Communications and Competition Law

Name: Communications and Competition Law | Key Issues in the Telecoms, Media and Technology Sectors
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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Key Issues in the Telecoms, Media and Technology Sectors

Fabrizio Cugia di Orsola Rehman Noormohamed(Herausgeber*in)

Kluwer Law International (Verlag)

Erschienen am 5. Dezember 2014

488 Seiten

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Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
International Bar Association
About the Brazilian Institute of Studies on Competition, Consumer Affairs and International Trade - IBRAC
List of Editors
List of Contributors
Table of Contents
Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
List of Figures
List of Tables
PART I Convergence, Takeovers and Mergers in the Communications and Technology Industry: Comparative Experiences
CHAPTER 1 Introducing Diversity in EU Merger Control
1. SCOPE OF THE COMMISSION'S COMPETENCE TO PROMOTE CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND MEDIA PLURALITY UNDER EU MERGER RULES
2. THE COMMISSION'S RESTRICTIVE APPROACH IN RELATION TO MEDIA PLURALITY IN NEWS CORP/BSKYB
3. THE COMMISSION'S INTERVENTIONIST APPROACH IN RELATION TO CULTURAL DIVERSITY, AS SHOWN IN UNIVERSAL/EMI
4. THE WAY FORWARD, RISKS, AND OPPORTUNITIES
CHAPTER 2 Summary of Recent U.S. Enforcement Decisions in Communication/Entertainment Industry Transactions
1. AT&T/T-MOBILE
2. VERIZON/SPECTRUMCO
3. DEUTSCHE TELEKOM/METROPCS
4. MOBILE PHONE PATENT PORTFOLIO DEVELOPMENTS
4.1. DOJ Mobile Phone Investigations
4.2. FTC Google Settlement
5. VIVENDI/EMI
CHAPTER 3 Competition and Regulatory Aspects of Convergence, Takeovers and Mergers in the Communications and Media Industries
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REGULATORY CHANGES ARE REFLECTIVE OF CONSOLIDATION AND CONVERGENCE TRENDS
3. CONSOLIDATION IN THE MOBILE SECTOR
3.1. Striking the Right Balance between Competition and Investment Incentives
3.2. Recent EU Practice May Shape the Framework for Further Consolidation
3.3. The Limits of Mobile Consolidation: The US Experience
4. SERVICE AND INFRASTRUCTURE CONVERGENCE DRIVE CABLE CONSOLIDATION
4.1. Analysing the Effects of Cable Mergers
4.2. Mergers Involving Cable Operators in the EU
4.3. US Cable Consolidation
5. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4 Brazil's Antitrust and Regulatory Reviews of TIM/Telefónica: Lessons Learned
1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TELEFÓNICA/TELCO TRANSACTION
2. REGULATORY ASPECTS
2.1. Regulatory Framework for Reviewing Transactions in the Telecommunications Sector in Brazil
2.2. Why Telefónica's Indirect Equity Interest in TIM Brasil May Be Viewed as Problematic from a Regulatory Perspective
2.3 ANATEL's Review of Telefónica/Telco Transaction
3. ANTITRUST REVIEW
3.1. Merger Review Framework in Brazil
3.2. CADE's Review of the 2007 Telefónica/Telco Transaction
3.3. CADE's Review of the 2010 Telefónica/Portugal Telecom Transaction and Its Impact on the 2013 Telefónica/Telco Transaction
4. LESSONS LEARNED
4.1. Lesson 1: Behavioral Remedies Are Resource-Intensive and Will Likely Be Viewed with Skepticism as a Remedy under Brazil's New Pre-merger Review System
4.2. Lesson 2: The Regulatory and Antitrust Agencies Are Expected to Conduct Independent Reviews
4.3. Lesson 3: Minority Shareholdings Raise Substantial Antitrust Concerns
4.4. Lesson 4: Enhanced Skepticism towards the Role of Economics in Minority Shareholdings Cases
CHAPTER 5 Changes in the Global Telecommunication Market and Its Implications in Brazil
1. SCENARIO 1: AUTHORIZATION OF THE OPERATION THAT PERMITS TELEFÓNICA TO ABSORB TIM'S SHARE OF THE MARKET
2. SCENARIO 2: SPLITTING OF TIM AND ITS ABSORPTION BY THE MAIN COMPETITORS
3. SCENARIO 3: ARRIVAL OF A NEW PLAYER
3.1. AT&T
3.2. VODAFONE
3.3. VIVENDI
