]
2.7.12.3.2.1 - 12.3.2.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 329]
2.7.12.3.2.2 - 12.3.2.2 Lipid Messengers???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 330]
2.7.12.3.3 - 12.3.3 Ca2+ as an Intermediate Signal Molecule?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 331]
2.7.12.3.4 - 12.3.4 Role of MAPK in Stress Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 332]
2.7.12.3.5 - 12.3.5 Role of Ethylene During Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 332]
2.7.12.3.5.1 - 12.3.5.1 Ethylene???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 332]
2.7.12.3.5.2 - 12.3.5.2 Ethylene Biosynthesis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 332]
2.7.12.3.5.3 - 12.3.5.3 Ethylene Perception?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 333]
2.7.12.3.5.4 - 12.3.5.4 Role of Ethylene in Fruit Ripening???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 333]
2.7.12.3.6 - 12.3.6 Role of Ethylene in Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 334]
2.7.12.3.6.1 - 12.3.6.1 Cold Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 334]
2.7.12.3.6.2 - 12.3.6.2 Heat Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 336]
2.7.12.3.6.3 - 12.3.6.3 Salinity Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 337]
2.7.12.3.6.4 - 12.3.6.4 Ethylene and Drought Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 340]
2.7.12.3.6.5 - 12.3.6.5 Ethylene and Flooding Tolerance?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 340]
2.7.12.3.7 - 12.3.7 Role of Ethylene in Biotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 340]
2.7.12.3.7.1 - 12.3.7.1 Ethylene Signal Perception in Response to Biotic Stress in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 340]
2.7.12.3.7.2 - 12.3.7.2 Mechanism of Action of Ethylene in Plant Pathogen Interaction?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 341]
2.7.12.3.7.3 - 12.3.7.3 Crosstalk of Hormones in Plant Defense???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 342]
2.7.12.3.7.4 - 12.3.7.4 Crosstalk of Ethylene with Other Hormones in Response to Biotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 343]
2.7.12.3.8 - 12.3.8 Role of ABA in Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 345]
2.7.12.3.9 - 12.3.9 Role of Other Phytohormones in Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 346]
2.7.12.4 - 12.4 Conclusion???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 346]
2.7.12.5 - Acknowledgment?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 346]
2.7.12.6 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 347]
2.7.13 - Chapter 13 Regulatory Function of Ethylene in Plant Responses to Drought, Cold, and Salt Stresses???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 357]
2.7.13.1 - 13.1 Functional Roles of Ethylene in Plant Drought Tolerance?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 358]
2.7.13.2 - 13.2 Ethylene Signaling in Plant Cold Tolerance???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 360]
2.7.13.3 - 13.3 Ethylene Signaling and Response to Salt Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 363]
2.7.13.4 - 13.4 Conclusion???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 366]
2.7.13.5 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 367]
2.7.14 - Chapter 14 Plant Nitric Oxide Signaling Under Environmental Stresses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 375]
2.7.14.1 - 14.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 375]
2.7.14.2 - 14.2 Mechanisms of NO Action in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 376]
2.7.14.3 - 14.3 The Control of NO Homeostasis in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 378]
2.7.14.3.1 - 14.3.1 NO Synthesis in Plants???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 379]
2.7.14.3.2 - 14.3.2 NO Degradation in Plants???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 380]
2.7.14.3.3 - 14.3.3 Regulation of NO Homeostasis by S-Nitrosothiols Through the Nitrogen Assimilation Pathway?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 380]
2.7.14.4 - 14.4 NO and the Response to Abiotic Stresses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 381]
2.7.14.4.1 - 14.4.1 Drought?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 381]
2.7.14.4.2 - 14.4.2 Hypoxia Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 382]
2.7.14.4.3 - 14.4.3 Salt Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 384]
2.7.14.4.4 - 14.4.4 Heavy Metals???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 385]
2.7.14.4.5 - 14.4.5 Low Temperature Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 386]
2.7.14.5 - 14.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 388]
2.7.14.6 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 390]
2.7.15 - Chapter 15 Cell Mechanisms of Nitric Oxide Signaling in Plants Under Abiotic Stress Conditions?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 401]
2.7.15.1 - 15.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 401]
2.7.15.2 - 15.2 Duality of RNS: Key Secondary Messengers in Plant Cells versus Nitrosative Stress Agents???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 403]
2.7.15.3 - 15.3 Tyrosine Nitration as a Hallmark of Nitrosative Stress and Regulatory Post-Translational Modification?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 406]
2.7.15.4 - 15.4 NO and Environmental Abiotic Challenges?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 410]
2.7.15.4.1 - 15.4.1 Mechanical Wounding and Programmed Cell Death Progression?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 410]
2.7.15.4.2 - 15.4.2 Chilling, Cold/Heat Stress, and Acclimation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 410]
2.7.15.4.3 - 15.4.3 Light Overexposure and UV Irradiation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 412]
2.7.15.4.4 - 15.4.4 Air (Ozone) and Soil Pollution (Heavy Metals, Herbicides)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 414]
2.7.15.4.5 - 15.4.5 Osmotic Stresses: High Salinity, Drought, and Flooding???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 416]
2.7.15.5 - 15.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 418]
