Animal Cruelty Investigations

Name: Animal Cruelty Investigations | A Collaborative Approach from Victim to Verdict
Brand: Wiley
Price: 84.99 EUR
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A Collaborative Approach from Victim to Verdict

Kris Otteman Linda Fielder Emily Lewis(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 14. Januar 2022

464 Seiten

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Beschreibung

Animal Cruelty Investigations: A Collaborative Approach from Victim to Verdict provides a framework for the experts who respond to animal cruelty cases: veterinarians, law enforcement agencies, animal care and control organizations, and prosecutors.

This book is a practical guide which provides insight and direction for every phase of an animal cruelty investigation. The step-by-step guidance on responding to particular issues and challenges related to animal cruelty cases is bolstered by the extensive library of checklists, form templates, specific case protocols, and lists of available resources. This book is designed to empower readers to respond to animal cruelty cases confidently and effectively by:

* Introducing veterinarians to their critical role in animal cruelty investigations including forensic examination and necropsy, crime scene response, report writing, and testimony. Included are detailed Specific Case Protocols for common animal cruelty scenarios.

* Helping animal shelters navigate the challenges of holding animals in protective custody, housing unusual species, and placing evidence animals in foster care.

* Offering law enforcement agencies useful methods for investigating animal cruelty such as search and seizure protocols, witness interview techniques, and valuable forms and templates necessary to strengthen and ensure proper search warrant execution, evidence collection and handling, and chain of custody; all with a focus on animals as both victims and evidence.

* Guiding prosecutors through the steps necessary to utilize the veterinarian's findings during trial and providing insight into issues to be considered when reviewing search warrants, filing charges, proposing plea agreements, or filing pre-conviction forfeiture motions.

This book is a must-have reference and guide for veterinarians, technicians, law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and all those involved in the protection of animals' health and wellbeing. The successful investigation of animal crimes relies on each of these disciplines, not only carrying out their professional duties, but having a collective understanding of what each other needs in order to meet that expectation.