CHAPTER 6 Mergers in the Canadian Communications Sector: An Increasingly Curious Situation
1. LEGAL INFRASTRUCTURE
2. EARLY DAYS
3. THE TURNING POINT
4. MERGER LAW FALLOUT
PART II Looking Ahead: New Markets and Competitive Hurdles in the Offering of Globalized Services
CHAPTER 7 In Search of a Competition Doctrine for Information Technology Markets: Recent Antitrust Developments in the Online Sector
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE IT CHALLENGE TO TRADITIONAL ANTITRUST DOCTRINE
2.1. The IT Trifecta: Dynamism, Modularity, and Demand-Side Effects
2.2. Implications for Enforcement
3. FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE: RECENT ENFORCEMENT REVIEW INVOLVING IT (AND RELATED) MARKETS
3.1. Transactions Involving Content Providers
3.1.1. Horizontal Theories
3.1.2. Vertical Theories
3.2. Transactions Involving Database Software
3.3. Transactions Involving Hardware, Platforms, or Networks
3.4. Transactions Involving Potential Competition and Future Markets
4. LOOKING AHEAD: SOME ISSUES FOR THE FUTURE
4.1. Net Neutrality: When (if Ever) Is Ex Ante Regulation Appropriate?
4.2. Big Data and the Internet of Things
5. CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 8 The Internet of Things in the Light of Digitalization and Increased Media Convergence
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DIGITALIZATION AND CONVERGENCE AS INDUSTRY TRENDS
3. APPROACH OF ANTITRUST AUTHORITIES, NAMELY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AND THE GERMAN FEDERAL CARTEL OFFICE
3.1. Content versus Advertising Markets
3.2. Online versus Offline
3.3. User Reality and Criticism
3.4. How Do Competition Authorities Take the Increasing Competition into Account?
3.5. Challenges Ahead
4. BEYOND ANTITRUST: THE SPAMMING FRIDGE
5. LEGISLATION AND CONSULTATIONS
6. LET YOUR CAR TELL YOUR INSURER ABOUT YOUR WHEREABOUTS
6.1. A Real-Life Example
6.2. What Positions Have Been Taken by Authorities and Courts?
7. OUTLOOK
CHAPTER 9 Dynamic Markets and Competition Policy
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE COMPETITION ENVIRONMENT IN DYNAMIC MARKETS
2.1. Elements That Pose Challenges to Competitors
2.2. Elements That Intensify Competition
3. ANTITRUST ENFORCEMENT
3.1. Relevant Market
3.2. Market Power and the Competitive Environment
3.3. Efficiencies
4. CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 10 Recent Antitrust Developments in the Online Sector
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Over-the-Top Applications and Services Providers
2. NET NEUTRALITY VIS-À-VIS REGULATORY AND ANTITRUST
2.1. The United States: Is Net Neutrality an Antitrust Domain?
2.2. The European Union: A Complementary Use of Antitrust Law and Regulation to Enforce Net Neutrality
2.2.1. On the Regulatory Side, "There Are No Clear Rules on Net Neutrality Today at EU Level", Forbidding All Traffic Management and Data Prioritization
2.2.2. Also on the Antitrust Side Net Neutrality Recently Emerged as a Protagonist
3. RECENT INITIATIVES IN THE EUROPEAN OTT SECTOR
3.1. Appraising the Role of OTT Services
3.2. Online Search Sector
3.3. Online Selling
4. CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 11 Mobile Payments and Mobile Banking in Brazil: Perspectives from an Emerging Market
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BRAZILIAN MARKET
2.1. Mobile Banking, Mobile Payment
2.2. Mobile Phone Evolution in Brazil
2.3. Financial Inclusion
2.3.1. Recent Development
2.3.2. International Comparative
2.3.3. Crossing between Mobile Phones and Financial System
2.3.4. Important Disparity between Geographic Regions in Brazil
3. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
3.1. Framework for Regulatory Analysis
3.2. Objectives of Legislation
3.3 Scope of Payment Services
4. EVALUATION AND CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 12 Internet of Things: Manufacturing Companies Industry and Use of 'White Spectrum': Ghost in the Machine?
