
Cognitive Lexicography
Beschreibung
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English lexicography and linguistics have always shared close ties, yet the potential of cognitive linguistics for lexicography has only been hesitantly acknowledged in the literature. This is what cognitive lexicography attempts to change by using insights gained in cognitive semantic research for the development of new dictionary features. After a short survey of the history and practice of English monolingual learner lexicography, as well as an outline of the relationship between linguistics and lexicography, three new dictionary features are developed. They cover three different cognitive semantic theories as well as three different parts of the monolingual dictionary entry, each time for a new set of lexemes. Frame semantics, conceptual metaphor theory, as well as cognitive conceptions of polysemy, are used to create a new example section for agentive nouns, a new defining structure for emotion terms and a new microstructural arrangement for particle entries. Dictionary analyses on all, as well as user studies on two of the features, complement these suggestions. The monograph thus presents a new approach to lexicography that incorporates into its description of lexical items how humans perceive and conceptualise language.
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Inhalt
- Intro
- Preface
- Contents
- 1 A new approach to lexicography
- 2 A history of learner lexicography
- 2.1 English lexicography up to the 20th century
- 2.1.1 The beginnings: glosses and hard words
- 2.1.2 Johnson, Murray and Webster
- 2.2 Genesis of learner's dictionaries
- 2.2.1 Influential figures for EFL-lexicography
- 2.2.2 Linguistic research
- 2.3 Generations of learner's dictionaries
- 2.3.1 Survey of publications and editions
- 2.3.2 Different features and approaches
- 3 Principles of learner lexicography
- 3.1 The form of the dictionary
- 3.1.1 The genre of monolingual learner's dictionaries
- 3.1.2 Macrostructure and microstructure
- 3.1.3 Multiple forms and meanings
- 3.2 Defining practice
- 3.2.1 Defining formats
- 3.2.2 Defining principles and defining vocabularies
- 3.3 Further means of meaning explanation
- 3.3.1 Example sentences
- 3.3.2 Illustrations and other features
- 3.4 On lexicography as a science
- 4 Cognitive linguistics and lexicography
- 4.1 Combining two disciplines
- 4.1.1 The relationship of the disciplines
- 4.1.2 Cognitive linguistics as a new input
- 4.2 Categorisation in dictionaries
- 4.2.1 Human categorisation
- 4.2.1.1 The horizontal level
- 4.2.1.2 The vertical level
- 4.2.2 Categorisation in definitions and illustrations
- 4.2.2.1 Lexicography on categorisation
- 4.2.2.2 Birds in the dictionary
- 4.3 Cognitive Lexicography
- 5 Person-denoting nouns
- 5.1 Frame semantics
- 5.1.1 Frames and scripts in cognitive linguistics
- 5.1.2 Frame semantics applied to lexicography
- 5.1.2.1 Risk, FrameNet and other approaches
- 5.1.2.2 Frame-based dictionaries and example sentences
- 5.2 Cognitive frame example sections
- 5.2.1 Person-denoting nouns and their frames
- 5.2.2 Cognitive frame-example structure
- 5.2.3 Frame example sections
- 5.2.4 A cognitive macrostructure
- 5.3 Analysis of dictionary examples
- 5.3.1 "The Big Five"
- 5.3.2 OALD1-OALD8
- 5.4 User-studies of cognitive frame examples
- 5.4.1 Dictionaries and vocabulary learning
- 5.4.2 Testing productive use: gap-fill task
- 5.4.2.1 Methodology
- 5.4.2.2 Design of materials
- 5.4.2.3 Results and discussion
