Biodegradable polymers have experienced a growing interest in recent years for applications in packaging, agriculture, automotive, medicine, and other areas. One of the drivers for this development is the great quantity of synthetic plastic discarded improperly in the environment. Therefore, R&D in industry and in academic research centers, search for materials that are reprocessable and biodegradable.
This unique book comprises 12 chapters written by subject specialists and is a state-of-the-art look at all types of polyethylene-based biocomposites and bionanocomposites. It includes deep discussion on the preparation, characterisation and applications of composites and nanocomposites of polyethylene-based biomaterials such as cellulose, chitin, starch, soy protein, PLA, casein, hemicellulose, PHA and bacterial cellulose.
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ISBN-13
978-1-119-03855-9 (9781119038559)
Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Title Page [Seite 5]
3 - Copyright Page [Seite 6]
4 - Contents [Seite 7]
5 - Preface [Seite 17]
6 - 1 Polyethylene-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites: State-of-the-Art, New Challenges and Opportunities [Seite 21]
6.1 - 1.1 Introduction [Seite 22]
6.2 - 1.2 History of the Synthesis of Polyethylene: From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Chemicals [Seite 25]
6.3 - 1.3 Commercial Significance of PE and Bio(nano) Composites [Seite 28]
6.4 - 1.4 State-of-the-Art [Seite 30]
6.4.1 - 1.4.1 Graphene [Seite 31]
6.4.2 - 1.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes [Seite 33]
6.4.3 - 1.4.3 Clays and Layered Silicates [Seite 35]
6.4.4 - 1.4.4 Alumium Oxide [Seite 36]
6.4.5 - 1.4.5 Hydroxyapatite [Seite 36]
6.4.6 - 1.4.6 Starch [Seite 38]
6.4.7 - 1.4.7 Nanocrystalline Cellulose [Seite 39]
6.4.8 - 1.4.8 Rice Husk [Seite 40]
6.4.9 - 1.4.9 Plant Fibers [Seite 40]
6.4.9.1 - 1.4.9.1 Flax Fibers [Seite 41]
6.4.9.2 - 1.4.9.2 Hemp Fibers [Seite 41]
6.4.9.3 - 1.4.9.3 Rape Fibers [Seite 43]
6.4.9.4 - 1.4.9.4 Sisal Fibers [Seite 43]
6.4.10 - 1.4.10 Distillers Grains [Seite 44]
6.4.11 - 1.4.11 Date Palm Wood Flour [Seite 44]
6.4.12 - 1.4.12 Chitin and Chitosan [Seite 45]
6.4.13 - 1.4.13 Keratin Fibers [Seite 46]
6.4.14 - 1.4.14 Eggshell [Seite 46]
6.4.15 - 1.4.15 Conch Shell [Seite 47]
6.4.16 - 1.4.16 Metal Nanoparticles [Seite 47]
6.4.17 - 1.4.17 PE as Additive for Other Biopolymers [Seite 48]
6.5 - 1.5 Preparation Methods for Nanocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 48]
6.5.1 - 1.5.1 Melt Mixing [Seite 48]
6.5.2 - 1.5.2 Solution Mixing [Seite 49]
6.5.3 - 1.5.3 In-Situ Polymerization [Seite 49]
6.5.4 - 1.5.4 Other Methods [Seite 49]
6.6 - 1.6 Environmental Concerns with Regard to Nanoparticles [Seite 49]
6.7 - 1.7 Challenges and Opportunities [Seite 50]
6.8 - References [Seite 51]
7 - 2 Polyethylene/Chitin-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 63]
7.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 63]
7.2 - 2.2 Preparation of Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 65]
7.2.1 - 2.2.1 Chitin Preparation [Seite 66]
7.2.1.1 - 2.2.1.1 Demineralization [Seite 66]
7.2.1.2 - 2.2.1.2 Deproteinization [Seite 66]
7.2.1.3 - 2.2.1.3 Bleaching [Seite 67]
7.2.2 - 2.2.2 Nanochitin Preparation [Seite 68]
7.2.3 - 2.2.3 Composites/Nanocomposites Preparation [Seite 68]
7.3 - 2.3 Characterization of Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 70]
7.3.1 - 2.3.1 Infrared Analysis of Chitin [Seite 70]