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Making the Most of This Resource
1.1.1 How to Use This Book
1.1.2 Roadmap
1.2 Why Definitions Are Important
1.3 Terms and Phrases: Animal Cruelty Cases
1.3.1 Animal
1.3.2 Active Animal Cruelty
1.3.3 Passive Animal Cruelty
1.3.4 Good Animal Husbandry
1.3.5 Mandatory Reporting
1.4 Terms and Phrases: Veterinary Medicine
1.4.1 Acute
1.4.2 Bright, Alert, and Responsive (BAR)
1.4.3 Blunt Force Trauma
1.4.4 Body Condition Score (BCS)
1.4.5 CBC/Chemistry
1.4.6 Chronic
1.4.7 Easy Keeper
1.4.8 Lividity
1.4.9 Necropsy
1.4.10 Nonaccidental Injury or Death
1.4.11 PE
1.4.12 Predation
1.4.13 Radiographs
1.4.14 Rigor
1.4.15 Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan (SOAP) Note
1.4.16 Stereotypic Behavior
1.4.17 Unremarkable
1.4.18 Veterinary Forensics
1.5 Terms and Phrases: Law Enforcement and Field Services
1.5.1 Affidavit
1.5.2 Chain of Custody
1.5.3 Citation
1.5.4 Civilian
1.5.5 Custodial
1.5.6 Evidence
1.5.7 Interview
1.5.8 Miranda
1.5.9 Officer Safety
1.5.10 Probable Cause
1.5.11 Protective Custody
1.5.12 Public Information Officer (PIO)
1.5.13 Reasonable Suspicion
1.5.14 Reporting Party
1.5.15 Risk Assessment
1.5.16 Search Warrant
1.5.17 Seizure
1.5.18 Suspect
1.5.19 Third-Party Owner
1.5.20 Witness
1.6 Terms and Phrases: Criminal Law
1.6.1 Alford Plea
1.6.2 Arraignment
1.6.3 Authentication
1.6.4 Brady Material
1.6.5 Brief
1.6.6 Charging Enhancement
1.6.7 Charging Information
1.6.8 Defendant
1.6.9 Diversion
1.6.10 Expert Witness
1.6.11 Forfeiture
1.6.12 Foreclosure
1.6.13 Grand Jury
1.6.14 Hearing
1.6.15 Judgment
1.6.16 Lay Witness
1.6.17 Lien
1.6.18 Mental State
1.6.19 Motion
1.6.20 No Contest
1.6.21 Plea Bargain/Agreement
1.6.22 Pretrial Hearing
1.6.23 Possession Ban
1.6.24 Probation
1.6.25 Release Order
1.6.26 Restitution
1.6.27 Sentencing
1.6.28 Stipulate
1.6.29 Testimony
1.6.30 Trial
1.6.31 Victim
1.6.32 Voir Dire
1.7 Looking Ahead
References
Chapter 2 Animal Basics
2.1 The History of the Five Freedoms and Their Impact on Animal Welfare Laws
2.2 Veterinarians as Experts in the Field
2.3 With So Many Species, Where to Begin?
2.4 Defining Animals by Category
2.5 Animal Basics by Species
2.5.1 Hoofstock
2.5.2 Equine
2.5.3 Feline (Domestic Cats)
2.5.4 Canine (Domestic Dogs)
2.5.5 Small Mammals (Rabbits, Guinea Pigs, Mice, Rats, Ferrets)
2.5.6 Avian
2.5.7 Poultry
2.5.8 Reptiles
2.5.9 Unusual Exotics
2.6 Basics That Apply to All Animals
2.7 Putting Your Basic Knowledge to Work
References
Chapter 3 Fundamentals of All Cases
3.1 Interdisciplinary Roles
3.2 Environment
3.3 Sanitation
3.3.1 Some Considerations Regarding Sanitation
3.4 Food and Water
3.4.1 Assessment of Food and Water
3.5 Nutrition
3.6 Documentation
3.7 Body Condition
3.8 Documenting Body Condition
3.9 Dental, Foot, and Hoof Care
3.10 Veterinary Care, Medications, and Treatment
3.11 Nonaccidental Injury and Trauma
3.12 The Link Between Animal Cruelty and Crimes Against Humans
3.13 Emergency Issues
References
Chapter 4 Initial Investigation and Assessment
4.1 Types of Reports
4.2 Anonymous Reports
4.3 Required Information
4.4 Response Triage
4.5 Legitimate or Not? How to Decide
4.6 Responding to Calls: Initial Site Visit
4.6.1 Using All Your Senses
4.6.2 Attempting Contact: No One Home/No Answer
4.6.3 Attempting Contact: Responsible Party Is Not Home/Is Unavailable
4.6.4 Attempting Contact: Owner Is Home/Contact Successful
4.6.5 Attempting Contact: Owner Is Uncooperative
4.6.6 Unable to Make Contact
4.6.7 Exigent Circumstances
4.6.8 Cross-Reporting and Other Vulnerable Individuals
Chapter 5 Witness and Subject Interviewing
5.1 Preparation for the Interview
5.2 Interview Location and Setting
5.3 Miranda and Consent
5.4 Building Rapport
5.5 Ask Clear and Direct Open-Ended Questions
5.6 Suspect Interviews
5.7 Reading Body Language and Detecting Deception
5.8 Confessions
5.9 Ending the Interview
5.10 Documenting the Interview
