Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation

1 - Preface [Seite 5]
2 - List of Contributors [Seite 27]
3 - Introduction [Seite 29]
4 - Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation: Australia [Seite 41]
4.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 41]
4.1.1 - A. Basic system of compensation and liability [Seite 41]
4.1.2 - B. Interaction with other institutions [Seite 43]
4.1.3 - C. Empirical evidence [Seite 44]
4.2 - II. Workers' Compensation [Seite 45]
4.2.1 - A. Scope of cover [Seite 45]
4.2.1.1 - 1. When can workers' compensation be claimed? [Seite 47]
4.2.1.2 - 2. Spatial and temporal dimensions of course of employment [Seite 48]
4.2.2 - B. Compensation trigger [Seite 50]
4.2.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 54]
4.2.4 - D. Heads and levels of benefit [Seite 55]
4.2.4.1 - 1. Medical care [Seite 55]
4.2.4.2 - 2. Rehabilitation assistance [Seite 56]
4.2.4.3 - 3. Lost earnings [Seite 57]
4.2.4.4 - 4. Non-pecuniary losses [Seite 59]
4.2.4.5 - 5. Dependents' benefits [Seite 60]
4.2.4.6 - 6. Comparison with damages in tort [Seite 62]
4.2.4.7 - 7. Lump sum or periodical payments? [Seite 63]
4.2.5 - E. Funding systems [Seite 65]
4.2.5.1 - 1. Types of system [Seite 65]
4.2.5.2 - 2. Contribution to the workers' compensation fund [Seite 67]
4.2.5.3 - 3. Incentives [Seite 67]
4.2.6 - F. Administration and adjudication of claims [Seite 68]
4.2.6.1 - 1. Organisational framework of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 68]
4.2.6.2 - 2. Who decides claims for benefits [Seite 68]
4.2.6.3 - 3. Reviews and appeals: special tribunals or general civil justice system? [Seite 69]
4.2.6.4 - 4. Speed of claims' resolution and administrative costs [Seite 70]
4.2.7 - G. Rights of recourse of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 72]
4.2.7.1 - 1. Recourse against employer [Seite 72]
4.2.7.2 - 2. Recourse against a co-worker [Seite 72]
4.2.7.3 - 3. Recourse against third parties [Seite 73]
4.2.8 - H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance [Seite 74]
4.2.8.1 - 1. Fund of first resort? [Seite 74]
4.2.8.2 - 2. Deductibility of benefits [Seite 74]
4.2.8.3 - 3. Recourse of social welfare agencies, social health insurance, private health insurers against workers' compensation institutions [Seite 75]
4.2.9 - I. Interaction with employers' liability [Seite 76]
4.2.9.1 - 1. Availability of damages in addition to workers' compensation benefits [Seite 76]
4.2.9.2 - 2. Deductibility of benefits provided by workers' compensation in action against employer [Seite 77]
4.2.9.3 - 3. Subrogation of workers' compensation into the claim of worker against employer [Seite 78]
4.3 - III. Employers' Liability [Seite 78]
4.3.1 - A. Classification [Seite 78]
4.3.1.1 - 1. Contract or tort? [Seite 78]
4.3.1.2 - 2. General law or a special category [Seite 79]
4.3.2 - B. Elements of liability [Seite 79]
4.3.2.1 - 1. Liability of employers for their own acts or omissions [Seite 79]
4.3.2.2 - 2. Liability of employers for the acts or omissions of their employees and others [Seite 79]
4.3.2.3 - 3. Relevance of health and safety legislation in establishing liability [Seite 80]
4.3.2.4 - 4. Overall a fault-based or strict liability system [Seite 81]
4.3.2.5 - 5. Causation [Seite 81]
4.3.2.6 - 6. Effect of victim's contributory conduct [Seite 81]
4.3.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 82]
4.3.4 - D. Heads and levels of damages [Seite 83]
4.3.4.1 - 1. Same level as in other cases of personal injury [Seite 83]
4.3.4.2 - 2. Heads of recoverable damage [Seite 84]
4.3.4.3 - 3. Costs of medical care [Seite 84]
4.3.4.4 - 4. Costs of rehabilitation assistance [Seite 84]
4.3.4.5 - 5. Lost earnings, loss of earning capacity, and loss of pension entitlements [Seite 85]
4.3.4.6 - 6. Non-pecuniary loss [Seite 85]
4.3.4.7 - 7. Dependents [Seite 86]
4.3.4.8 - 8. Form of payment [Seite 86]
4.3.5 - E. Administration of claims [Seite 87]
4.3.5.1 - 1. Courts or specialised tribunals [Seite 87]
4.3.5.2 - 2. General civil procedure or special procedures? [Seite 87]
4.3.5.3 - 3. Reviews and appeals [Seite 88]
4.3.5.4 - 4. Speed of claims' resolution and administrative costs [Seite 88]
4.3.6 - F. Rights of recourse [Seite 89]
4.3.6.1 - 1. Against other employees or their liability insurer? [Seite 89]
4.3.6.2 - 2. Against third parties [Seite 89]
4.3.7 - G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance [Seite 90]
4.3.7.1 - 1. Deductibility of benefits received from social welfare agencies [Seite 90]
4.3.7.2 - 2. Recourse of social welfare agencies and private insurers against the employer [Seite 90]
4.3.8 - H. Insurance [Seite 91]
4.3.8.1 - 1. Voluntary or mandatory? [Seite 91]
4.3.8.2 - 2. General liability insurance or special policy [Seite 91]
4.3.8.3 - 3. Basic principles of employers' liability insurance [Seite 92]
4.4 - IV. Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 93]
4.4.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 93]
4.4.2 - B. Prevention [Seite 94]
4.4.3 - C. Overall costs [Seite 95]
4.4.4 - D. Interaction between workers' compensation and private law [Seite 95]
4.4.5 - E. Plans for reform [Seite 96]
4.4.6 - F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination [Seite 98]
5 - Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation: Austria [Seite 103]
5.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 103]
5.1.1 - A. Basic system of compensation and liability [Seite 103]
5.1.1.1 - 1. Historical development [Seite 103]
5.1.1.2 - 2. Basic system [Seite 105]