1. CHINA'S IOT DRIVE
2. THE CASE FOR WHITE SPECTRUM
3. ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCY SPECTRUM IN CHINA
4. DEVELOPMENT OF IPV6 ADDRESSING
5. FOREIGN INVESTMENT CHALLENGES IN THE M2M INDUSTRY
6. SETTING STANDARDS AND ANTITRUST CONCERNS
7. DATA PROTECTION AND DATA TRANSFER CONCERNS
8. RESTRICTIONS ON TYPES OF DATA TRANSFERRED
9. ENCRYPTION REQUIREMENTS IN CHINA
10. CONCLUSION
PART III Intellectual Property and Competition in Electronic Environments
CHAPTER 13 Competitive Aspects of Cloud-Based Services
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE STRUCTURE OF CLOUDS
3. COMPETITIVE ASPECTS
3.1. Standardization
3.2. Licensing and the "Revised" TTBER
3.3. Article 102 TFEU
4. CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 14 Standard-Essential Patents and US Antitrust Law: Light at the End of the Tunnel?
1. INTRODUCTION
2. STANDARD-ESSENTIAL PATENT ENFORCEMENT
3. INJUNCTIONS BASED ON STANDARD-ESSENTIAL PATENTS
4. ANTITRUST VIOLATIONS BASED ON ABUSE OF STANDARD-ESSENTIAL PATENTS
5. DETERMINING FRAND RATES
6. THE ABILITY TO CHALLENGE STANDARD-ESSENTIAL PATENTS: VALIDITY/INFRINGEMENT/ENFORCEABILITY
7. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 15 IP and Antitrust: Recent Developments in EU Law
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BACKGROUND
2.1. Factual Context: Standards, SEPs and FRAND Commitments
2.2 Theoretical Context: 'Hold-Up' and 'Reverse Hold-Up'
3. THE SAMSUNG AND MOTOROLA DECISIONS
4. CRITICAL ASSESSMENT
5. FINAL REMARKS
CHAPTER 16 Antitrust Cases Involving Intellectual Property Rights in the Communication and Media Sector in Brazil
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RELEVANT PRECEDENTS INVOLVING IPRS
2.1. CDs and DVDs: Abuse of Dominant Position and Patent Pool
2.2. Sham Litigation: Tachographs, Shop Tour and Pharmaceutical, Cases
2.3. Musical Rights and Copyrights: The ECAD Case
3. MERGER CONTROL IN BRAZIL: GENERAL ASPECTS, ASSOCIATIVE AGREEMENTS AND LICENSING IPRS
4. MERGER CONTROL: COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA
4.1. Phonographic Industry: Music Recording and Music Publishing Market - Universal/EMI and Sony/EMI Case
4.2. Film Distribution
4.3. Digital Music and Phonographic Industry
5. FINAL REMARKS
CHAPTER 17 Patents Meet Antitrust Law: The State of Play of the FRAND Defense in Germany