5.11 Additional Resources and Training
References
Chapter 6 The Veterinarian's Role in Animal Cruelty Investigations
6.1 The Veterinarian is an Important Partner in Animal Cruelty Investigations
6.2 The Veterinarian's Oath
6.3 How Veterinary Forensics Differs from Traditional Veterinary Medicine
6.4 Veterinary Confidentiality and Medical Records Requests
6.5 Public Information Considerations
6.6 Conflicts of Interest
6.7 Be Familiar with the Laws
6.8 How to Find and Build Knowledge in the Area of Animal Law
6.9 Understand What the Prosecutor and Law Enforcement Need to Know
6.9.1 Animal Neglect
6.9.2 Animal Abuse
References
Chapter 7 The Veterinary Exam and Treatment Plan
7.1 Request and Review Evidentiary Material
7.2 Initial Steps
7.2.1 Relevant History
7.2.2 Overview of the Physical Exam Process for Live Animals
7.3 Examination Key Elements
7.3.1 Section A: Documentation, Identification, Examination
7.3.2 Section B: Behavior Observations
7.3.3 Section C: Evaluating Pain
7.3.4 Section D: Additional Diagnostics
7.3.5 Section E: Special Considerations
7.3.6 Section F: Documentation
7.4 Ongoing Responsibilities of the Veterinarian
References
Chapter 8 Setting Expectations and Monitoring Compliance
8.1 Education and Guidance vs. Citation
8.2 Passive Neglect and Lack of Resources
8.3 Education
8.4 Setting Expectations
8.5 What You Can and Cannot Require
8.6 Conducting Rechecks
8.7 What If Nothing Improves or Conditions Worsen?
8.8 What About Animal Hoarders?
References
Chapter 9 Search Warrants and Seizures
9.1 Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement in Animal Cruelty Cases
9.1.1 Consent
9.1.2 Exigent Circumstances
9.1.3 Emergency Aid
9.1.4 Plain View
9.2 Prewarrant Considerations
9.2.1 Standard Considerations
9.2.2 Considerations Unique to Animal Cruelty Cases
9.4 Before You Serve the Warrant
9.4.1 Aerial Maps
9.4.2 Plan Your Process (Expect It to Change)
9.4.3 The Little Things
9.4.4 Prepare for the Unexpected
9.4.5 Multijurisdictional Partnerships
9.4.6 Confirm Veterinary and Animal Handler Experts
9.4.7 Plan for Known Aggressive Animals
9.4.8 Assess Need for Personal Protective Equipment
9.5 Preservice Briefing
9.6 Serving the Warrant
9.6.1 Serving the Warrant
9.6.2 Scene Processing
9.7 Start Documenting the Scene
9.7.1 Temperature
9.7.2 Map
9.7.3 Initial Scene Video
9.8 System for Evidence Documentation and Processing
9.8.1 Document Conditions
9.8.2 Separate Crime Scenes
9.9 Processing the Animals
9.9.1 Veterinarian's Role: Animal Processing on Scene
9.9.2 Order of Removal
9.9.3 Process of Removal
9.10 Forms
9.10.1 Property in Custody Form
9.10.2 Camera Log
9.10.3 Habitat Evaluation Form
9.10.4 Transport Inventory
9.10.5 Notice Language
9.10.6 Confidentiality Forms
9.10.7 Relinquishment Forms
9.10.8 Scene Access Log
9.10.9 Evidence Placards
9.10.10 Chain of Custody Forms
9.11 Discovering Evidence of Other Crimes
9.12 The First 24 Hours After the Search Warrant Execution
9.12.1 Veterinarian's Role: Immediately Post Warrant Service
9.12.2 The Paperwork
References
Chapter 10 Evidence Collection
10.1 What is Evidence?
10.2 How Evidence in Animal Cruelty Cases Differs from Traditional Property Crimes
10.2.1 Nonliving Evidence
10.2.2 Living Evidence
10.2.3 Where and How to Look for Live Animal Evidence
10.3 How to Package the Evidence
10.3.1 What Is Chain of Custody?
10.3.2 Nonliving Evidence
10.3.3 Living Evidence
10.4 What to Do with Evidence Until Trial
10.4.1 Nonliving Evidence
10.4.2 Live Evidence
10.5 Evidence at Trial
10.5.1 Nonliving Evidence
10.5.2 Living Evidence
10.6 Evidence After Trial
10.6.1 Nonliving Evidence
10.6.2 Living Evidence
10.6.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Veterinary Forensic Necropsy
11.1 How a Forensic Necropsy is Different
11.2 The Importance of the Forensic Necropsy
11.3 Necropsy at the Owner's Request
11.4 Packaging and Storing Remains Prior to Necropsy
11.5 Forensic Necropsy Equipment and Protocols