5.1.1.3 - 3. Relation to private law remedies [Seite 106]
5.1.2 - B. Interaction with other institutions [Seite 107]
5.1.3 - C. Empirical evidence [Seite 108]
5.2 - II. Workers' Compensation [Seite 108]
5.2.1 - A. Scope of cover [Seite 108]
5.2.1.1 - 1. Protected sphere of life [Seite 109]
5.2.1.2 - 2. Attribution [Seite 110]
5.2.2 - B. Compensation trigger [Seite 112]
5.2.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 113]
5.2.3.1 - 1. Personal injury [Seite 113]
5.2.3.2 - 2. Sexual harassment [Seite 113]
5.2.3.3 - 3. Dignitary injuries [Seite 114]
5.2.3.4 - 4. Property damage and pure economic loss [Seite 114]
5.2.4 - D. Heads and levels of benefit [Seite 115]
5.2.4.1 - 1. Benefits in kind [Seite 115]
5.2.4.2 - 2. Cash benefits [Seite 116]
5.2.5 - E. Funding systems [Seite 121]
5.2.5.1 - 1. Funding through contributions [Seite 121]
5.2.5.2 - 2. Financial equalisation (Finanzausgleich) [Seite 123]
5.2.6 - F. Administration and adjudication of claims [Seite 123]
5.2.7 - G. Rights of recourse of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 127]
5.2.7.1 - 1. General [Seite 127]
5.2.7.2 - 2. Recourse against the employer [Seite 129]
5.2.7.3 - 3. Recourse against a colleague? [Seite 130]
5.2.7.4 - 4. Recourse against third parties [Seite 131]
5.2.8 - H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance [Seite 131]
5.2.8.1 - 1. Relationship between health and accident insurance [Seite 131]
5.2.8.2 - 2. Relationship between Social Insurance and Minimum Insurance [Seite 133]
5.2.9 - I. Interaction with employers' liability [Seite 133]
5.3 - III. Employers' Liability [Seite 134]
5.3.1 - A. Classification [Seite 134]
5.3.1.1 - 1. General tortious fault-based and the employer's liability privilege [Seite 134]
5.3.1.2 - 2. Work accidents caused by vehicles for which there is enhanced liability [Seite 138]
5.3.2 - B. Elements of liability [Seite 138]
5.3.2.1 - 1. Fault-based liability [Seite 138]
5.3.2.2 - 2. Strict liability [Seite 140]
5.3.2.3 - 3. Liability for risks without fault [Seite 141]
5.3.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 143]
5.3.4 - D. Heads and levels of damages [Seite 143]
5.3.4.1 - 1. Personal injuries [Seite 143]
5.3.4.2 - 2. Material damages [Seite 144]
5.3.5 - E. Administration of claims [Seite 144]
5.3.6 - F. Rights of recourse [Seite 145]
5.3.7 - G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance [Seite 145]
5.3.8 - H. Insurance [Seite 145]
5.4 - IV. Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 146]
5.4.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 146]
5.4.2 - B. Prevention [Seite 146]
5.4.3 - C. Overall costs [Seite 147]
5.4.4 - D. Interaction between workers' compensation and private law [Seite 147]
5.4.5 - E. Plans for reform [Seite 149]
5.4.6 - F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination [Seite 150]
6 - Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation: Denmark [Seite 151]
6.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 151]
6.1.1 - A. Basic system of compensation and liability [Seite 151]
6.1.2 - B. Interaction with other institutions [Seite 152]
6.1.3 - C. Empirical evidence [Seite 152]
6.2 - II. Workers' Compensation [Seite 152]
6.2.1 - A. Scope of cover [Seite 152]
6.2.2 - B. Compensation trigger [Seite 155]
6.2.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 157]
6.2.4 - D. Heads and levels of benefit [Seite 158]
6.2.5 - E. Funding systems [Seite 160]
6.2.6 - F. Administration and adjudication of claims [Seite 160]
6.2.7 - G. Rights of recourse of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 161]
6.2.8 - H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance [Seite 162]
6.2.9 - I. Interaction with employers' liability [Seite 163]
6.3 - III. Employers' Liability [Seite 164]
6.3.1 - A. Classification [Seite 164]
6.3.2 - B. Elements of liability [Seite 165]
6.3.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 167]
6.3.4 - D. Heads and levels of damages [Seite 168]
6.3.5 - E. Administration of claims [Seite 170]
6.3.6 - F. Rights of recourse [Seite 171]
6.3.7 - G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance [Seite 172]
6.3.8 - H. Insurance [Seite 173]
6.4 - IV. Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 174]
6.4.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 174]
6.4.2 - B. Prevention [Seite 174]
6.4.3 - C. Overall costs [Seite 175]
6.4.4 - D. Interaction between workers' compensation and private law [Seite 175]
6.4.5 - E. Plans for reform [Seite 175]
6.4.6 - F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination [Seite 175]
7 - Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation: England and Wales [Seite 177]
7.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 177]
7.1.1 - A. The basic system of compensation and liability [Seite 177]
7.1.1.1 - 1. Tort [Seite 178]
7.1.1.2 - 2. Workers' compensation [Seite 180]
7.1.1.3 - 3. Why preferential compensation for workers? [Seite 181]
7.1.2 - B. Interaction with other institutions [Seite 183]
7.1.3 - C. Empirical evidence [Seite 183]
7.2 - II. Workers' Compensation [Seite 184]
7.2.1 - A. Scope of cover [Seite 184]
7.2.1.1 - 1. Workers covered [Seite 184]
7.2.1.2 - 2. Spatial, temporal and other limitations [Seite 185]
7.2.1.3 - 3. Effect of the victim's contributory negligence [Seite 192]
7.2.2 - B. Compensation trigger [Seite 193]
7.2.2.1 - 1. Accidents [Seite 194]
7.2.2.2 - 2. Disease [Seite 196]
7.2.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 199]
7.2.3.1 - 1. Personal injury [Seite 199]
7.2.3.2 - 2. Other than personal injury [Seite 201]
