AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems

Name: AI Approaches to the Complexity of Legal Systems | AICOL International Workshops 2015-2017: AICOL-VI@JURIX 2015, AICOL-VII@EKAW 2016, AICOL-VIII@JURIX 2016, AICOL-IX@ICAIL 2017, and AICOL-X@JURIX 2017, Revised Selected Papers
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AICOL International Workshops 2015-2017: AICOL-VI@JURIX 2015, AICOL-VII@EKAW 2016, AICOL-VIII@JURIX 2016, AICOL-IX@ICAIL 2017, and AICOL-X@JURIX 2017, Revised Selected Papers

Ugo Pagallo Monica Palmirani Pompeu Casanovas Giovanni Sartor Serena Villata(Herausgeber*in)

Springer (Verlag)

Erschienen am 22. Oktober 2018

XII, 576 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Preface
Organization
Contents
Introduction: Legal and Ethical Dimensions of AI, NorMAS, and the Web of Data
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Architectural Challenges
3 Ethical and Legal Challenges: Device and Linked Democracy
4 Web of Data and Legal Analytics
5 On the Content of This Volume
5.1 Legal Philosophy, Conceptual Analysis, and Epistemic Approaches
5.2 Rules and Norms Analysis and Representation
5.3 Legal Vocabularies and Natural Language Processing
5.4 Legal Ontologies and Semantic Annotation
5.5 Legal Argumentation
5.6 Courts, Adjudication and Dispute Resolution
Acknowledgments
References
Legal Philosophy, Conceptual Analysis, and Epistemic Approaches
RoboPrivacy and the Law as "Meta-Technology"
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Charge of Consumer and Service Robots
3 Private Expectations
4 Holders of Personal Data
5 How to Design Robots that Abide by the Law
6 Conclusions
References
Revisiting Constitutive Rules
1 Introduction
2 Relevant Literature
3 An Integrated Model for Constitutive Rules
3.1 Distinguishing Constitutive-Of and Constitutive-For
3.2 Constitutive Elements
3.3 Separating Static and Dynamic Aspects
4 Constitutive Dimensions of Institutional Power
5 On the Ontological Status of Constitution
6 Conclusion and Further Developments
References
The Truth in Law and Its Explication
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Logical Structure of Legal Sentences and Its Representation
2.1 Legal Rule Sentences and Fact Sentences
2.2 Legal Element Sentences and Complex Sentences
2.3 Legal Object Sentences and Meta-sentences
3 The Logical Structure of Legal Reasoning
3.1 The Logical Structure of the Reasoning of Legal Justification
3.2 The Logical Structure of the Reasoning of Legal Creation
4 The Concepts of Truth in Law - Truth as Fact, as Validity and as Justice
4.1 The Truth as Fact
4.2 The Truth as Validity
4.3 The Truth as Justice
5 The Formal Semantic Foundation of the Concepts of Truth in Law
5.1 The Formal Semantic Definition of the Concept of Truth as Fact
5.2 The Formal Semantic Definition of the Concept of Truth as Validity
5.3 The Formal Semantic Definition of the Concept of Truth as Justice
6 The Ways to Explicate the Concepts of Truth in Law
6.1 The Intensional Explication of an Object
6.2 The Extensional Explication of an Object
6.3 The Mutual Relationship Between the Intensional and the Extensional Explication
6.4 The Explication of the Concept of Truth Itself or the Explication of True Legal Sentences?
6.5 The Way to Determine Valid Legal Sentences
6.6 The Way to Determine just or Unjust Legal Sentences
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
From Words to Images Through Legal Visualization
1 Introduction
2 Research Scenario
3 Background
3.1 Legal Visualizations and Legal Design
3.2 Legal Visualizations and Legal Informatics
4 Legal Visualizations: From Representation to Interpretation
4.1 Communication, Design, Hermeneutics, and Visualizations
4.2 Machine-Readable Representation and Interpretation
4.3 Iconography, Legal Design and Interpretation
5 Suggestions for a Visual Legal Interpretation Framework
5.1 Moving Forward: Participation, Representativeness, Customization
5.2 A Methodology for Legal Visualizations
6 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Rules and Norms Analysis and Representation
A Petri Net-Based Notation for Normative Modeling: Evaluation on Deontic Paradoxes