2.7.15.6 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 419]
2.7.15.7 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 419]
2.7.16 - Chapter 16 S-Nitrosylation in Abiotic Stress in Plants and Nitric Oxide Interaction with Plant Hormones???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 429]
2.7.16.1 - 16.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 429]
2.7.16.2 - 16.2 S-Nitrosylation in Abiotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 430]
2.7.16.2.1 - 16.2.1 Salinity Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 431]
2.7.16.2.2 - 16.2.2 Cold Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 436]
2.7.16.2.3 - 16.2.3 Desiccation Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 436]
2.7.16.2.4 - 16.2.4 High Light Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 436]
2.7.16.2.5 - 16.2.5 Cadmium and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid (2,4-D) Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 436]
2.7.16.3 - 16.3 Nitric Oxide and Plant Hormone Interaction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 437]
2.7.16.4 - 16.4 Conclusions and Future Areas of Research???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 439]
2.7.16.5 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 439]
2.7.17 - Chapter 17 Salicylic Acid Signaling and its Role in Responses to Stresses in Plants???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 443]
2.7.17.1 - 17.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 443]
2.7.17.2 - 17.2 Salicylic Acid Biosynthesis and Metabolism in Plants???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 444]
2.7.17.2.1 - 17.2.1 SA Biosynthesis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 444]
2.7.17.2.2 - 17.2.2 SA Metabolism?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 446]
2.7.17.3 - 17.3 Salicylic Acid: A Central Molecule in Plant Responses to Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 447]
2.7.17.3.1 - 17.3.1 SA-Mediated Plant Resistance to Disease?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 447]
2.7.17.3.2 - 17.3.2 SA-Mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 449]
2.7.17.3.2.1 - 17.3.2.1 Drought Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 449]
2.7.17.3.2.2 - 17.3.2.2 Cold and Heat Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 451]
2.7.17.3.2.3 - 17.3.2.3 Salinity Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 453]
2.7.17.3.2.4 - 17.3.2.4 Heavy Metal Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 454]
2.7.17.3.2.5 - 17.3.2.5 Ozone Stress and UV Radiation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 455]
2.7.17.3.3 - 17.3.3 Relationship Between Biotic and Abiotic Stress Factors???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 456]
2.7.17.4 - 17.4 Salicylic Acid in Relation to Other Phytohormones in Response to Plant Stress Status???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 457]
2.7.17.5 - 17.5 Conclusion???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 459]
2.7.17.6 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 459]
2.7.18 - Chapter 18 Glucose and Brassinosteroid Signaling Network in Controlling Plant Growth and Development Under Different Environmental Conditions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 473]
2.7.18.1 - 18.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 473]
2.7.18.2 - 18.2 Glucose Homeostasis and Signaling in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 474]
2.7.18.3 - 18.3 Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 477]
2.7.18.4 - 18.4 Role of Glc in Plant Adaptation to Changing Environmental Conditions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 482]
2.7.18.5 - 18.5 Role of BR in Plant Adaptation to Changing Environmental Conditions?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 484]
2.7.18.6 - 18.6 Glc-BR Crosstalk and its Adaptive Significance in Plant Development?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 488]
2.7.18.7 - 18.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 489]
2.7.18.8 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 489]
2.8 - Index???????????????????????? [Seite 501]
2.9 - Supplemental Images [Seite 504]
3 - volume 2 [Seite 520]
3.1 - Title Page [Seite 522]
3.2 - Copyright [Seite 523]
3.3 - Contents [Seite 524]
3.4 - About the Editor?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 534]
3.5 - List of Contributors?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 536]
3.6 - Preface???????????????????????????? [Seite 542]
3.7 - Part II Interaction of Other Components with Phytohormones?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 548]
3.7.1 - Chapter 1 Interaction between Hormone and Redox Signaling in Plants: Divergent Pathways and Convergent Roles?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 550]
3.7.1.1 - 1.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 550]
3.7.1.2 - 1.2 Redox-Hormone Crosstalk in Plants???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 551]
3.7.1.3 - 1.3 Auxin???????????????????????????????? [Seite 551]
3.7.1.4 - 1.4 Abscisic Acid???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 556]
3.7.1.5 - 1.5 Ethylene?????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 558]
3.7.1.6 - 1.6 Jasmonic Acid???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 558]
3.7.1.7 - 1.7 Salicylic Acid?????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 559]
3.7.1.8 - 1.8 Brassinosteroids?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 561]
3.7.1.9 - 1.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 562]
3.7.1.10 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 562]
3.7.2 - Chapter 2 Redox Regulatory Networks in Response to Biotic Stress in Plants: A New Insight Through Chickpea-Fusarium Interplay???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 570]
3.7.2.1 - 2.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 570]
3.7.2.2 - 2.2 Production and Scavenging of ROS: The Balance versus Perturbations?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 571]
3.7.2.2.1 - 2.2.1 NADPH Oxidase, the Biological ROS Factory???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 571]