7.2.4 - D. Heads and levels of benefit [Seite 201]
7.2.4.1 - 1. Assessment [Seite 203]
7.2.4.2 - 2. Rate of payment [Seite 205]
7.2.4.3 - 3. Comparison of the industrial injuries pension with damages in tort [Seite 206]
7.2.5 - E. Funding systems [Seite 207]
7.2.6 - F. Administration and adjudication of claims [Seite 208]
7.2.6.1 - 1. Claims and appeals [Seite 208]
7.2.6.2 - 2. Tribunals not courts [Seite 209]
7.2.6.3 - 3. Administrative cost [Seite 209]
7.2.7 - G. Right of recourse of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 210]
7.2.7.1 - 1. Rights of recourse against the employer [Seite 210]
7.2.7.2 - 2. Rights of recourse against a co-worker or third party [Seite 211]
7.2.8 - H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance [Seite 211]
7.2.8.1 - 1. The sources of funding [Seite 211]
7.2.8.2 - 2. Deductibility of benefits [Seite 212]
7.2.9 - I. Interaction with employers' liability [Seite 213]
7.3 - III. Employers' Liability [Seite 214]
7.3.1 - A. Classification [Seite 214]
7.3.2 - B. Elements of liability [Seite 214]
7.3.2.1 - 1. Vicarious liability [Seite 215]
7.3.2.2 - 2. Breach of common law duty [Seite 217]
7.3.2.3 - 3. Breach of statutory duty [Seite 218]
7.3.2.4 - 4. Effect of the victim's contributory conduct [Seite 219]
7.3.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 220]
7.3.3.1 - 1. Accidents and disease [Seite 220]
7.3.3.2 - 2. Personal injury [Seite 221]
7.3.3.3 - 3. Other than personal injury [Seite 222]
7.3.4 - D. Heads and levels of damages [Seite 224]
7.3.5 - E. Administration of claims [Seite 225]
7.3.5.1 - 1. Number and cost of claims [Seite 226]
7.3.5.2 - 2. Insurers and the administration of the tort system [Seite 227]
7.3.5.3 - 3. The speed of settlement [Seite 229]
7.3.5.4 - 4. The administrative cost of tort [Seite 229]
7.3.6 - F. Rights of recourse [Seite 230]
7.3.6.1 - 1. Rights of recourse against other employees [Seite 230]
7.3.6.2 - 2. Rights of recourse against third parties [Seite 231]
7.3.7 - G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance [Seite 231]
7.3.7.1 - 1. Recourse of social security agency against the employer [Seite 231]
7.3.7.2 - 2. Reducing damages to take account of the benefits paid [Seite 233]
7.3.7.3 - 3. Recovering the cost of National Health Service treatment [Seite 233]
7.3.8 - H. Insurance [Seite 234]
7.3.8.1 - 1. The scope of compulsory insurance [Seite 234]
7.3.8.2 - 2. Policy limits and insurance triggers [Seite 235]
7.3.8.3 - 3. Apportionment [Seite 236]
7.4 - IV. Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 237]
7.4.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 237]
7.4.1.1 - 1. Scope of each scheme [Seite 237]
7.4.1.2 - 2. Amount and purpose of compensation [Seite 237]
7.4.1.3 - 3. Fault and no-fault [Seite 239]
7.4.2 - B. Prevention [Seite 239]
7.4.3 - C. Overall costs [Seite 240]
7.4.4 - D. Interaction between workers'compensation and private law [Seite 241]
7.4.5 - E. Plans for reform [Seite 241]
7.4.6 - F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination [Seite 242]
8 - Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation: France [Seite 243]
8.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 243]
8.1.1 - A. Basic system of compensation and liability [Seite 243]
8.1.2 - B. Interaction with other institutions [Seite 244]
8.1.3 - C. Empirical evidence [Seite 244]
8.2 - II. Workers' Compensation [Seite 246]
8.2.1 - A. Scope of cover [Seite 246]
8.2.1.1 - 1. Workers covered [Seite 246]
8.2.1.2 - 2. Spatial, temporal and other limitations [Seite 247]
8.2.1.3 - 3. Effects of the victim's contributory conduct [Seite 252]
8.2.2 - B. Compensation trigger [Seite 253]
8.2.2.1 - 1. Accidents [Seite 253]
8.2.2.2 - 2. Diseases [Seite 254]
8.2.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 257]
8.2.3.1 - 1. Personal injury [Seite 257]
8.2.3.2 - 2. Pure economic loss [Seite 258]
8.2.3.3 - 3. Property damage [Seite 260]
8.2.3.4 - 4. Sexual harassment - dignitary injuries [Seite 260]
8.2.4 - D. Heads and levels of benefit [Seite 261]
8.2.4.1 - 1. Medical care and rehabilitation assistance [Seite 261]
8.2.4.2 - 2. Lost earnings [Seite 263]
8.2.4.3 - 3. Dependents' benefits [Seite 263]
8.2.4.4 - 4. Comparison with damages in tort [Seite 263]
8.2.4.5 - 5. Lump sum or periodical payments? [Seite 264]
8.2.5 - E. Funding systems [Seite 264]
8.2.6 - F. Administration and adjudication of claims [Seite 266]
8.2.6.1 - 1. Accident [Seite 266]
8.2.6.2 - 2. Disease [Seite 267]
8.2.6.3 - 3. Litigation [Seite 267]
8.2.6.4 - 4. Speed of claims' resolution and administrative costs [Seite 268]
8.2.7 - G. Rights of recourse of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 268]
8.2.7.1 - 1. Recourse of workers' compensation institutions against employers [Seite 269]
8.2.7.2 - 2. Recourse of workers' compensation institutions against co-employees [Seite 270]
8.2.7.3 - 3. Recourse of workers' compensation institutions against third parties [Seite 270]
8.2.8 - H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance [Seite 270]
8.2.8.1 - 1. Fund of first resort [Seite 270]
8.2.8.2 - 2. Deductibility of benefits [Seite 271]
8.2.8.3 - 3. Recourse of social welfare agencies, social health insurance, private health insurers, etc, against workers' compensation institutions? [Seite 272]
8.2.9 - I. Interaction with employers' liability [Seite 272]
8.2.9.1 - 1. Availability of damages in addition to workers' compensation benefits? [Seite 272]
8.2.9.2 - 2. Deductibility of benefits provided by workers' compensation institutions from claim against employer (collateral source rule) [Seite 273]