7.3.2 - 2.3.2 Mechanical Properties [Seite 71]
7.3.2.1 - 2.3.2.1 Biocomposite [Seite 71]
7.3.2.2 - 2.3.2.2 Bionanocomposite [Seite 73]
7.3.3 - 2.3.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis [Seite 75]
7.3.4 - 2.3.4 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (Frequency Sweep) [Seite 77]
7.4 - 2.4 Applications [Seite 82]
7.4.1 - 2.4.1 Biomedical Application [Seite 82]
7.4.2 - 2.4.2 Packaging and Coating Application [Seite 82]
7.4.3 - 2.4.3 Water Treatment [Seite 83]
7.4.4 - 2.4.4 Fire Retardant Application [Seite 84]
7.4.5 - 2.4.5 Recycling and Lifetime Studies [Seite 84]
7.5 - 2.5 Conclusions and Perspectives [Seite 84]
7.6 - References [Seite 85]
8 - 3 Polyethylene/Starch-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 89]
8.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 89]
8.2 - 3.2 Polyethylene/Starch-based Composite [Seite 90]
8.2.1 - 3.2.1 Preparation [Seite 92]
8.2.1.1 - 3.2.1.1 Plasticizers [Seite 92]
8.2.1.2 - 3.2.1.2 Extrusion [Seite 93]
8.2.1.3 - 3.2.1.3 Solid-state Shear Pulverization (SSSP) [Seite 94]
8.2.1.4 - 3.2.1.4 Mill Processing [Seite 95]
8.2.1.5 - 3.2.1.5 Melt Blending [Seite 96]
8.2.1.6 - 3.2.1.6 Solution Casting [Seite 96]
8.2.1.7 - 3.2.1.7 Injection Molding [Seite 97]
8.2.1.8 - 3.2.1.8 In-Situ Polymerization [Seite 97]
8.2.1.9 - 3.2.1.9 Electron Beam Irradiation [Seite 98]
8.2.2 - 3.2.2 Characterization [Seite 98]
8.2.2.1 - 3.2.2.1 Mechanical Properties [Seite 98]
8.2.2.2 - 3.2.2.2 Thermal Properties [Seite 101]
8.2.2.3 - 3.2.2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) [Seite 102]
8.2.2.4 - 3.2.2.4 Viscoelastic Properties [Seite 104]
8.2.2.5 - 3.2.2.5 Morphology [Seite 104]
8.2.2.6 - 3.2.2.6 Degradation [Seite 105]
8.2.2.7 - 3.2.2.7 Water Absorption [Seite 107]
8.2.2.8 - 3.2.2.8 Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) [Seite 108]
8.2.2.9 - 3.2.2.9 Gas Permeability (GP) [Seite 108]
8.2.2.10 - 3.2.2.10 Optical Properties [Seite 109]
8.2.3 - 3.2.3 Application [Seite 109]
8.2.3.1 - 3.2.3.1 Biomedical [Seite 109]
8.2.3.2 - 3.2.3.2 Packaging [Seite 110]
8.3 - 3.3 Conclusion [Seite 111]
8.4 - Abbreviations [Seite 112]
8.5 - References [Seite 113]
9 - 4 Polyethylene/Soy Protein-based Biocomposites: Properties, Applications, Challenges and Opportunities [Seite 119]
9.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 119]
9.2 - 4.2 Processing of Soy Protein [Seite 121]
9.3 - 4.3 Effect of Different Compatibilizers on Polyethylene/Soy Protein-based Biocomposites [Seite 122]
9.3.1 - 4.3.1 Effect of Polyethylene Grafted Maleic Anhydride [Seite 122]
9.3.1.1 - 4.3.1.1 Rheological Characterization [Seite 122]
9.3.1.2 - 4.3.1.2 Tensile Characterization [Seite 124]
9.3.1.3 - 4.3.1.3 Thermal Characterization [Seite 127]
9.3.1.4 - 4.3.1.4 Morphological Characterization [Seite 131]
9.3.1.5 - 4.3.1.5 Biodegradation [Seite 132]
9.3.2 - 4.3.2 Effect of Epoxidized Natural Rubber [Seite 155]
9.3.2.1 - 4.3.2.1 Rheological Characterization [Seite 156]
9.3.2.2 - 4.3.2.2 Tensile Characterization [Seite 157]
9.3.2.3 - 4.3.2.3 Thermal Characterization [Seite 162]
9.3.2.4 - 4.3.2.4 Morphological Characterization [Seite 166]
9.3.2.5 - 4.3.2.5 Biodegradation [Seite 166]
9.4 - 4.4 Opportunity and Challenges [Seite 181]
9.5 - References [Seite 183]
10 - 5 Polyethylene/Hemicellulose-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 187]
10.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 187]
10.2 - 5.2 Hemicellulose Structure [Seite 190]
10.2.1 - 5.2.1 Hardwood Hemicellulose [Seite 190]