1 Introduction
2 Logic Programming Petri Nets
3 Deontic Exercises
3.1 Crossing or Not Crossing?
3.2 Gentle Murderer
3.3 White Fence
3.4 Privacy Act
3.5 Detachment Principles
3.6 Derived Obligation
3.7 Chisholm's Paradox
3.8 Residential Neighbourhood
4 Discussion and Further Developments
A Formalization
References
Legal Patterns for Different Constitutive Rules
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 Scope
2 Constitutive Rules
2.1 On the Constitutivity of Rules
2.2 Relative Necessities as Constitutive Statements
2.3 A Taxonomy of Constitutive Statements
2.4 Constitutive Rules for Compliance
3 Legal Concept Patterns
4 Legal Concept Patterns for Constitutive Rules
4.1 General Properties of a Constitutive Rule
4.2 The Legal Concept Pattern for Legal Definitions
4.3 The Legal Concept Pattern for Commencement Rules
4.4 The Legal Concept Pattern for Party-to-the-Law Statements
4.5 The Legal Concept Pattern for Relative Necessities
4.6 The Legal Concept Pattern for Amendments
4.7 Possibility Statements
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
An Architecture for Establishing Legal Semantic Workflows in the Context of Integrated Law Enforcement
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Architectural Challenges
2.1 Data Integration and Matching
2.2 Meta-Data
2.3 Workflow Orchestration
3 Architectural Overview
3.1 Knowledge Hub Services
3.1.1 Data Stores
3.1.2 Ontology and Meta-Data
3.1.3 Query Services
3.2 Ingestion and Integration Services
3.3 Analytic Services
3.4 Automation Services
3.5 Security
3.6 Legal Workflow Processing
3.7 Example
4 Intention and Future Work
References
Contributions to Modeling Patent Claims When Representing Patent Knowledge
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Structure of a Patent
2.1 The Structure of a Patent Claim
3 Claim Interpretation with the All-Element Rule
4 Relationship Among the Claims of a Patent
5 Patent Ontologies and Claims
5.1 Representing Patent Claim Information with WEB Semantics
5.2 Processing Claim Information with Description Logic
5.2.1 Discussion About Example 1 from Karam and Paschke [12]
5.2.2 Discussion About Example2 from Karam and Paschke [12]
6 Representing the All-Element Rule with Descriptive Logic and Deontic Logic
6.1 All-Element Rule in Description Logic
6.2 All-Element Rule in Standard Deontic Logic
7 A Practical Example
8 General Discussion
8.1 Prevalence of the All-Element Rule
9 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Modeling, Execution and Analysis of Formalized Legal Norms in Model Based Decision Structures
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 A Quick Glance at Legal Expert Systems
2.2 End-User Oriented Decision and Reasoning Systems
3 Model Based Formalization of Normative Regulations
3.1 The German Child Benefit Regulation
3.2 Model Based Formalization
4 The Model Based Legal Expert System
4.1 Executable Semantics of Legal Norms
4.2 Software Components of the Model Based Legal Expert System
4.3 Execution and Computation of Models in a Collaborative Environment
5 Analysis of Decision Structures for End-Users
5.1 Attribute-Based Dependency Trees
5.2 Interactive Data Flow Graphs
6 Conclusion
References
Causal Models of Legal Cases
1 Introduction
2 Background
2.1 Theories of Causation
2.2 The Althen's Case
3 Semi-formal Framework and Case Analysis
3.1 Semi-formal Framework
3.2 Models in the Language
3.3 The Arguments of the Expert Witnesses in Althen's
3.4 Preliminary Assessment
4 Causation and Burden of Proof
5 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Developing Rule-Based Expert System for People with Disabilities - The Case of Succession Law
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Basic Assumptions of the Legal Expert System
3 Description of the Domain
4 Methodology
5 Expert System in Action
6 Conclusions
References
Legal Vocabularies and Natural Language Processing
EuroVoc-Based Summarization of European Case Law
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Multi-lingual Document Processing
3.1 NLP Components
3.2 EuroVoc
4 Summarization of Case Law
4.1 TextRank
4.2 EuroVoc Keyword Extraction
4.3 Sentence Extraction
5 Case Study
5.1 Results
5.2 Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Towards Aligning legivoc Legal Vocabularies by Crowdsourcing
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 legivoc 1.0
3.1 User Interface and Capabilities
3.2 Technological Foundations
4 Alignment Management
4.1 Collecting Alignments
4.2 Using Alignments in legivoc
5 Using legivoc as a Web Service
6 Future Work
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Data Protection in Elderly Health Care Platforms
1 Introduction
2 The iGenda Example
3 The Data Protection Framework for AAL Systems
4 Legal Aspects for Data Storage
4.1 Health Data
4.2 Profiling
4.3 Data Access Feature