11.6 Case History
11.8 The Necropsy Report
11.8.1 Heading
11.8.2 Introduction and Narrative Section
11.8.3 Findings Section
11.8.4 Summary Section
11.8.5 Conclusion Section and Final Veterinary Opinion
11.8.6 Referencing the Law
11.8.7 Signature and Attachments
11.9 Next Steps
11.10 An Important Reminder
References
Chapter 12 Report Writing
12.1 Introduction
12.2 General Principles
12.2.1 Organization: Headings and Chronological Order
12.2.2 Topic Sentences
12.2.3 Passive Voice
12.2.4 Proofread
12.2.5 Jargon
12.2.6 Quoting
12.3 Crime Report
12.3.1 Include Sensory Details
12.3.2 Include Statements from Individual Co-Suspects
12.3.3 Explain Where You Are Physically
12.3.4 Document Delivery of Warnings or Notices
12.3.5 Include Behavior of the Animals
12.3.6 Investigator Notebooks
12.4 Veterinarian Reports
12.4.1 Initial Veterinary Report
12.4.2 Crime Scene
12.4.3 Description of Victim Animal Population
12.4.4 Physical Exam Findings
12.4.5 Photos
12.4.6 Terminology and Laymen's Terms
12.4.7 Conclusion
12.4.8 Necropsy Report
12.4.9 Supplemental Veterinary Reports
12.5 Witness Statements
12.5.1 Who Generates?
12.5.2 Generate Quickly
12.5.3 Form
12.5.4 What to Include
12.6 The Case Packet
12.6.1 Importance
12.6.2 Process
12.6.3 What to Include and Why
12.6.4 Miscellaneous Suggestions
12.7 Conclusion
Chapter 13 Protective Custody (Live Animals)
13.1 The Challenge of Live Animal Evidence
13.2 The First 24 Hours
13.3 Know Your Agency's Capacity
13.4 Facility Set-Up and Security
13.5 Training Staff and Confidentiality
13.6 Paperwork and Record Keeping
13.6.1 Veterinary Exam Forms
13.6.2 Protective Custody Sign In/Out Form
13.6.3 Other Logs and Records
13.7 Providing Security Without Isolation
13.8 Foster Care and Offsite Boarding
13.9 Routine and Emergency Veterinary Care
13.10 Death in Care and Euthanasia Considerations
13.11 Offspring Born in Care
References
Chapter 14 Media and Fundraising
14.1 Media Coverage
14.1.1 Types of Media Coverage
14.1.2 Objectives in Media Coverage
14.1.3 Defendant's Rights
14.1.4 Risks in Media Coverage
14.1.5 Existing Guidelines
14.1.6 Different Phases of the Case
14.2 Handling Negative Press
14.3 Internal Communications Policy
14.4 Fundraising
14.4.1 Why Is Fundraising Necessary?
14.4.2 Vulnerabilities Created by Fundraising
14.4.3 Traditional Methods of Fundraising
14.4.4 Timing
14.4.5 Fundraising and Restitution
14.4.6 Guidelines for Necessary Fundraising
References
Chapter 15 Forfeiture, Surrender, and Related Legal Remedies
15.1 Seized Animals and Reasonable Minimum Care
15.2 The Impact of Seizure Expenses - and Responsive Solutions
15.3 Voluntary Relinquishment
15.4 The Seized Animal as Contraband
15.5 Preconviction Forfeiture
15.6 Preconviction Forfeiture: Bond-or-Forfeit Statutes
15.7 Bond-or-Forfeit Statute Examples
15.8 Bond-or-Forfeit Statutes Are Constitutionally Compliant
15.9 Restitution
15.10 Forfeiture via Sentencing
15.11 Cost-of-Care Liens
15.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Trial
16.1 Trials: An Overview
16.2 The Players
16.2.1 The Prosecutor
16.2.2 The Judge
16.2.3 The Fact Finder
16.2.4 The Defendant
16.2.5 The Defense Attorney
16.2.6 The Witnesses
16.2.7 The Burden of Proof
16.3 How a Typical Criminal Case Gets to Trial
16.4 Pretrial Matters
16.4.1 Motions
16.4.2 Jury Selection
16.5 The Trial
16.5.1 Opening Statements
16.5.2 Presentation of Evidence
16.5.3 Motion for a Judgment of Acquittal
16.5.4 Closing Arguments
16.5.5 The Verdict
16.5.6 Sentencing
16.5.7 Appeals
16.6 Topics for Prosecutors
16.6.1 The Training Gap
16.6.2 Private Lab Problems
16.6.3 Questioning Experts
16.6.4 Jury Selection
16.6.5 Sentencing
16.6.6 Animal Legal Defense Fund
16.7 Conclusion
Introduction to the Appendix
Appendix A: Specific Case Protocols
Appendix B: Forms and Checklists
Appendix C: Templates and Agreements
Appendix D: Resources
Index
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