A Second Generation PACS Concept

1 Introduction, Definition, and Historical Background of Picture Archiving and Communication Systems.- 1.1 Background.- 1.2 Description.- 1.3 Genesis.- 1.4 PACS Research.- 1.5 Clinical Implementation and Evaluation.- 1.6 Organizations and Conferences.- References.- 2 Medical Requirements for Clinical Integration.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Structure of Imaging Activities Within the Hospital.- 2.3 Medical Requirements in Terms of Access to Images.- 2.4 Medical Needs in Terms of Spatial Resolution.- 2.5 Medical Needs in Terms of User Friendliness.- 2.6 Medical Needs in Terms of Patient Data Consistency.- 2.7 Medical Need for Image Manipulation: Image Compression.- References.- 3 Looking for Indicators of a Reference Hospital.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Questionnaire.- 3.3 Basic Schema of Possible Indicators.- 3.4 Preliminary Results.- 3.5 Indications for Further Inquiries.- References.- 4 Communication Between Hospital and Radiology Information Systems and Picture Archiving and Communication Systems.- 4.1 Integrated Information Systems in the Hospital.- 4.2 Radiology Information Systems.- 4.3 Integration of PACS, RIS, and HIS.- References.- 5 Networking.- 5.1 Image Network Technology.- 5.2 Network Management.- 5.3 Potential Benefits and Critical Issues of Prefetching.- References.- 6 Digital Image Workstations.- 6.1 Workstation Design Considerations.- 6.2 Adaptive User Interfaces for PACS Image Workstations.- References.- 7 Data Bases.- 7.1 Distributed Multimedia Data Base Systems.- 7.2 Distributed Image Archival.- 7.3 Image Indexing by Content.- References.- 8 Standardization.- 8.1 Trends.- 8.2 Formal European Standardization Bodies.- 8.3 European Bodies Promoting Standardization.- 8.4 Standardization Actions Related to Medical Informatics and Imaging.- 8.5 StandardizationActions for Medical Image Interchange.- 8.6 Conclusion.- References.- 9 Second Generation PACS Concept: A Global View.- 9.1 The First Generation PACS: Reasons for Their Failure.- 9.2 The New Generation: Medically Determined PACS Concept.- 9.3 Adaptive User Interface.- 9.4 Distributed Data Base.- 9.5 Integrated PACS/HIS/RIS Environment.- 9.6 Prefetching.- 9.7 Intelligent Distribution of Images: Knowledge-Based Networking.- 9.8 Modular Architecture; Phased Approach.- 9.9 Conclusion.