8.2.9.3 - 3. Subrogation of workers' compensation institutions into the claim of workers against employer [Seite 274]
8.3 - III. Employers' Liability [Seite 274]
8.3.1 - A. Classification [Seite 274]
8.3.1.1 - 1. Inexcusable negligence (art L 452-1 Social Security Code, CSS) [Seite 275]
8.3.1.2 - 2. Wilful misconduct (art L 452-5 CSS) [Seite 276]
8.3.1.3 - 3. Liability of a third party (art L 454-1 CSS) [Seite 277]
8.3.1.4 - 4. Traffic accident [Seite 278]
8.3.1.5 - 5. Criminal offence [Seite 278]
8.3.2 - B. Elements of liability [Seite 281]
8.3.2.1 - 1. Liability of employers for their own acts or omissions [Seite 281]
8.3.2.2 - 2. Liability of employers for the acts or omissions of their employees and others (the scope of vicarious liability [Seite 284]
8.3.2.3 - 3. Relevance of health and safety legislation in establishing liability [Seite 285]
8.3.2.4 - 4. Overall a fault-based or strict liability? [Seite 286]
8.3.2.5 - 5. Causation [Seite 286]
8.3.2.6 - 6. Effect of the victim's contributory conduct [Seite 287]
8.3.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 288]
8.3.3.1 - 1. Inexcusable negligence on the part of the employer [Seite 288]
8.3.3.2 - 2. General civil liability [Seite 289]
8.3.4 - D. Heads and levels of damages [Seite 291]
8.3.4.1 - 1. Inexcusable negligence of the employer [Seite 291]
8.3.4.2 - 2. General civil liability [Seite 291]
8.3.5 - E. Administration of claims [Seite 294]
8.3.5.1 - 1. Inexcusable negligence [Seite 294]
8.3.5.2 - 2. Civil liability [Seite 295]
8.3.6 - F. Rights of recourse [Seite 295]
8.3.6.1 - 1. In case of employers' liability [Seite 295]
8.3.6.2 - 2. In case of a third party's liability [Seite 297]
8.3.7 - G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance [Seite 297]
8.3.8 - H. Insurance [Seite 299]
8.4 - IV. Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 299]
8.4.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 299]
8.4.2 - B. Prevention [Seite 300]
8.4.3 - C. Overall costs [Seite 301]
8.4.4 - D. Interaction between workers' compensation and private law [Seite 302]
8.4.5 - E. Plans for reform [Seite 303]
8.4.6 - F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination [Seite 304]
9 - Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation: Germany [Seite 305]
9.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 305]
9.1.1 - A. Basic system of compensation and liability [Seite 305]
9.1.1.1 - 1. History and expansions [Seite 305]
9.1.1.2 - 2. Insurance and liability [Seite 306]
9.1.2 - B. Interaction with other institutions [Seite 306]
9.1.3 - C. Empirical evidence [Seite 306]
9.2 - II. Workers' Compensation [Seite 307]
9.2.1 - A. Scope of cover [Seite 307]
9.2.2 - B. Compensation trigger [Seite 308]
9.2.2.1 - 1. Accidents [Seite 308]
9.2.2.2 - 2. Diseases [Seite 308]
9.2.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 309]
9.2.3.1 - 1. Occupational accident [Seite 309]
9.2.3.2 - 2. Occupational disease [Seite 310]
9.2.3.3 - 3. Insured 'categories of damage' [Seite 310]
9.2.4 - D. Heads and levels of benefit [Seite 310]
9.2.5 - E. Funding systems [Seite 314]
9.2.6 - F. Administration and adjudication of claims [Seite 315]
9.2.7 - G. Rights of recourse of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 316]
9.2.8 - H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance [Seite 317]
9.2.9 - I. Interaction with employers' liability [Seite 317]
9.3 - III. Employers' Liability [Seite 320]
9.3.1 - A. Classification [Seite 321]
9.3.2 - B. Elements of liability [Seite 321]
9.3.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 323]
9.3.4 - D. Heads and levels of damages [Seite 325]
9.3.4.1 - 1. Personal injuries [Seite 325]
9.3.4.2 - 2. Material damages [Seite 327]
9.3.4.3 - 3. Liability agreements [Seite 327]
9.3.5 - E. Administration of claims [Seite 327]
9.3.6 - F. Rights of recourse [Seite 328]
9.3.6.1 - 1. Against other employees who caused the harm [Seite 328]
9.3.6.2 - 2. Against third parties (eg equipment/component manufacturers, suppliers of raw materials, etc) [Seite 328]
9.3.7 - G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance [Seite 329]
9.3.7.1 - 1. Problems concerning the extended exemption from liability [Seite 329]
9.3.7.2 - 2. Are benefits received from social welfare agencies deducted from claims against the employer? [Seite 329]
9.3.7.3 - 3. Recourse of social welfare agencies and private insurers against the employer [Seite 330]
9.3.8 - H. Insurance [Seite 330]
9.4 - IV. Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 331]
9.4.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 331]
9.4.2 - B. Prevention [Seite 332]
9.4.3 - C. Overall costs [Seite 333]
9.4.4 - D. Interaction between workers' compensation and private law [Seite 333]
9.4.5 - E. Plans for reform [Seite 334]
9.4.6 - F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination [Seite 334]
9.4.6.1 - 1. Statutory accident insurance [Seite 334]
9.4.6.2 - 2. Employers' liability [Seite 336]
10 - Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation: Italy [Seite 337]
10.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 337]
10.1.1 - A. Basic system of compensation and liability [Seite 337]
10.1.2 - B. Interaction with other institutions [Seite 339]
10.1.3 - C. Empirical evidence [Seite 339]
10.2 - II. Workers' Compensation [Seite 341]
10.2.1 - A. Scope of cover [Seite 341]
10.2.2 - B. Compensation trigger [Seite 344]
10.2.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 345]
10.2.4 - D. Heads and levels of benefit [Seite 346]