10.2.1.1 - 5.2.1.1 Glucuronoxylan (GX) [Seite 190]
10.2.1.2 - 5.2.1.2 Glucomannan (GM) [Seite 190]
10.2.1.3 - 5.2.1.3 Xyloglucan (XG) [Seite 191]
10.2.2 - 5.2.2 Softwood Hemicellulose [Seite 191]
10.2.2.1 - 5.2.2.1 Galactoglucomannans (GGM) [Seite 191]
10.2.2.2 - 5.2.2.2 Arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX) [Seite 192]
10.3 - 5.3 Hemicellulose Properties [Seite 196]
10.4 - 5.4 Hemicellulose-based Biocomposites [Seite 197]
10.4.1 - 5.4.1 Xylan-based Biocomposites [Seite 197]
10.4.2 - 5.4.2 Manam-based Biocomposites [Seite 199]
10.5 - 5.5 Hemicellulose-based Bionanocomposites [Seite 206]
10.5.1 - 5.5.1 Xylan-based Bionanocomposites [Seite 206]
10.5.2 - 5.5.2 Manam-based Bionanocomposites [Seite 208]
10.6 - 5.6 Hemicellulose Applications [Seite 210]
10.7 - 5.7 Conclusion [Seite 211]
10.8 - Acknowledgment [Seite 212]
10.9 - References [Seite 212]
11 - 6 Polyethylene/Polyhydroxyalkanoates-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 221]
11.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 222]
11.2 - 6.2 Polyethylene/Polyhydroxyalkanoates-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 222]
11.2.1 - 6.2.1 Preparation [Seite 224]
11.2.1.1 - 6.2.1.1 Milling Processes [Seite 224]
11.2.1.2 - 6.2.1.2 Intermix and Brabender Mixing [Seite 228]
11.2.1.3 - 6.2.1.3 Melt Blending [Seite 229]
11.2.1.4 - 6.2.1.4 Extrusion [Seite 231]
11.2.1.5 - 6.2.1.5 Injection Molding [Seite 232]
11.2.1.6 - 6.2.1.6 In-Situ Polymerization [Seite 235]
11.2.2 - 6.2.2 Characterizations [Seite 236]
11.2.2.1 - 6.2.2.1 Tensile Characterizations [Seite 237]
11.2.2.2 - 6.2.2.2 Thermal Characterizations [Seite 237]
11.2.2.3 - 6.2.2.3 Morphological Characterizations [Seite 241]
11.2.2.4 - 6.2.2.4 X-ray Diffraction [Seite 243]
11.2.2.5 - 6.2.2.5 Spectroscopic Characterizations [Seite 244]
11.2.2.6 - 6.2.2.6 Rheological Characterization [Seite 246]
11.2.2.7 - 6.2.2.7 Viscoelastic Characterizations [Seite 248]
11.2.2.8 - 6.2.2.8 Electrical Characterizations [Seite 251]
11.2.3 - 6.2.3 Applications of PE/PHAs-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 253]
11.2.3.1 - 6.2.3.1 PE/PHAs-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites in Biomedical Applications [Seite 254]
11.2.3.2 - 6.2.3.2 PE/PHAs-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites in Packaging Applications [Seite 257]
11.2.3.3 - 6.2.3.3 PE/PHAs-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites in Structural Applications [Seite 260]
11.2.3.4 - 6.2.3.4 PE/PHAs-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites in Military Applications [Seite 262]
11.2.3.5 - 6.2.3.5 PE/PHAs-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites in Coating Applications [Seite 265]
11.2.3.6 - 6.2.3.6 PE/PHAs-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites in Fire-Retardant Applications [Seite 268]
11.2.3.7 - 6.2.3.7 PE/PHAs-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites in Aerospace Applications [Seite 269]
11.2.3.8 - 6.2.3.8 PE/PHAs-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites in Optical Applications [Seite 271]
11.2.3.9 - 6.2.3.9 Recycling and Lifetime Studies on PE/PHAs-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 273]
11.3 - 6.3 Conclusions [Seite 275]
11.4 - Abbreviations [Seite 276]
11.5 - References [Seite 277]
12 - 7 Polyethylene/Other Biomaterials-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 299]
12.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 299]