1. BACKGROUND: STANDARDIZATION AND FRAND LICENSING DECLARATIONS
2. SETTING THE SCENE: PECULIARITIES OF THE GERMAN PATENT LITIGATION SYSTEM
3. THE ORIGIN: THE ORANGE BOOK STANDARD DECISION
3.1. Unconditional License Offer on Non-refusable Terms
3.2. Compliance with the Obligations under the Prospective License
4. THE ORANGE BOOK'S PROGENY: SUBSEQUENT APPLICATION AND EXTENSION
4.1. Restrictive Interpretation of "Customary License Terms"
4.2. The Amount of the FRAND Royalty
4.3. Rendering of Accounts and Deposit of License Fees
5. THE WATERSHED: DEVELOPMENTS ON THE EUROPEAN UNION LEVEL
6. CHANGING TIDES?: THE IMPACT OF THE COMMISSION'S ANTITRUST INVESTIGATIONS IN GERMANY
7. OUTLOOK: WHAT MAKES A LICENSEE WILLING/UNWILLING
PART IV Power over Data
CHAPTER 18 The Role of Privacy in a Changing World
1. PRIVACY IS NEBULOUS, BUT ITS FUNCTION IN SOCIETY IS NOT
2. HAS LAW BRIDGED THE GAP: ASSUMING THAT WE KNOW WHAT THE "GAP" IS?
3. THE SEA CHANGE IN THE ROLE OF TRUST
4. WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
CHAPTER 19 The Transatlantic Perspective: Data Protection and Competition Law
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DATA PROTECTION AND COMPETITION
2.1. Google/DoubleClick and Beyond
2.2. Data Protection and Competition: EU
3. THREE THEORIES FOR EVALUATING PRIVACY ISSUES IN A COMPETITION LAW FRAMEWORK
3.1. Competition in Privacy Protections
3.2. Competition in Technologies to Strengthen User Privacy
3.3. Defining a Product Market for Data
4. PRIVACY, COMPETITION AND THE IMPACT ON CONSUMERS
5. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 20 Power over Data: Brazil in Times of Digital Uncertainty
1. INTIMACY, PRIVATE LIFE, HONOR AND IMAGE AS PERSONS' FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
2. LEGISLATION OF THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR IN BRAZIL
3. BRAZIL'S SPECIFIC LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES ON THE PROTECTION AND CONFIDENTIALITY OF DATA
4. CONTRIBUTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE TO BRAZIL
4.1. Canada
4.2. European Union
4.3. Brazil
5. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 21 Big Data and the Cloud: Privacy and Security Threats of Mass Digital Surveillance?
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE CLOUD: AN EVOLVING MODEL
3. CLOUD AND THE EU DIGITAL AGENDA
4. USERS' (BIG) DATA
5. PRIVACY AND DATA RETENTION
6. SECURITY
7. CONCLUSION
PART V Open Internet and Net Neutrality
CHAPTER 22 Net Neutrality Regulation: A Worldwide Overview and the Chilean Pioneer's Experience
1. INTRODUCTION
2. NET NEUTRALITY CONCEPT
2.1. Pros and Cons of Net Neutrality
3. REGULATORY PERSPECTIVE OF NET NEUTRALITY
3.1. EE.UU
3.2. European Commission
4. AN APPROACH TO THE CHILEAN EXPERIENCE
4.1. The Net Neutrality Law
4.2. Content of the Net Neutrality Law
4.2.1. Identification of the Relevant Players Regulated by This Law
4.2.2. Prohibitions and Obligations
4.3. Net Neutrality Special Regulation
4.4. Network Traffic Management
4.5. Main Criticism to the Net Neutrality Law
5. CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 23 Net Neutrality in Singapore: A Fair Game
1. INTRODUCTION
2. NET NEUTRALITY BASIC CONCEPTS
3. THE TELECOMS REGULATORY APPROACH IN SINGAPORE
3.1. Licensing Regulation in Singapore
3.2. The TCC's Interconnection and Non-discrimination Obligations
4. THE IDA'S POSITION ON NET NEUTRALITY
4.1. No Blocking of Legitimate Internet Content
4.2. Compliance with Competition and Interconnection Rules
4.3. Providing Information Transparency
4.4. Meeting Minimum Quality of Service ('QoS') Standards
4.5. Niche or Differentiated Internet Services Allowed
5. OTHER ISSUES
5.1. Pricing Models and Net Neutrality?
5.2. Infrastructure and Net Neutrality
6. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 24 Internet Regulation in Brazil: The Network Neutrality Issue
1. PURPOSE
2. BRIEF SUMMARY OF INTERNET HISTORY
3. NETWORK NEUTRALITY: HISTORY AND CONCEPT
4. NETWORK NEUTRALITY REGULATION
4.1. Europe
4.2. United States
4.3. Brazil
5. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 25 The New Brazilian Internet Constitution and the Netmundial Forum