5 Technological Implementations
6 Conclusions
References
Assigning Creative Commons Licenses to Research Metadata: Issues and Cases
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Research Metadata Protocols and Practices
3 Current Use of Creative Commons (CC) Licenses in Research Metadata
4 Main Stakeholders
5 Applying Creative Commons Licenses to Research Metadata
6 Case Studies
6.1 CERN
6.2 da|ra
6.3 NCI
6.4 OpenAIRE
6.5 ResearchGraph
7 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Dataset Alignment and Lexicalization to Support Multilingual Analysis of Legal Documents
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Use-Case Scenarios
2.1 Semantic Integration
2.2 Natural Language Understanding
3 State of the Art on Linguistic Resources and Language Representation
4 The PMKI Project
5 Specific Actions with Reusable Outcomes in the Legal Domain
5.1 Comparative Study and Selection of Semantic Web Standards for Describing Multilingual Resources
5.2 Systems for Semantic and Lexical Integration of Multilingual Resources
5.3 Realization of Concrete Semantic Alignments and Lexical Enrichments and Assessing
6 Conclusions
References
A Multilingual Access Module to Legal Texts
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 The Ontology-Based Translation Module
3.1 Ontology-to-Text Relation
3.2 Implementation of the Ontology-Based Translation Module
4 Statistical Machine Translation Module
4.1 Used Corpora
4.2 Data Analysis
4.3 Translation Models
5 Integration and Evaluation of Both Models
6 Conclusions
References
Combining Natural Language Processing Approaches for Rule Extraction from Legal Documents
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 The Framework
3.1 Deontic Lightweight Ontology
3.2 Text Structure Lightweight Ontology
3.3 Extraction of Sentences
3.4 The Use of the Stanford NLP Library
3.5 Extraction of Terms
3.6 Annotation of Terms with Deontic Tags
3.7 Combination of Terms for Rule Definition
3.8 The Use of the CCG Parser
4 Evaluation
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Analysis of Legal References in an Emergency Legislative Setting
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 From Citations to Neutral References
3.1 Parser Outcome
4 Modificatory Relationship Analysis
5 Semantic References
6 Future Work
7 Conclusion
References
Legal Ontologies and Semantic Annotation
Using Legal Ontologies with Rules for Legal Textual Entailment
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Approach
3.1 Text Processing, Keywords, Triples, and Ontology Instantiation
3.2 Semantic Web Rule Language, Legal Rule Acquisition, Identification, and Execution
4 Results
5 Discussion
References
KR4IPLaw Judgment Miner - Case-Law Mining for Legal Norm Annotation
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Legal Norm Annotation
3.1 Introduction- Pragmatics
3.1.1 What Is the Relationship Between Case-Law and Statute Law?
3.2 Norm Annotation
4 KR4IPLaw System
5 KR4IPLaw Judgement Miner
6 Decision Model
7 Representation and Reasoning
8 Evaluation
8.1 Gold Standard
8.2 Precision and Recall
9 Conclusion
References
Towards Annotation of Legal Documents with Ontology Concepts
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 System Description
3.1 Document Representation
3.2 Concept Representation
3.3 Concept-Document Mapping
4 Evaluation
5 Conclusion
References
Reuse and Reengineering of Non-ontological Resources in the Legal Domain
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Specificities of NORs in the Legal Domain
2.1 Non-ontological Resources
2.2 Specificities of NORs in the Legal Domain
3 Methodological Reuse-Based Approaches on NORs
4 NORs Reuse and Engineering Processes
4.1 NORs Reuse Process
4.2 Non-ontological Resource Reengineering Process
5 Conclusion: Discussion and Lessons Learned
References
Ontology Modeling for Criminal Law
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Legal System and Criminal Law in Korea
3.1 The Differences Between Continental Law and Common Law
3.2 Characteristics of Criminal Law
3.3 Korean Anti-graft Act
4 Approach of Criminal Law Ontology
4.1 Criminal Law Ontology Construction
4.2 Judgment Rules of Criminal Law
5 Application to Anti-graft Act
5.1 Legal Domain Ontology Construction
5.2 Rules on Anti-graft Act Domain Ontology
6 Conclusion and Future Work
References
ContrattiPubblici.org, a Semantic Knowledge Graph on Public Procurement Information
1 Introduction
2 Related Works
3 Context and Data Source
3.1 Data Quality Issues
3.2 Ontology
4 Data Processing
4.1 Harvesting
4.2 Cleaning
4.3 Conversion to Linked Data
5 Results
6 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Application of Ontology Modularization for Building a Criminal Domain Ontology
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Ontology Modularization Challenges