12.2 - 7.2 Polyethylene/Lignin-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 304]
12.2.1 - 7.2.1 Preparation [Seite 306]
12.2.1.1 - 7.2.1.1 Twin-screw Extruder [Seite 306]
12.2.1.2 - 7.2.1.2 Single-screw Extruder [Seite 306]
12.2.1.3 - 7.2.1.3 Brabender Mixer [Seite 306]
12.2.1.4 - 7.2.1.4 Compression Molding [Seite 307]
12.2.1.5 - 7.2.1.5 Haake Buchler Internal Batch Mixer [Seite 307]
12.2.1.6 - 7.2.1.6 Melt Blending [Seite 307]
12.2.1.7 - 7.2.1.7 Solvent/Solution Casting Method [Seite 308]
12.2.2 - 7.2.2 Characterization [Seite 308]
12.2.2.1 - 7.2.2.1 Mechanical Properties [Seite 308]
12.2.2.2 - 7.2.2.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Lignin Containing Biocomposites [Seite 310]
12.2.2.3 - 7.2.2.3 Characterization of Biodegraded PE/Lignin Biocomposites [Seite 312]
12.2.2.4 - 7.2.2.4 Morphology of Lignin and LDPE/Lignin Biocomposites [Seite 314]
12.2.3 - 7.2.3 Applications [Seite 314]
12.3 - 7.3 Polyethylene/Alginate-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 316]
12.3.1 - 7.3.1 Preparation [Seite 318]
12.3.1.1 - 7.3.1.1 Compression Molding [Seite 318]
12.3.2 - 7.3.2 Characterization [Seite 319]
12.3.2.1 - 7.3.2.1 Mechanical Properties of the Biocomposites [Seite 319]
12.3.2.2 - 7.3.2.2 Thermal Properties of the Matrix and the Biocomposites [Seite 319]
12.3.2.3 - 7.3.2.3 Biodegradation of Alginate-based Polyethylene Composites [Seite 321]
12.3.3 - 7.3.3 Applications [Seite 322]
12.4 - 7.4 Polyethylene/Casein-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 322]
12.4.1 - 7.4.1 Preparation [Seite 324]
12.4.1.1 - 7.4.1.1 Twin-screw Extruder [Seite 324]
12.4.1.2 - 7.4.1.2 Brabender Plasti-corder [Seite 324]
12.4.1.3 - 7.4.1.3 Injection Molded [Seite 325]
12.4.2 - 7.4.2 Characterization [Seite 325]
12.4.2.1 - 7.4.2.1 Mechanical Properties [Seite 325]
12.4.2.2 - 7.4.2.2 Thermal Properties [Seite 326]
12.4.2.3 - 7.4.2.3 Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy [Seite 326]
12.4.3 - 7.4.3 Applications [Seite 326]
12.5 - 7.5 Conclusions [Seite 327]
12.6 - References [Seite 328]
13 - 8 Studies of Polyethylene-based Biocomposites, Bionanocomposites and Other Non-Biobased Nanocomposites [Seite 335]
13.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 336]
13.2 - 8.2 Studies of Polyethylene-based Biocomposites [Seite 337]
13.2.1 - 8.2.1 Polyethylene/Starch-based Biocomposites [Seite 337]
13.2.1.1 - 8.2.1.1 Preparation and Characterization [Seite 338]
13.2.2 - 8.2.2 Polyethylene/Starch/Cellulose Fiber Biocomposites [Seite 342]
13.2.2.1 - 8.2.2.1 Preparation and Characterization [Seite 342]
13.3 - 8.3 Studies of Polyethylene-based Bionanocomposites [Seite 347]
13.3.1 - 8.3.1 Nanofillers for Bionanocomposites [Seite 347]
13.3.2 - 8.3.2 Polyethylene/Starch/Cellulose Fiber/Halloysite Bionanocomposites [Seite 350]
13.3.2.1 - 8.3.2.1 Preparation and Characterization [Seite 350]
13.4 - 8.4 Studies of Polyethylene and Other Non-biobased Nanocomposites [Seite 354]
13.4.1 - 8.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes [Seite 354]
13.4.2 - 8.4.2 Polyethylene/Carbon Nanotubes Composites [Seite 356]
13.4.2.1 - 8.4.2.1 Preparation and Characterization [Seite 356]
13.5 - 8.5 Concluding Remarks [Seite 358]
13.6 - References [Seite 358]
14 - 9 Biodegradation Study of Polyethylene-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 365]
14.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 365]
14.2 - 9.2 Biopolymer-based Biocomposites [Seite 366]
14.3 - 9.3 Biopolymer-based Bionanocomposites [Seite 367]