3.7.2.2.2 - 2.2.2 Detoxification of ROS???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 572]
3.7.2.3 - 2.3 Role of ROS in Plants: Ease and Disease???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 575]
3.7.2.4 - 2.4 Reactive Oxygen Species Networks in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 575]
3.7.2.4.1 - 2.4.1 Oxidative Sensors: Decoding of ROS Language???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 575]
3.7.2.4.2 - 2.4.2 The Role of ROS in Cell Wall Fortification?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 576]
3.7.2.4.3 - 2.4.3 The MAP Kinase Signaling Cascade: Relation to the Cellular Redox State?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 579]
3.7.2.4.4 - 2.4.4 ROS, an Inducer in Plant Systemic Responses???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 580]
3.7.2.5 - 2.5 ROS Signaling in Chickpea-Fusarium Interplay?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 581]
3.7.2.6 - 2.6 Concluding Remarks?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 583]
3.7.2.7 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 584]
3.7.2.8 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 584]
3.7.3 - Chapter 3 Ca2+, The Miracle Molecule in Plant Hormone Signaling During Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 592]
3.7.3.1 - 3.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 592]
3.7.3.2 - 3.2 Intricacies of Hormonal Signaling in Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 593]
3.7.3.3 - 3.3 Ca2+ Regulated Hormonal Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 597]
3.7.3.3.1 - 3.3.1 Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase (CDPK/CPK)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 597]
3.7.3.3.2 - 3.3.2 Calcineurin B-Like Protein (CBL)-CBL-Interacting Protein Kinase (CIPK)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 609]
3.7.3.3.3 - 3.3.3 Ca2+ Binding Protein Calmodulin (CAM), CAM-Like Protein (CML) and CAM-Binding Transcription Activator (CAMTA)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 611]
3.7.3.3.4 - 3.3.4 Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase (CCaMK)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 612]
3.7.3.3.5 - 3.3.5 Ca2+/H+ Antiporter (CAX)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 613]
3.7.3.3.6 - 3.3.6 Ca2+ ATPase (ACA)???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 613]
3.7.3.4 - 3.4 Calreticulin (CRT)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 614]
3.7.3.5 - 3.5 Conclusion?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 614]
3.7.3.6 - Acknowledgment?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 615]
3.7.3.7 - Abbreviations???????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 615]
3.7.3.8 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 616]
3.7.4 - Chapter 4 Phosphoglycerolipid Signaling in Response to Hormones Under Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 638]
3.7.4.1 - 4.1 Main Players in Phosphoglycerolipid Signaling Machinery???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 638]
3.7.4.1.1 - 4.1.1 Phosphoglycerolipid Signaling Pathways?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 638]
3.7.4.1.2 - 4.1.2 Which Molecules Act as Mediators????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 640]
3.7.4.1.2.1 - 4.1.2.1 Targets of Phosphatidic Acid?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 640]
3.7.4.1.2.2 - 4.1.2.2 Phosphoinositides???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 641]
3.7.4.1.2.3 - 4.1.2.3 Diacylglycerol?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 643]
3.7.4.1.2.4 - 4.1.2.4 Phosphorylated Inositols?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 643]
3.7.4.1.2.5 - 4.1.2.5 Lysophosphoglycerolipids and Free Fatty Acids???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 643]
3.7.4.2 - 4.2 Lipid Signaling, An Important Component of Plant Stress Responses???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 644]
3.7.4.2.1 - 4.2.1 The Effect of Abiotic or Biotic Stresses on the Expression of Genes Encoding Enzymes of Lipid Signaling Machinery???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 644]
3.7.4.2.2 - 4.2.2 The Effects of Abiotic Stresses on the Components of Lipid Signaling Machinery?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 646]
3.7.4.2.2.1 - 4.2.2.1 Salt and Osmotic Stresses???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 646]
3.7.4.2.2.2 - 4.2.2.2 Drought stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 647]
3.7.4.2.2.3 - 4.2.2.3 Temperature Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 648]
3.7.4.2.2.4 - 4.2.2.4 Nutrient Deficiency and Toxic Metals?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 649]
3.7.4.2.3 - 4.2.3 Effects of Biotic Stresses on Components of Lipid Signaling Machinery???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 649]
3.7.4.3 - 4.3 Involvement of Phosphoglycerolipids in Phytohormone Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 651]
3.7.4.3.1 - 4.3.1 Abscisic Acid???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 651]
3.7.4.3.2 - 4.3.2 Salicylic Acid?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 654]
3.7.4.3.3 - 4.3.3 Jasmonates?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 655]
3.7.4.3.4 - 4.3.4 Ethylene?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 656]
3.7.4.3.5 - 4.3.5 Auxins?????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 656]
3.7.4.3.6 - 4.3.6 Brassinosteroids?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 657]
3.7.4.4 - 4.4 Stresses Can Affect Responses to Hormones by Altering Phosphoglycerolipid Machinery???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 658]
3.7.4.5 - 4.5 Conclusion?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 660]
3.7.4.6 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 660]
3.7.4.7 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 660]
3.7.5 - Chapter 5 The Role of the Plant Cytoskeleton in Phytohormone Signaling under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 674]