10.2.4.1 - 1. Medical care and rehabilitation assistance [Seite 346]
10.2.4.2 - 2. Non-pecuniary losses [Seite 347]
10.2.4.3 - 3. Dependent's benefits and benefits to their relatives [Seite 350]
10.2.4.4 - 4. Comparison with damages in tort [Seite 350]
10.2.4.5 - 5. Lump sums or periodical payments? [Seite 351]
10.2.5 - E. Funding systems [Seite 352]
10.2.6 - F. Administration and adjudication of claims [Seite 353]
10.2.7 - G. Rights of recourse of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 355]
10.2.8 - H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance [Seite 356]
10.2.9 - I. Interaction with employers' liability [Seite 356]
10.3 - III. Employers' Liability [Seite 357]
10.3.1 - A. Classification [Seite 357]
10.3.2 - B. Elements of liability [Seite 358]
10.3.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 362]
10.3.4 - D. Heads and levels of damages [Seite 363]
10.3.5 - E. Administration of claims [Seite 366]
10.3.6 - F. Rights of recourse [Seite 366]
10.3.7 - G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance [Seite 367]
10.3.8 - H. Insurance [Seite 368]
10.4 - IV. Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 368]
10.4.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 368]
10.4.2 - B. Prevention [Seite 368]
10.4.3 - C. Overall costs [Seite 369]
10.4.4 - D. Interaction between workers' compensation and private law [Seite 370]
10.4.5 - E. Plans for reform [Seite 370]
10.4.6 - F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination [Seite 371]
11 - Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation: Japan [Seite 373]
11.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 373]
11.1.1 - A. Basic system of compensation and liability [Seite 373]
11.1.2 - B. Interaction with other institutions [Seite 374]
11.1.3 - C. Empirical evidence [Seite 374]
11.2 - II. Workers' Compensation [Seite 375]
11.2.1 - A. Scope of cover [Seite 375]
11.2.2 - B. Compensation trigger [Seite 375]
11.2.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 376]
11.2.4 - D. Heads and levels of benefit [Seite 376]
11.2.4.1 - 1. Medical compensation [Seite 376]
11.2.4.2 - 2. Compensation for absence from work [Seite 377]
11.2.4.3 - 3. Compensation for disabilities [Seite 377]
11.2.4.4 - 4. Compensation for bereaved family [Seite 378]
11.2.4.5 - 5. Non-pecuniary losses [Seite 378]
11.2.4.6 - 6. Medical examination benefits [Seite 378]
11.2.5 - E. Funding systems [Seite 379]
11.2.6 - F. Administration and adjudication of claims [Seite 379]
11.2.7 - G. Right of recourse of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 380]
11.2.8 - H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance [Seite 380]
11.2.8.1 - 1. Interaction with general social welfare provision [Seite 380]
11.2.8.2 - 2. Interaction with private insurance [Seite 382]
11.2.9 - I. Interaction with employers' liability [Seite 382]
11.3 - III. Employers' Liability [Seite 383]
11.3.1 - A. Classification [Seite 383]
11.3.2 - B. Elements of liability [Seite 384]
11.3.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 385]
11.3.4 - D. Heads and levels of damages [Seite 385]
11.3.5 - E. Administration of claims [Seite 386]
11.3.6 - F. Rights of recourse [Seite 386]
11.3.6.1 - 1. Against another employee [Seite 386]
11.3.6.2 - 2. Against third parties [Seite 387]
11.3.7 - G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance [Seite 387]
11.3.8 - H. Insurance [Seite 388]
11.4 - IV. Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 388]
11.4.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 388]
11.4.2 - B. Prevention [Seite 389]
11.4.3 - C. Overall costs [Seite 389]
11.4.4 - D. Interaction between workers' compensation and private law [Seite 390]
11.4.5 - E. Plans for reform [Seite 390]
11.4.6 - F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination [Seite 390]
12 - Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation: The Netherlands [Seite 391]
12.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 391]
12.1.1 - A. Basic system of compensation and liability [Seite 391]
12.1.2 - B. Interaction with other institutions [Seite 391]
12.1.3 - C. Empirical evidence [Seite 393]
12.2 - II. Workers' Compensation [Seite 393]
12.3 - III. Employers' Liability [Seite 395]
12.3.1 - A. Classification [Seite 395]
12.3.2 - B. Elements of liability [Seite 397]
12.3.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 401]
12.3.4 - D. Heads and levels of damages [Seite 402]
12.3.5 - E. Administration of claims [Seite 403]
12.3.6 - F. Rights of recourse [Seite 403]
12.3.7 - G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance [Seite 404]
12.3.8 - H. Insurance [Seite 404]
12.4 - IV. Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 405]
12.4.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 405]
12.4.2 - B. Prevention [Seite 406]
12.4.3 - C. Overall costs [Seite 406]
12.4.4 - D. Interaction between workers' compensation and private law [Seite 407]
12.4.5 - E. Plans for reform [Seite 407]
12.4.6 - F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination [Seite 408]
13 - Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation: Poland [Seite 409]
13.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 409]
13.1.1 - A. Basic system of compensation and liability [Seite 409]
13.1.2 - B. Interaction with other institutions [Seite 410]
13.1.3 - C. Empirical evidence [Seite 410]
13.2 - II. Workers' Compensation [Seite 410]
13.2.1 - A. Scope of cover [Seite 410]
13.2.1.1 - 1. Workers covered [Seite 410]
13.2.1.2 - 2. Spatial, temporal and other limitations [Seite 411]