3 Study Motivation
4 Ontology Modularization
4.1 What Is an Ontology Module?
4.2 Ontology Module Criteria
4.3 Ontology Module Classifications
4.4 Approaches of Ontology Modularization
5 Application of Ontology Modularization in the Legal Domain: CriMOnto
5.1 Upper Ontology Module
5.2 Core Ontology Module
5.3 Domain Ontology Module
5.4 Domain-Specific Ontology Module
5.5 Evaluation and Integration of Ontology Modules
6 Evaluation
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
A Linked Data Terminology for Copyright Based on Ontolex-Lemon
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Motivation: Legal Term Banks as Linked Data
3 Linked Resources and Methodology
3.1 Publication Format
3.2 The Copyright Term Bank
3.3 Publication Format
4 Qualified Translations
5 Related Work
6 Conclusions and Future Work
Acknowledgements
References
Legal Argumentation
Anything You Say May Be Used Against You in a Court of Law
1 Introduction
2 Sub-framework Semantics
3 Argumentation of Judge vs Argumentation of Others
4 Argument Against the Agent
5 Related Work
6 Conclusion
References
A Machine Learning Approach to Argument Mining in Legal Documents
1 Introduction
2 Proposed Approach
3 AEI Preliminary Results
4 Conclusion and Future Works
References
Answering Complex Queries on Legal Networks: A Direct and a Structured IR Approaches
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Data
3 Modeling Legal Collections as Graphs
3.1 Direct Approach
3.2 Structured Approach
3.3 Comparaison
4 Exact Search in Collection Graphs
4.1 Structured Approach
4.2 Direct Approach
5 Browsing for Approximate Search and Knowledge Discovery
5.1 Exploration Facilities
5.2 Approximate Search: Examples
5.3 Knowledge Discovery: Examples
6 Related Work
7 Conclusion
References
Inducing Predictive Models for Decision Support in Administrative Adjudication
1 Introduction
2 Prediction in Law
3 Datasets
4 Prediction
4.1 Hierarchical Attention Networks
4.2 Support Vector Machine
4.3 Maximum Entropy Classification
5 Decision Support
5.1 Salient Fact Detection
5.2 User Interface for Decision Support
6 Summary and Future Work
References
Arguments on the Interpretation of Sources of Law
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Method
2.1 Interpreting Sources of Norms
2.2 Argument Schemes for Normative Systems
3 Case Study
3.1 Setting the Scene
3.2 Can an Objection Only Be Withdrawn in Writing, or Orally During a Hearing?
3.3 Is the Instruction 'Call in Case of an Objection' Contra Legem?
3.4 Reasons for Policy Change
4 Conclusion
5 Future Work
References
Courts, Adjudication and Dispute Resolution
Dynamics of the Judicial Process by Defeater Activation
1 Introduction and Motivation
2 A Model of Abstract Argumentation Dynamics
2.1 Fundamentals for the Argumentation Framework
2.2 A Global Activating Approach
3 Dynamics of Judicial Procedures
3.1 An Example of Dynamics Through Appellate Instances
3.2 An Example of Dynamics on a Criminal Procedure
4 Conclusions, Related and Future Work
References
Claim Detection in Judgments of the EU Court of Justice
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Corpus
3.1 Data Collection
3.2 Annotation Guidelines
4 Methods
5 Results
6 Conclusion
References
A Non-intrusive Approach to Measuring Trust in Opponents in a Negotiation Scenario
1 Introduction
2 Conflict and Conflict Handling Styles
3 Measuring Trust Using an Algorithmic Approach
4 Case-Study: A Negotiation Scenario
4.1 An Intelligent Conflict Support Environment
4.2 Experimental Set-Up
4.3 Results
5 Conclusion
References
Network, Visualization, Analytics. A Tool Allowing Legal Scholars to Experimentally Investigate EU Case Law
1 Introduction
2 Network Analysis and Law: Current Experiences and Future Challenges
3 The EuCaseNet Project
3.1 System Functionalities and Application Workflow
3.2 Architecture
3.3 Preliminary Experiments
4 Discussion and Future Work
References
Electronic Evidence Semantic Structure: Exchanging Evidence Across Europe in a Coherent and Consistent Way
1 Introduction
2 Some Electronic Evidence Issues
3 Preliminary Remarks on the Concept of ``Electronic Evidence''
4 The Electronic Evidence Life Cycle
5 EVIDENCE Semantic Structure: An Overview
6 EVIDENCE Semantic Structure Development: Methodology
6.1 Extraction of Relevant Concepts
6.2 Choice of a Standard Way to Represent and Support The categorization Activities
7 Conclusions
References
Author Index

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