14.4 - 9.4 Applications of Biopolymer-based Biocomposites and Bionanocomposites [Seite 367]
14.5 - 9.5 Biodegradation [Seite 369]
14.6 - 9.6 Biodegradation Study of Cellulose-based Biocomposites/Bionanocomposites [Seite 370]
14.7 - 9.7 Biodegradation Study of Chitin-based Biocomposites/Bionanocomposites [Seite 372]
14.8 - 9.8 Biodegradation Study of Starch-based Biocomposites/Bionanocomposites [Seite 373]
14.9 - 9.9 Biodegradation Study of Hemicellulose-based Biocomposites/Bionanocomposites [Seite 375]
14.10 - 9.10 Biodegradation Study of Polylactic Acid-based Biocomposites/Bionanocomposites [Seite 376]
14.11 - 9.11 Biodegradation Study of Polyhydroxyalkanoates-based Biocomposites/Bionanocomposites [Seite 377]
14.12 - 9.12 Conclusions [Seite 380]
14.13 - Acknowledgments [Seite 380]
14.14 - References [Seite 380]
15 - 10 Polyethylene-based Bio-and Nanocomposites for Packaging Applications [Seite 385]
15.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 386]
15.2 - 10.2 Polyethylene-based Nanocomposites [Seite 389]
15.2.1 - 10.2.1 Layered Silicates [Seite 391]
15.2.2 - 10.2.2 Barrier Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites [Seite 394]
15.2.3 - 10.2.3 Polyethylene/Clay Nanocomposites for Packaging Applications [Seite 399]
15.2.4 - 10.2.4 Polyethylene-based Nanocomposites for Active Packaging [Seite 400]
15.3 - 10.3 Polyethylene-based Biocomposites [Seite 403]
15.3.1 - 10.3.1 Gas Permeation [Seite 405]
15.3.2 - 10.3.2 Water Permeation [Seite 408]
15.4 - 10.4 Polyethylene-based Bionanocomposites [Seite 413]
15.5 - 10.5 Conclusions [Seite 417]
15.6 - References [Seite 418]
16 - 11 Properties and Utilization of Plant Fibers and Nanocellulose for Thermoplastic Composites [Seite 425]
16.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 426]
16.2 - 11.2 Plant Fibers [Seite 427]
16.2.1 - 11.2.1 Fiber Source [Seite 427]
16.2.2 - 11.2.2 Plant-fiber Types [Seite 427]
16.2.3 - 11.2.3 Plant-fiber Yield [Seite 427]
16.2.4 - 11.2.4 Chemical Composition of Plant Fibers [Seite 429]
16.2.5 - 11.2.5 Mechanical Properties of Plant Fibers [Seite 432]
16.2.6 - 11.2.6 Modification of Plant Fibers [Seite 434]
16.2.6.1 - 11.2.6.1 Physical Methods [Seite 434]
16.2.6.2 - 11.2.6.2 Chemical Methods [Seite 435]
16.2.6.3 - 11.2.6.3 Coupling Agents [Seite 435]
16.2.6.4 - 11.2.6.4 Alkaline Treatment [Seite 436]
16.2.6.5 - 11.2.6.5 Acetylation [Seite 437]
16.2.6.6 - 11.2.6.6 Thermal Treatment [Seite 437]
16.2.6.7 - 11.2.6.7 Other Chemical Treatments [Seite 438]
16.3 - 11.3 Nanocellulose [Seite 438]
16.3.1 - 11.3.1 Microfibrillated Cellulose [Seite 441]
16.3.2 - 11.3.2 Nanocrystalline Cellulose [Seite 442]
16.4 - 11.4 Conclusions [Seite 444]
16.5 - References [Seite 445]
17 - 12 Modification of Poly(lactic acid) Matrix by Chemically Modified Flax Fiber Bundles and Poly(ethylene glycol) Plasticizer [Seite 449]
17.1 - 12.1 Introduction [Seite 449]
17.2 - 12.2 Experimental [Seite 451]
17.2.1 - 12.2.1 Materials [Seite 451]
17.2.2 - 12.2.2 Flax Fiber Surface Modification and Characterization [Seite 451]
17.2.3 - 12.2.3 Compounding, Processing and Characterization of PLA/Flax Fiber Composites and PLA/PEG Blends [Seite 452]
17.3 - 12.3 Results and Discussion [Seite 453]
17.3.1 - 12.3.1 PLA Matrix Modification with Silane-treated Fibers [Seite 453]
17.3.2 - 12.3.2 PLA Matrix Modification with PEG [Seite 456]
17.4 - 12.4 Conclusions [Seite 462]
17.5 - Acknowledgments [Seite 463]
17.6 - References [Seite 463]
18 - Index [Seite 467]
19 - EULA [Seite 476]