13.2.1.3 - 3. Effect of the victim's contributory conduct [Seite 411]
13.2.2 - B. Compensation trigger [Seite 413]
13.2.2.1 - 1. Accidents [Seite 413]
13.2.2.2 - 2. Disease (occupational diseases) [Seite 419]
13.2.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 421]
13.2.3.1 - 1. Personal injury [Seite 421]
13.2.3.2 - 2. Sexual harassment [Seite 421]
13.2.3.3 - 3. Property damage [Seite 421]
13.2.3.4 - 4. Pure economic loss [Seite 421]
13.2.4 - D. Heads and levels of benefit [Seite 421]
13.2.4.1 - 1. Medical care [Seite 421]
13.2.4.2 - 2. Rehabilitation assistance [Seite 423]
13.2.4.3 - 3. Lost earnings, loss of earning capacity and loss of pension entitlements [Seite 423]
13.2.4.4 - 4. Non-pecuniary losses [Seite 423]
13.2.4.5 - 5. Dependant's benefits [Seite 423]
13.2.4.6 - 6. Comparison with damages in tort [Seite 424]
13.2.4.7 - 7. Lump sum or periodical payments [Seite 424]
13.2.5 - E. Funding systems [Seite 424]
13.2.5.1 - 1. Type of system [Seite 424]
13.2.5.2 - 2. Incentives [Seite 426]
13.2.6 - F. Administration and adjudication of claims [Seite 426]
13.2.6.1 - 1. Organisational framework of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 426]
13.2.6.2 - 2. Reviews and appeals: Special tribunals or general civil justice system? [Seite 426]
13.2.6.3 - 3. Speed of claims' resolution and administrative costs [Seite 427]
13.2.7 - G. Rights of recourse of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 427]
13.2.8 - H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance [Seite 427]
13.2.9 - I. Interaction with employers' liability [Seite 427]
13.3 - III. Employers' Liability [Seite 428]
13.3.1 - A. Classification [Seite 428]
13.3.1.1 - 1. Contract or tort? [Seite 428]
13.3.1.2 - 2. General law or special category? [Seite 428]
13.3.2 - B. Elements of liability [Seite 428]
13.3.2.1 - 1. Liability of employers for their own acts and omissions [Seite 428]
13.3.2.2 - 2. Liability of employers for the acts or omissions of their employees and others [Seite 429]
13.3.2.3 - 3. Overall a fault-based or strict liability? [Seite 429]
13.3.2.4 - 4. Causation [Seite 429]
13.3.2.5 - 5. Effect of the victim's contributory conduct [Seite 429]
13.3.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 429]
13.3.3.1 - 1. Personal injury [Seite 429]
13.3.3.2 - 2. Sexual harassment [Seite 430]
13.3.3.3 - 3. Dignitary injuries [Seite 431]
13.3.3.4 - 4. Property damage [Seite 431]
13.3.3.5 - 5. Pure economic loss [Seite 432]
13.3.4 - D. Heads and levels of damages [Seite 432]
13.3.4.1 - 1. Main heads of recoverable damages [Seite 432]
13.3.4.2 - 2. Costs of medical care [Seite 432]
13.3.4.3 - 3. Costs of rehabilitation assistance [Seite 433]
13.3.4.4 - 4. Lost earnings, loss of earning capacity and loss of pension entitlements [Seite 433]
13.3.4.5 - 5. Dependents' benefits [Seite 433]
13.3.4.6 - 6. Non-pecuniary losses [Seite 433]
13.3.4.7 - 7. Form of payment [Seite 433]
13.3.5 - E. Administration of claims [Seite 434]
13.3.5.1 - 1. Courts or specialised tribunals? [Seite 434]
13.3.5.2 - 2. General civil procedure or special procedures [Seite 434]
13.3.5.3 - 3. Reviews and appeals [Seite 434]
13.3.5.4 - 4. Speed of claims' resolution and administrative cost [Seite 434]
13.3.6 - F. Rights of recourse [Seite 435]
13.3.6.1 - 1. Against employees [Seite 435]
13.3.6.2 - 2. Against third parties [Seite 435]
13.3.7 - G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance [Seite 435]
13.3.8 - H. Insurance [Seite 435]
13.3.8.1 - 1. Voluntary or mandatory? [Seite 435]
13.3.8.2 - 2. General liability insurance or special policy? [Seite 435]
13.3.8.3 - 3. Basic principles of employers' liability insurance [Seite 436]
13.4 - IV. Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 436]
13.4.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 436]
13.4.2 - B. Prevention [Seite 436]
13.4.3 - C. Overall costs [Seite 437]
13.4.4 - D. Interaction between workers' compensation and private law [Seite 437]
13.4.5 - E. Plans for reform [Seite 437]
13.4.6 - F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination [Seite 437]
14 - Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation: Romania [Seite 439]
14.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 439]
14.1.1 - A. Basic system of compensation and liability [Seite 439]
14.1.2 - B. Interaction with other institutions [Seite 440]
14.1.3 - C. Empirical evidence [Seite 441]
14.2 - II. Workers' Compensation [Seite 442]
14.2.1 - A. Scope of cover [Seite 442]
14.2.1.1 - 1. Spatial limits [Seite 443]
14.2.1.2 - 2. Temporal limitations [Seite 444]
14.2.2 - B. Compensation trigger [Seite 444]
14.2.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 446]
14.2.3.1 - 1. Personal injury [Seite 446]
14.2.3.2 - 2. Sexual harassment and injury to one's dignity [Seite 447]
14.2.3.3 - 3. Property damage and pure economic loss [Seite 448]
14.2.4 - D. Heads and levels of benefit [Seite 449]
14.2.4.1 - 1. Medical care [Seite 449]
14.2.4.2 - 2. Rehabilitation assistance [Seite 450]
14.2.4.3 - 3. Lost earnings, loss of earning capacity and loss of pension entitlements [Seite 451]
14.2.4.4 - 4. Expenses refund [Seite 452]
14.2.4.5 - 5. Non-pecuniary losses [Seite 453]
14.2.4.6 - 6. Dependants' benefit [Seite 453]
14.2.4.7 - 7. Comparison with damages in tort [Seite 454]
14.2.4.8 - 8. Form of payment [Seite 454]
14.2.5 - E. Funding systems [Seite 454]
14.2.5.1 - 1. Type of system [Seite 454]
14.2.5.2 - 2. Contributions to the workers' compensation fund [Seite 455]
14.2.5.3 - 3. Risk-rating of contribution [Seite 455]