3.7.5.1 - 5.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 674]
3.7.5.2 - 5.2 Phytohormone-Mediated Perception of Abiotic Factors via the Cytoskeleton?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 678]
3.7.5.2.1 - 5.2.1 Osmotic Stress and its Main Signaling Molecules Abscisic Acid and Ethylene: Interplay with the Cytoskeleton???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 678]
3.7.5.2.1.1 - 5.2.1.1 Osmotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 678]
3.7.5.2.1.2 - 5.2.1.2 Osmotic Stress and Cytoskeleton???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 679]
3.7.5.2.1.3 - 5.2.1.3 ABA and MTs???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 683]
3.7.5.2.1.4 - 5.2.1.4 ABA and AFs???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 685]
3.7.5.2.1.5 - 5.2.1.5 Ethylene and MTs?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 686]
3.7.5.2.1.6 - 5.2.1.6 Ethylene and AFs?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 688]
3.7.5.2.2 - 5.2.2 Microgravity and Mechanical Alterations Signal Transduction via Auxin and Brassinosteroids?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 689]
3.7.5.2.2.1 - 5.2.2.1 Gravity???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 689]
3.7.5.2.2.2 - 5.2.2.2 Mechanosensing?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 689]
3.7.5.2.2.3 - 5.2.2.3 MTs as a Moving Force of Gravity Response???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 690]
3.7.5.2.2.4 - 5.2.2.4 AFs and Gravity Response?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 690]
3.7.5.2.2.5 - 5.2.2.5 Auxins as a Gravity Signal?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 691]
3.7.5.2.2.6 - 5.2.2.6 Auxins and NO Interplay???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 691]
3.7.5.2.2.7 - 5.2.2.7 Auxins and cGMP???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 692]
3.7.5.2.2.8 - 5.2.2.8 Auxins and MTs?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 692]
3.7.5.2.2.9 - 5.2.2.9 Auxins and AFs?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 694]
3.7.5.2.2.10 - 5.2.2.10 Auxin and Brassinosteroid Interplay?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 697]
3.7.5.2.2.11 - 5.2.2.11 Brassinosteroids and Cytoskeleton?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 697]
3.7.5.2.3 - 5.2.3 Light Causes Cytoskeleton Rearrangement Mediated by Gibberellins?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 699]
3.7.5.2.4 - 5.2.4 Cytoskeleton and Phytohormones as the Players of Common Signaling Cascades Under Extreme Temperatures???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 701]
3.7.5.2.4.1 - 5.2.4.1 Cold and Phytohormones?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 702]
3.7.5.2.4.2 - 5.2.4.2 Cold, MTs, and ABA?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 703]
3.7.5.2.4.3 - 5.2.4.3 Cold, ABA, and AFs?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 705]
3.7.5.2.4.4 - 5.2.4.4 Heat Shock Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 705]
3.7.5.2.4.5 - 5.2.4.5 Heat Shock-Induced Phytohormonal Imbalance?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 706]
3.7.5.2.4.6 - 5.2.4.6 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Nitric Oxide (NO)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 707]
3.7.5.2.4.7 - 5.2.4.7 ROS???????????????????????????????????? [Seite 707]
3.7.5.2.4.8 - 5.2.4.8 Heat and the Cytoskeleton???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 708]
3.7.5.3 - 5.3 Cytoskeleton Regulation in Plant Interactions with Pathogens/Symbionts: Jasmonic and Salicylic Acids, and Strigolactones?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 709]
3.7.5.3.1 - 5.3.1 Jasmonic Acid???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 711]
3.7.5.3.2 - 5.3.2 Salicylic Acid?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 713]
3.7.5.3.3 - 5.3.3 Strigolactones?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 714]
3.7.5.4 - 5.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 716]
3.7.5.5 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 716]
3.7.5.6 - Abbreviations???????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 716]
3.7.5.7 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 717]
3.7.6 - Chapter 6 Proteins in Phytohormone Signaling Pathways for Abiotic Stress in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 734]
3.7.6.1 - 6.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 734]
3.7.6.2 - 6.2 Metabolic Pathways of Phytohormones and Stress-Induced Protein Expression Affecting their Biosynthesis Process?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 734]
3.7.6.3 - 6.3 Proteins for Intra- and Inter-Cellular Transport of Phytohormones???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 737]
3.7.6.4 - 6.4 Hormone Signaling Systems, Hormone Crosstalk, and Stress Responses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 738]
3.7.6.5 - 6.5 The Application of Proteomics in the Identification of Hormone Signaling Pathways???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 740]
3.7.6.6 - 6.6 Conclusion and Prospective?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 741]
3.7.6.7 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 741]
3.7.7 - Chapter 7 Perturbation and Disruption of Plant Hormone Signaling by Organic Xenobiotic Pollution?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 746]
3.7.7.1 - 7.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 746]
3.7.7.2 - 7.2 Plant-Hormone-Interfering Naturally-Occurring Organic Compounds Play Important Roles in the Chemical Ecology of Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 751]
3.7.7.3 - 7.3 Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Wide-Ranging Molecular Effects of Plant-Organic Xenobiotic Interactions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 752]
3.7.7.4 - 7.4 The Wide-Ranging Molecular Effects of Plant-Organic Xenobiotic Interactions Emphasize the Involvement of Regulatory Processes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 753]
3.7.7.5 - 7.5 Specifically Designed Organic Xenobiotics Directly Interact with Plant Hormone Systems?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 756]