- 5.4.3 A further step: vocabulary task
- 5.4.3.1 Methodology
- 5.4.3.2 Design of materials
- 5.4.3.3 Results and discussion
- 5.4.4 General discussion of results
- 6 Abstract nouns: emotion terms
- 6.1 Cognitive approaches to emotion terms
- 6.1.1 Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy Theory
- 6.1.2 Metaphor and metonymy and emotion terms
- 6.1.3 Further research on emotion terms
- 6.1.3.1 Research in psychology
- 6.1.3.2 Semantic primitives
- 6.2 Cognitive definitions of emotion terms
- 6.2.1 The set of emotion terms
- 6.2.2 Cognitive defining format
- 6.2.3 Definitions of basic emotion terms
- 6.2.4 Definitions of complex emotion terms
- 6.3 Analysis of dictionary definitions
- 6.3.1 Basic emotion terms
- 6.3.1.1 "The Big Five"
- 6.3.1.2 OALD1-OALD8
- 6.3.2 Complex emotion terms
- 6.3.2.1 "The Big Five"
- 6.3.2.2 OALD1-OALD8
- 6.4 User-studies of cognitive definitions
- 6.4.1 Study of basic emotions: emotion-naming task
- 6.4.1.1 Methodology
- 6.4.1.2 Design of materials
- 6.4.1.3 Results and discussion
- 6.4.2 Study of complex emotions: emotion-naming task
- 6.4.2.1 Methodology
- 6.4.2.2 Design of materials
- 6.4.2.3 Results and discussion
- 6.4.3 General discussion of results
- 7 Particles
- 7.1 Cognitive approaches to particles
- 7.1.1 The word class 'particles'
- 7.1.2 Particles and cognitive polysemy
- 7.1.3 The Principled Polysemy Approach
- 7.1.3.1 The idea of Principled Polysemy
- 7.1.3.2 The senses of the vertical cluster
- 7.2 Cognitive microstructures for particles
- 7.2.1 Particle entries: set-up
- 7.2.2 Particle entries: the vertical cluster
- 7.2.2.1 above and below
- 7.2.2.2 over and under
- 7.3 Analysis of dictionary entries
- 7.3.1 "The Big Five"
- 7.3.2 OALD1-OALD8
- 7.4 Particle entries in use
- 8 Synopsis: cognitive lexicography
- 9 Lexicography in the future
- References
- 10 Appendix
- 10.1 Dictionary analyses
- 10.1.1 Concrete nouns: birds
- 10.1.2 Person-denoting nouns
- 10.1.3 Emotion terms
- 10.1.4 Particles
- 10.2 Cognitive dictionary materials
- 10.2.1 Cognitive example section: person-denoting nouns
- 10.2.1.1 Overview of frame example sections
- 10.2.1.2 Annotated frame example sections
- 10.2.2 Cognitive defining structure: basic emotion terms
- 10.2.2.1 Overview of definitions of basic emotion terms
- 10.2.2.2 Annotated definitions of basic emotion terms
- 10.2.3 Cognitive defining structure: complex emotion terms
- 10.2.3.1 Overview of definitions of complex emotion terms
- 10.2.3.2 Annotated definitions of complex emotion terms
- 10.2.4 Cognitive entry structure: particles
- 10.2.4.1 Particle entries: overview
- 10.2.4.2 Particle entries: annotations I: above
- 10.2.4.3 Particle entries: annotations II: below
- 10.2.4.4 Particle entries: annotations III: over
- 10.2.4.5 Particle entries: annotations IV: under
- 10.3 Materials from user-studies
- 10.3.1 Production tasks: person-denoting nouns
- 10.3.1.1 Gap-fill task: test items
- 10.3.1.2 Gap-fill task: testing material
- 10.3.1.3 Gap-fill task: results
- 10.3.1.4 Vocabulary task: test items
- 10.3.1.5 Vocabulary task: testing material
- 10.3.1.6 Vocabulary task: results
- 10.3.2 Naming tasks: emotion terms
- 10.3.2.1 Basic emotion terms: test items
- 10.3.2.2 Basic emotion terms: testing material
- 10.3.2.3 Basic emotion terms: results
- 10.3.2.4 Complex emotion terms: test items
- 10.3.2.5 Complex emotion terms: testing material
- 10.3.2.6 Complex emotion terms: results
- Supplement: new cognitive dictionary
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