14.2.6 - F. Administration and adjudication of claims [Seite 456]
14.2.6.1 - 1. Organisational framework of workers compensation institutions [Seite 456]
14.2.6.2 - 2. Who decides over claims for benefits? [Seite 457]
14.2.6.3 - 3. Reviews and appeals: special tribunals or general civil justice system? [Seite 458]
14.2.6.4 - 4. Speed of claims resolution and administrative costs [Seite 459]
14.2.7 - G. Rights of recourse of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 459]
14.2.7.1 - 1. Recourse against the employer [Seite 459]
14.2.7.2 - 2. Recourse against a co-worker or against third parties [Seite 460]
14.2.8 - H. Interaction with general social welfare provisions and private insurance [Seite 460]
14.2.9 - I. Interaction with employers' liability [Seite 461]
14.3 - III. Employers' Liability [Seite 461]
14.3.1 - A. Classification [Seite 461]
14.3.2 - B. Elements of liability [Seite 462]
14.3.2.1 - 1. Liability of employers for their own acts or omissions [Seite 462]
14.3.2.2 - 2. Liability of employers for the acts or omissions of their employees and others [Seite 463]
14.3.2.3 - 3. Relevance of health and safety legislation in establishing liability [Seite 464]
14.3.2.4 - 4. Overall a fault-based or strict liability system? [Seite 464]
14.3.2.5 - 5. Causation [Seite 465]
14.3.2.6 - 6. Effect of the victim's contributory conduct [Seite 466]
14.3.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 466]
14.3.3.1 - 1. Personal injury [Seite 467]
14.3.3.2 - 2. Sexual harassment and injuries to dignity [Seite 467]
14.3.3.3 - 3. Property damage and pure economic loss [Seite 468]
14.3.4 - D. Heads and levels of damages [Seite 468]
14.3.5 - E. Administration of claims [Seite 470]
14.3.6 - F. Rights of recourse [Seite 470]
14.3.7 - G. Interaction with the social welfare system and private insurance [Seite 471]
14.3.8 - H. Insurance [Seite 471]
14.4 - IV. Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 472]
14.4.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 472]
14.4.2 - B. Prevention [Seite 473]
14.4.3 - C. Overall costs [Seite 474]
14.4.4 - D. Interaction between workers' compensation and private law [Seite 474]
14.4.5 - E. Plans for reform [Seite 474]
14.4.6 - F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination [Seite 475]
15 - Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation: United States. [Seite 477]
15.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 477]
15.1.1 - A. Basic system of compensation and liability [Seite 477]
15.1.2 - B. Interaction with other institutions [Seite 478]
15.1.3 - C. Empirical evidence [Seite 478]
15.2 - II. Worker's Compensation [Seite 479]
15.2.1 - A. Scope of cover [Seite 479]
15.2.2 - B. Compensation trigger [Seite 481]
15.2.2.1 - 1. The 'accident' requirement [Seite 481]
15.2.2.2 - 2. Arising out of and in the course of employment [Seite 482]
15.2.2.3 - 3. Occupational Disease [Seite 484]
15.2.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 486]
15.2.3.1 - 1. Sexual Harassment [Seite 487]
15.2.3.2 - 2. Dignitary Injuries [Seite 489]
15.2.3.3 - 3. Property Damage [Seite 489]
15.2.3.4 - 4. Pure Economic Loss [Seite 490]
15.2.4 - D. Heads and levels of benefit [Seite 490]
15.2.4.1 - 1. Medical Care [Seite 490]
15.2.4.2 - 2. Rehabilitation [Seite 493]
15.2.4.3 - 3. Lost Earnings [Seite 495]
15.2.4.4 - 4. Non-Pecuniary Losses [Seite 499]
15.2.4.5 - 5. Dependents' Benefits [Seite 499]
15.2.4.6 - 6. Comparison with Tort [Seite 501]
15.2.4.7 - 7. Lump Sum Payments [Seite 502]
15.2.5 - E. Funding systems [Seite 503]
15.2.6 - F. Administration and adjudication of claims [Seite 505]
15.2.7 - G. Rights of recourse of workers' compensation institutions [Seite 507]
15.2.8 - H. Interaction with general social welfare provision and private insurance [Seite 508]
15.2.9 - I. Interaction with employers' liability [Seite 510]
15.3 - III. Employers' Liability [Seite 510]
15.3.1 - A. Classification [Seite 510]
15.3.2 - B. Elements of liability [Seite 511]
15.3.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 513]
15.3.4 - D. Heads and levels of damages [Seite 514]
15.3.5 - E. Administration of claims [Seite 514]
15.3.6 - F. Rights of recourse [Seite 515]
15.3.7 - G. Interaction with social welfare systems and private insurance [Seite 515]
15.3.8 - H. Insurance [Seite 516]
15.4 - IV. Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 516]
15.4.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 517]
15.4.2 - B. Prevention [Seite 518]
15.4.3 - C. Overall costs [Seite 519]
15.4.4 - D. Interaction between workers' compensation and private law [Seite 520]
15.4.5 - E. Plans for reform [Seite 521]
15.4.6 - F. Overall quality of each system independently and in combination [Seite 521]
16 - The European Coordination of Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation [Seite 525]
16.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 525]
16.2 - II. Empirical Evidence [Seite 526]
16.3 - III. Workers' Compensation [Seite 527]
16.3.1 - A. Limitation to national territory [Seite 527]
16.3.2 - B. European coordination of social security systems [Seite 528]
16.3.3 - C. Sources of law [Seite 529]
16.3.4 - D. Scope of cover [Seite 531]
16.3.5 - E. General rules for determining the legislation applicable [Seite 532]
16.3.5.1 - 1. General application of the law of the country of employment [Seite 532]
16.3.5.2 - 2. Special provisions for determining the legislation applicable [Seite 533]
16.3.5.3 - 3. Pursuit of activities in two or more Member States [Seite 534]