3.7.7.6 - 7.6 Organic Xenobiotics Can Cause Biological Effects that Interfere with Plant Hormone Dynamics and Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 757]
3.7.7.7 - 7.7 The Diversity of Organic Xenobiotic Occurrences in Environmental Pollutions Can Induce Plant Hormone Perturbations in Non-Target Plant Communities?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 759]
3.7.7.8 - 7.8 Conclusions and Perspectives?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 761]
3.7.7.9 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 761]
3.7.7.10 - Abbreviations???????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 761]
3.7.7.11 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 761]
3.7.8 - Chapter 8 Plant Hormone Signaling Mediates Plant Growth Plasticity in Response to Metal Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 770]
3.7.8.1 - 8.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 770]
3.7.8.2 - 8.2 Cadmium (Cd)?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 771]
3.7.8.3 - 8.3 Aluminum (Al)???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 773]
3.7.8.4 - 8.4 Other Metals?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 775]
3.7.8.5 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 776]
3.7.8.6 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 776]
3.8 - Part III Transcriptional Regulators of Phytohormones?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 784]
3.8.1 - Chapter 9 Transcription Factors and Hormone-Mediated Mechanisms Regulate Stomata Development and Responses Under Abiotic Stresses: An Overview?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 786]
3.8.1.1 - 9.1 Introduction?????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 786]
3.8.1.2 - 9.2 Stomata Development???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 787]
3.8.1.2.1 - 9.2.1 The Transition from a Non-Differentiated Cell to GC Pair?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 787]
3.8.1.2.2 - 9.2.2 The Positive Regulators from the Transition of a Non-Differentiated Cell to a GC Pair???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 788]
3.8.1.2.3 - 9.2.3 Genetic Control of Stomatal Patterning?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 792]
3.8.1.2.4 - 9.2.4 Additional Genes Involved in Stomatal Differentiation and Function?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 795]
3.8.1.2.5 - 9.2.5 Regulation of Stomata Differentiation and Patterning via Phytohormones?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 797]
3.8.1.2.6 - 9.2.6 Regulation of Stomata Differentiation and Patterning via Environmental Cues???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 799]
3.8.1.3 - 9.3 Stomatal Response to Drought/Salinity and Waterlogging/Anoxia Constraints???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 800]
3.8.1.3.1 - 9.3.1 Root-to-Shoot Communication???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 800]
3.8.1.3.2 - 9.3.2 The Harsh Conditions Experienced by Plants in Mediterranean Environment: The Stomatal Responses to Drought and Salinity???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 800]
3.8.1.3.2.1 - 9.3.2.1 Transcription Factors and Hormones Mediate Stomatal Response in Drought and Salinity Stresses???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 801]
3.8.1.3.3 - 9.3.3 Waterlogging and Oxygen Shortage?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 805]
3.8.1.4 - 9.4 Conclusions and Perspectives?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 809]
3.8.1.5 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 811]
3.8.1.6 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 811]
3.8.2 - Chapter 10 Convergence of Stress-Induced Hormone Signaling Pathways on a Transcriptional Co-Factor?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 832]
3.8.2.1 - 10.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 832]
3.8.2.2 - 10.2 Mediator Complex???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 833]
3.8.2.3 - 10.3 Role of Mediator in Transcription?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 836]
3.8.2.4 - 10.4 Flexibility of Mediator?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 837]
3.8.2.5 - 10.5 Phytohormone Signaling Under Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 838]
3.8.2.6 - 10.6 Effect of Hormone and Stress on the Expression of Mediator Subunit Genes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 840]
3.8.2.7 - 10.7 Involvement of Specific Mediator Subunits in Hormone Signaling and Stress Response???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 842]
3.8.2.7.1 - 10.7.1 MED5???????????????????????????????????? [Seite 842]
3.8.2.7.2 - 10.7.2 MED8???????????????????????????????????? [Seite 843]
3.8.2.7.3 - 10.7.3 MED14 and MED2???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 844]
3.8.2.7.4 - 10.7.4 MED15?????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 844]
3.8.2.7.5 - 10.7.5 MED16?????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 845]
3.8.2.7.6 - 10.7.6 MED17, MED18, and MED20?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 845]
3.8.2.7.7 - 10.7.7 MED18?????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 846]
3.8.2.7.8 - 10.7.8 MED19?????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 846]
3.8.2.7.9 - 10.7.9 MED21?????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 847]
3.8.2.7.10 - 10.7.10 MED25???????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 848]
3.8.2.7.11 - 10.7.11 MED34???????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 849]
3.8.2.7.12 - 10.7.12 MED37???????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 849]
3.8.2.7.13 - 10.7.13 CDK8?????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 849]
3.8.2.8 - 10.8 Convergence of Signaling Pathways on the Mediator Complex?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 850]
3.8.2.9 - 10.9 Conclusion???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 851]
3.8.2.10 - Acknowledgment?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 852]
3.8.2.11 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 852]