1. THE POLITICAL DIVIDENDS: A POSITIVE BALANCE
2. WHAT IS IN THAT FOR BUSINESSES?
3. DATA PROTECTION
4. OBLIGATION TO MAINTAIN LOGS OF CONNECTION AND ACCESS TO APPLICATIONS
5. THE USAGE OF DATA FROM AGGREGATED CUSTOMERS TO DEVELOP NEW APPLICATIONS
6. NET NEUTRALITY
7. MORE REVENUES, INNOVATION AND COMPETITION
CHAPTER 26 The Brazilian Telecom Regulatory Scenario and the Proposals of the Internet Law
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CURRENT SCENARIO OF INTERNET SERVICES REGULATION IN BRAZIL
3. NEUTRALITY OF NETWORK VIS-À-VIS THE RIGHT TO CHARGE FOR QUALITY SERVICES
4. CONCLUSION
PART VI Regulatory Policy Round Table: A Brazilian Case Study
CHAPTER 27 Competition in the Brazilian Telecommunication Market
1. INTRODUCTION
2. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN BRAZIL
3. THE BRAZILIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR
3.1. The Telecommunications Market
3.1.1. Fixed Telephony
3.1.2. Mobile Telephony and Broadband
3.1.3. Fixed Broadband
3.1.4. Pay TV
3.2. Indicators for the Telecommunication Sector
3.2.1. Indicator for Companies' Performance
3.2.2. Competition Indicators
3.2.3. Service Indicators
4. ACTIONS FOR THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR IN BRAZIL
4.1. General Plan of Competition: PGMC
4.2. Wholesale Products Broker System: SNOA
4.3. Regulation of Industrial Exploitation of Dedicated Lines: EILD
4.4. Anatel's Competition Office
4.5. Law of Conditioned Access Service
4.6. Infrastructure Sharing
5. CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 28 A New Horizon for Competition Advocacy in Brazil
1. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND COMPETITION IN BRAZIL
1.1. Completion of Universal Access
1.2. Digital TV
1.3. End of the Term of the PSTN Concession
1.4. Not Enough Incentives for Competition
2. THE SECRETARIAT FOR ECONOMIC MONITORING AND THE LEAP TO COMPETITION ADVOCACY
2.1. Advocacy According to the Former Competition Law
2.2. Seae as a De Facto Competition Advocate
2.2.1. Engaging in Economic-Oriented Opinions to the Public Sector
2.2.2. Other Advocacy Measures
2.3. Brazil's 2011 Competition Law: Changes in the Existing Assignments
3. ENHANCING COMPETITION ADVOCACY
3.1. The National Competition Advocacy Program: A Broader View
3.1.1. Overview
3.1.2. Outreach
3.1.2.1. The Public Sector
3.1.2.2. Private Undertakings
3.1.2.3. Academic Institutions
3.1.2.4. News Agencies
3.1.2.5. Final Consumers
4. FINAL REMARKS
CHAPTER 29 Overlaps and Synergies between Regulators in the Brazilian Telecommunications Market
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE NECESSITY OF REGULATION
3. ANATEL'S ROLE UNDER THE LAW 8.884/94
4. THE NEW INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE
4.1. The General Plan of Competition (PGMC)
5. SYNERGIES
6. CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 30 The New Competition Law in Brazil and the New Framework for Merger Analysis in Telecom
1. INTRODUCTION
2. THE TELECOMMUNICATION SECTOR IN BRAZIL
2.1. The Importance of the Telecommunication Sector in the Brazilian Economy
2.2. Mergers in the Telecom
2.2.1. Minority Shareholding
2.2.2. Vertical Integration and Access to Inputs
2.2.3. Large Horizontal Overlap and Vertical Concerns
2.2.4. Network Sharing
3. MERGER REVIEW IN BRAZILIAN TELECOM SECTOR
3.1. Previous Procedure
3.2. Merger Review under the New Competition Law
4. COOPERATION BETWEEN AGENCIES
5. FINAL REMARKS: THE NEED FOR ONGOING AND STRONG COOPERATION BETWEEN THE ANTITRUST AND REGULATORY AGENCIES
CHAPTER 31 Regulatory Policy Round Table: A Dialogue between Telecommunications and Antitrust Authorities
1. INTRODUCTION
2. INSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND
2.1. Secretariat of Telecommunications of the Ministry of Communications (STE/MiniCom)
2.2. Secretariat for Economic Monitoring of the Ministry of Finance (SEAE/MF)
2.3. National Agency of Telecommunications (ANATEL)
2.4. CADE's General Superintendence (SG/CADE)
3. CONTENT BACKGROUND: BUILDING POLICY CONSENSUS
4. IMPROVING POLICY CONSENSUS
4.1. Merger Reviews
4.2. Anticompetitive Practices
4.3. Competition advocacy
5. OVERCOMING POLICY CONSENSUS
6. CONCLUSION
Index
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