16.3.5.4 - 4. Freedom of choice [Seite 535]
16.3.6 - F. Special provisions for determining the legislation applicable in cases of accidents at work and occupational diseases [Seite 536]
16.3.7 - G. Administration and adjudication of claims [Seite 537]
16.3.8 - H. Rights of recourse of workers' compensation institutions and interaction with employers' liability [Seite 538]
16.4 - IV. Employers' Liability [Seite 541]
16.4.1 - A. Classification [Seite 541]
16.4.2 - B. The Law applicable to contractual duties [Seite 545]
16.4.2.1 - 1. Source of law [Seite 545]
16.4.2.2 - 2. Scope of protection [Seite 545]
16.4.2.3 - 3. General rules for determining the legislation applicable [Seite 546]
16.4.2.4 - 4. Special provisions for individual employment contracts [Seite 548]
16.4.3 - C. The Law applicable to extra-contractual duties [Seite 550]
16.4.3.1 - 1. Source of law [Seite 550]
16.4.3.2 - 2. Scope of protection [Seite 550]
16.4.3.3 - 3. General rule [Seite 550]
16.4.3.4 - 4. Escape clause [Seite 551]
16.4.4 - D. Adjudication of claims [Seite 552]
16.4.4.1 - 1. Source of law [Seite 552]
16.4.4.2 - 2. Scope [Seite 552]
16.4.4.3 - 3. Rules for international jurisdiction in relation to contracts of employment [Seite 553]
16.4.5 - E. Rights of recourse and interaction between employers' liability and workers' compensation [Seite 555]
16.5 - V. Alternatives, Evaluation and Conclusions [Seite 555]
17 - The Changing Landscape of Work Injury Claims: Challenges for Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation [Seite 559]
17.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 559]
17.1.1 - A. The Changing Landscape of Work Injury Claims [Seite 559]
17.1.2 - B. The social construction of injury claims [Seite 561]
17.1.3 - C. The compensation and liability framework [Seite 563]
17.1.3.1 - 1. Workers' compensation [Seite 563]
17.1.3.2 - 2. Employers'liability [Seite 564]
17.1.4 - D. Plan [Seite 566]
17.2 - II. Recognition issues ('naming problems') [Seite 566]
17.2.1 - A. Issues for Workers' Compensation [Seite 566]
17.2.1.1 - 1. An accident preference [Seite 566]
17.2.1.2 - 2. Disease [Seite 569]
17.2.1.3 - 3. Mental illness [Seite 573]
17.2.1.4 - 4. Harassment and discrimination [Seite 576]
17.2.2 - B. Issues for employers' liability [Seite 577]
17.2.2.1 - 1. An accident preference [Seite 577]
17.2.2.2 - 2. Disease [Seite 579]
17.2.2.3 - 3. Mental illness [Seite 579]
17.2.2.4 - 4. Harassment and discrimination [Seite 580]
17.3 - III. Attribution issues ('blaming problems') [Seite 582]
17.3.1 - A. Issues for employers' liability [Seite 582]
17.3.1.1 - 1. A violation of the required standard of care [Seite 583]
17.3.1.2 - 2. Causation [Seite 585]
17.3.1.3 - 3. Time limits (prescription) [Seite 586]
17.3.1.4 - 4. Insurance [Seite 588]
17.3.1.5 - 5. The risk of insolvency [Seite 589]
17.3.2 - B. Issues for workers' compensation [Seite 590]
17.4 - IV. Challenges for Employers' Liability and Workers' Compensation [Seite 592]
17.4.1 - A. Introduction [Seite 592]
17.4.2 - B. Challenges for Workers' Compensation [Seite 593]
17.4.3 - C. Challenges for Employers' Liability [Seite 593]
17.4.4 - D. Coordination of the two systems [Seite 596]
17.5 - V. Conclusion [Seite 598]
18 - New Perspectives on Employers'Liability - Basic Policy Issues [Seite 601]
18.1 - I. Introduction [Seite 601]
18.2 - II. Systems of Workers' Compensation: Basic Features [Seite 603]
18.2.1 - A. Compensation regardless of fault of employer and contributory fault of employee [Seite 603]
18.2.2 - B. Insurance or collectivisation of claims [Seite 604]
18.2.3 - C. Scope of protection [Seite 604]
18.2.4 - D. Limited compensation, simplified assessment [Seite 605]
18.2.5 - E. Resolution of disputes out of court [Seite 607]
18.2.6 - F. Immunity of employers from damages suits [Seite 607]
18.3 - III. Employers' Liability: Basic Features [Seite 608]
18.3.1 - A. Bases of liability [Seite 608]
18.3.2 - B. Central features of private liability regimes [Seite 609]
18.3.3 - C. Thresholds for establishing civil liability [Seite 609]
18.4 - IV. The Revival of Employers' Liability [Seite 610]
18.4.1 - A. Against the industrial preference [Seite 610]
18.4.2 - B. The promise of social security [Seite 612]
18.4.3 - C. The failure of social security [Seite 613]
18.4.4 - D. Conclusion [Seite 616]
18.5 - V. Functional Analysis [Seite 616]
18.5.1 - A. Compensation [Seite 617]
18.5.1.1 - 1. Needs-based interpretation of the compensation goal [Seite 617]
18.5.1.2 - 2. Corrective justice interpretation of the compensation goal [Seite 618]
18.5.2 - B. Deterrence [Seite 619]
18.5.2.1 - 1. Strict liability vs fault-based liability [Seite 619]
18.5.2.2 - 2. Insuring against liability [Seite 620]
18.5.2.3 - 3. Conclusion [Seite 622]
18.5.3 - C. Administrative Costs [Seite 623]
18.5.4 - D. Conclusion [Seite 626]
18.6 - VI. Challenges for Workers' Compensation Systems [Seite 626]
18.6.1 - A. The common root of current challenges [Seite 626]
18.6.2 - B. Inroads into the immunity principle [Seite 627]
18.6.2.1 - 1. The expansion of aggravated fault [Seite 627]
18.6.2.2 - 2. The substantive issues: Full income replacement and damages for non-pecuniary losses? [Seite 628]
18.6.2.3 - 3. The administrative issue: upgrading workers' compensation benefits vs private suits against employers [Seite 631]
18.6.3 - C. Claims against third parties [Seite 633]
18.6.3.1 - 1. The US experience [Seite 633]
18.6.3.2 - 2. Explanation [Seite 634]
18.6.3.3 - 3. Evaluation [Seite 636]
18.7 - VII. Final Remarks [Seite 637]
19 - Index [Seite 639]
20 - Publications [Seite 649]