3.8.3 - Chapter 11 Micro-Regulators of Hormones and Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 866]
3.8.3.1 - 11.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 866]
3.8.3.2 - 11.2 Plant microRNAs?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 867]
3.8.3.2.1 - 11.2.1 Road to Discovery?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 867]
3.8.3.2.2 - 11.2.2 miR Biogenesis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 868]
3.8.3.2.3 - 11.2.3 Genomic Organization of Plant miRs???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 870]
3.8.3.2.4 - 11.2.4 Mode of Action and Target Recognition?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 871]
3.8.3.3 - 11.3 Role of miRs in Hormone Signaling?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 872]
3.8.3.3.1 - 11.3.1 Auxins???????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 872]
3.8.3.3.2 - 11.3.2 Gibberellins???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 875]
3.8.3.3.3 - 11.3.3 Cytokinins???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 876]
3.8.3.3.4 - 11.3.4 Ethylene???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 877]
3.8.3.3.5 - 11.3.5 Abscisic Acid (ABA)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 878]
3.8.3.4 - 11.4 miR Mediated Regulation of Abiotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 879]
3.8.3.4.1 - 11.4.1 Water Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 879]
3.8.3.4.2 - 11.4.2 Temperature?????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 880]
3.8.3.4.3 - 11.4.3 Nutrient Deprivation???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 881]
3.8.3.4.4 - 11.4.4 Salt Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 881]
3.8.3.5 - 11.5 Conclusions and Perspectives???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 882]
3.8.3.6 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 883]
3.9 - Part IV Involvement of Multiple Phytohormones in Stress Responses???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 900]
3.9.1 - Chapter 12 Signal Transduction Components in Guard Cells During Stomatal Closure by Plant Hormones and Microbial Elicitors?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 902]
3.9.1.1 - 12.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 902]
3.9.1.2 - 12.2 Compounds or Signals that Regulate Stomatal Function???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 903]
3.9.1.2.1 - 12.2.1 Plant Hormones???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 903]
3.9.1.2.1.1 - 12.2.1.1 Abscisic Acid?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 904]
3.9.1.2.1.2 - 12.2.1.2 Auxins???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 904]
3.9.1.2.1.3 - 12.2.1.3 Cytokinins???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 904]
3.9.1.2.1.4 - 12.2.1.4 Ethylene???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 904]
3.9.1.2.1.5 - 12.2.1.5 Brassinosteroids???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 905]
3.9.1.2.1.6 - 12.2.1.6 Salicylic Acid and Acetyl Salicylic Acid???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 905]
3.9.1.3 - 12.3 Guard Cell Turgor and Stomatal Closure: Ion Fluxes as the Basis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 907]
3.9.1.4 - 12.4 Experimental Approaches to Studying Signaling Components???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 907]
3.9.1.5 - 12.5 Sensing Systems in Guard Cells???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 908]
3.9.1.5.1 - 12.5.1 ABA receptors?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 908]
3.9.1.5.2 - 12.5.2 MJ Receptors???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 909]
3.9.1.5.3 - 12.5.3 Calcium Receptors?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 909]
3.9.1.5.4 - 12.5.4 Others???????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 909]
3.9.1.6 - 12.6 Signaling Components in Guard Cells?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 910]
3.9.1.6.1 - 12.6.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 910]
3.9.1.6.2 - 12.6.2 Nitric Oxide (NO)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 910]
3.9.1.6.3 - 12.6.3 Calcium?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 915]
3.9.1.6.4 - 12.6.4 Cytosolic pH???????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 917]
3.9.1.6.5 - 12.6.5 Protein Kinases and Protein Phosphatases???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 917]
3.9.1.6.6 - 12.6.6 G-Proteins???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 917]
3.9.1.6.7 - 12.6.7 Phospholipids and Sphingolipids?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 918]
3.9.1.6.8 - 12.6.8 Cation and Anion Channels?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 918]
3.9.1.6.9 - 12.6.9 Cytoskeleton Elements?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 918]
3.9.1.7 - 12.7 Validation with Arabidopsis Mutants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 919]
3.9.1.8 - 12.8 Concluding Remarks???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 921]
3.9.1.9 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 922]
3.9.1.10 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 922]
3.9.2 - Chapter 13 Plants' Defense and Survival Strategies versus Pathogens' Anti-Defense and Infection Capabilities: The Hormone-Based Mechanisms?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 936]
3.9.2.1 - 13.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 936]
3.9.2.2 - 13.2 Modulation of Hormone Signaling Networks by Pathogens for Virulence?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 937]
3.9.2.2.1 - 13.2.1 Alteration of Hormone Signaling and Associated Components by Bacteria?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 937]
3.9.2.2.2 - 13.2.2 Alteration of Hormone Signaling and Associated Components During Plant-Virus Interaction???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 942]
3.9.2.2.3 - 13.2.3 Alteration of Hormone Signaling and Associated Components During Fungal Infection?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 945]
3.9.2.3 - 13.3 Alteration of the Hormone Signaling Network by Plants for Disease Resistance???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 947]
3.9.2.3.1 - 13.3.1 Salicylic Acid: A Key Regulatory Hormone in the Resistance Signaling Network???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 947]
3.9.2.3.2 - 13.3.2 The Emerging Role of Auxin as a Defense Hormone?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 949]
3.9.2.3.3 - 13.3.3 Changing Trends of ABA Signaling: A Positive Regulator of Defense Response During Pathogen Attack?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 949]
3.9.2.3.4 - 13.3.4 JA/ET Pathway Plays Both Synergistically and Antagonistically with the Other Phytohormones???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 950]
3.9.2.4 - 13.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 952]
3.9.2.5 - Acknowledgment?????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 952]
3.9.2.6 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 952]
3.9.3 - Chapter 14 Exploring Crossroads Between Seed Development and Stress Response?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 962]
3.9.3.1 - 14.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 962]
3.9.3.1.1 - 14.1.1 Seed Development???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 962]
3.9.3.1.1.1 - 14.1.1.1 Embryo and Endosperm Morphogenesis???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 962]
3.9.3.1.1.2 - 14.1.1.2 Reserve Accumulation in Seeds?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 964]
3.9.3.1.1.3 - 14.1.1.3 Seed Maturation and Dormancy???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 965]
3.9.3.1.2 - 14.1.2 Seed Germination???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 966]
3.9.3.2 - 14.2 Genes, Proteins, and Pathways Involved in Seed Development???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 966]
3.9.3.2.1 - 14.2.1 Transcription Activators, Repressors, Others, and Regulatory Proteins?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 966]
3.9.3.2.2 - 14.2.2 microRNAs (miRNA)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 969]
3.9.3.2.3 - 14.2.3 Metabolic Pathways and Associated Genes?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 969]
3.9.3.2.3.1 - 14.2.3.1 Hormone Metabolism???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 969]
3.9.3.2.3.2 - 14.2.3.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism and Starch Deposition?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 970]
3.9.3.2.3.3 - 14.2.3.3 Proteins and Enzymes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 970]
3.9.3.3 - 14.3 Genes at the Intersection of Seed Development and Stress Response?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 971]
3.9.3.4 - 14.4 Exploring Bioinformatics Resources???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 972]
3.9.3.4.1 - 14.4.1 Visualization of Synteny Across Plant Species?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 979]
3.9.3.4.2 - 14.4.2 Gene Phylogeny???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 982]
3.9.3.4.3 - 14.4.3 Genetic Marker Resource?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 984]
3.9.3.4.4 - 14.4.4 Gene Expression Data Analysis?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 985]
3.9.3.5 - 14.5 Insights and Future Prospects?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 988]
3.9.3.6 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 991]
3.9.3.7 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 991]
3.9.4 - Chapter 15 Role of Multiple Phytohormones in Regulating Stress Responses in Plants?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1002]
3.9.4.1 - 15.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1002]
3.9.4.2 - 15.2 Biotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1003]
3.9.4.2.1 - 15.2.1 SA Biosynthesis and Modifications?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1003]
3.9.4.2.2 - 15.2.2 SA and MAP Kinases in Biotic Stress Signaling?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1004]
3.9.4.2.3 - 15.2.3 SA Signaling through Transcription Factors???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1005]
3.9.4.2.4 - 15.2.4 SA Mediated Signaling through SA-Binding Proteins?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1005]
3.9.4.2.5 - 15.2.5 Hormones Affecting Stomatal Aperture During Biotic Stress Response???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1008]
3.9.4.3 - 15.3 Role of Hormones in Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1008]
3.9.4.3.1 - 15.3.1 Role of Salicylic Acid in Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1008]
3.9.4.3.2 - 15.3.2 Role of Abscisic Acid in Abiotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1010]
3.9.4.3.3 - 15.3.3 Role of Jasmonic Acid in Abiotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1011]
3.9.4.3.4 - 15.3.4 Role of Ethylene (ET) in Abiotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1012]
3.9.4.3.5 - 15.3.5 Role of Auxin in Abiotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1012]
3.9.4.3.6 - 15.3.6 Role of Gibberellins in Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1012]
3.9.4.4 - 15.4 Interaction of SA with other Stress Hormones???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1013]
3.9.4.5 - 15.5 SA/ABA Antagonism?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1014]
3.9.4.6 - 15.6 Future Perspective and Challenges?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1014]
3.9.4.7 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1015]
3.9.4.8 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1015]
3.9.5 - Chapter 16 Phytohormones and Drought Stress: Plant Responses to Transcriptional Regulation?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1024]
3.9.5.1 - 16.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1024]
3.9.5.2 - 16.2 Phytohormones: Role in Plant Growth and Development?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1026]
3.9.5.2.1 - 16.2.1 Plant Growth and Hormone Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1026]
3.9.5.2.2 - 16.2.2 Role of Phytohormones in Plant Development Under Stress Conditions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1026]
3.9.5.2.3 - 16.2.3 Crosstalk and Combinatorial Effect of Phytohormones in Various Stresses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1027]
3.9.5.3 - 16.3 Plant Hormonal Response to Stress Conditions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1028]
3.9.5.3.1 - 16.3.1 Hormone Biosynthesis by Abiotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1028]
3.9.5.3.2 - 16.3.2 Hormonal Regulation of Stress Responsive Genes???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1028]
3.9.5.3.3 - 16.3.3 ABA-Responsive Gene Expression???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1029]
3.9.5.3.4 - 16.3.4 Interaction Between ABA and Other Stress Hormones in Abiotic Stress Responses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1032]
3.9.5.3.5 - 16.3.5 Auxin Responsive Gene Expression and Stress Response???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1032]
3.9.5.3.6 - 16.3.6 Cytokinin and its Role in Stress Response?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1033]
3.9.5.3.7 - 16.3.7 An Insight into the Role of GA and SA in Abiotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1033]
3.9.5.3.8 - 16.3.8 Interplay of Phytohormones on Plants under Stress Conditions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1034]
3.9.5.4 - 16.4 Hormonal Mediated Transcriptional Response to Stress Conditions?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1035]
3.9.5.4.1 - 16.4.1 Hormonal Conjugation in Regulation of Gene Expression in Abiotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1035]
3.9.5.4.2 - 16.4.2 Regulation of Stress Responsive Transcription Factors by Phytohormones???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1035]
3.9.5.4.3 - 16.4.3 The Role of ABA in Regulating Stress Induced Transcription Factors???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1036]
3.9.5.5 - 16.5 Phytohormone Mediated Signaling Response Under Stress Conditions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1037]
3.9.5.5.1 - 16.5.1 Signal Transduction of Phytohormones Under Abiotic Stress?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1037]
3.9.5.5.2 - 16.5.2 Interaction Between Hormone Biosynthetic Pathways and Signal Transduction Pathways???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1037]
3.9.5.5.3 - 16.5.3 Regulation of Kinases and Phosphatase by Hormones?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1038]
3.9.5.5.4 - 16.5.4 Role of Secondary Messengers in Hormone Signaling?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1038]
3.9.5.6 - 16.6 Significance of Phytohormones in Plant Genetic Engineering???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1040]
3.9.5.7 - 16.7 Conclusion???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1040]
3.9.5.8 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1040]
3.9.6 - Chapter 17 Mechanisms of Hormone Signaling in Plants Under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1052]
3.9.6.1 - 17.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1052]
3.9.6.2 - 17.2 Role of Hormones in Plant Growth and Development???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1053]
3.9.6.3 - 17.3 Common Tenets in Hormone Signaling in Plants Under Abiotic and Biotic Stress???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1054]
3.9.6.4 - 17.4 Role of ROS in Hormone Signaling Pathways?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1056]
3.9.6.5 - 17.5 Role of MAPK in Hormone Signaling Pathways???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1058]
3.9.6.6 - 17.6 Role of Jasmonic Acid and Cytokinin on Hormone Signaling Pathways?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1062]
3.9.6.7 - 17.7 Role of Brassinosteroids on Hormone Signaling Pathways???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1063]
3.9.6.8 - 17.8 The Crosstalk of Hormones and Hormone-Like Substances in Plants under Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1065]
3.9.6.9 - 17.9 Conclusion???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1067]
3.9.6.10 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1068]
3.9.7 - Chapter 18 Transgenic Approaches to Improve Crop Productivity via Phytohormonal Research: A Focus on the Mechanisms of Phytohormone Action?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1080]
3.9.7.1 - 18.1 Introduction???????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1080]
3.9.7.2 - 18.2 Phytohormones and Crop Yield: Approaches and Vision for Genetic Improvement?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1082]
3.9.7.2.1 - 18.2.1 Cytokinins: Roles, Biosynthesis, and Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1082]
3.9.7.2.2 - 18.2.2 Gibberellins: Roles, Biosynthesis, and Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1084]
3.9.7.2.3 - 18.2.3 Brassinosteroids: Roles, Biosynthesis, and Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1086]
3.9.7.2.4 - 18.2.4 Auxins: Roles, Biosynthesis, and Signaling???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1087]
3.9.7.3 - 18.3 Manipulation of Phytohormone Levels in Transgenic Plants to Improve Crop Productivity?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1088]
3.9.7.3.1 - 18.3.1 Cytokinins and Crop Yield?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1088]
3.9.7.3.2 - 18.3.2 Gibberellins and Crop Yield?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1092]
3.9.7.3.3 - 18.3.3 Brassinosteroids and Crop Yield?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1094]
3.9.7.3.4 - 18.3.4 Auxins and Crop Yield?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1096]
3.9.7.4 - 18.4 Phytohormonal Crosstalks to Enhance Crop Productivity?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1097]
3.9.7.5 - 18.5 Conclusion and Future Directions???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1099]
3.9.7.6 - Acknowledgments???????????????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1100]
3.9.7.7 - References?????????????????????????????????? [Seite 1101]
3.10 - Index???????????????????????? [Seite 1116]
3.11 - Supplemental Images [Seite 1119]
4 - EULA [Seite 1143]

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