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Peter Wells is a Professor of Business and Sustainability at Cardiff Business School and Co-Director of the Centre for Automotive Industry Research where his work has ranged across spatial industrial development, economics, organisational theory, industrial ecology, technological change, transitions theory, business models and sustainability - all through an applied focus on the global automotive industry. He teaches themes of transport, mobility and business sustainability on the MBA and MSc programmes, as well as to a wide range of companies and organisations. Professor Wells has over 550 publications reaching academia, industry, policymakers and stakeholders through traditional academic papers and books, industry practitioner journals and events, internet publications and, more recently, webinars. His latest books are: The automotive industry in an era of eco-austerity (Edward Elgar, 2010) and Business models for sustainability (Edward Elgar, 2013).
Series Preface xvii
Foreword xix
1 Introduction and Overview 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Continuity and Change 3
1.3 Overview 4
References 6
2 Understanding Change and Difference in the Global Automotive Industry 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Socio?]Technical Transitions 9
2.3 Varieties of Capitalism 12
2.4 Global Value Chains 14
2.5 Change in the Automotive Industry: A Synthesis 15
2.6 Conclusions 16
References 17
3 The Market for New Cars 19
3.1 Introduction 19
3.2 Market Fragmentation and Lack of Industry Consolidation 20
3.3 Geography of Markets 22
3.4 Mobility Services and the Emergent Automotive Ecosystem 26
3.5 Conclusions 27
References 27
4 Understanding People and Cars 29
4.1 Influences on Travel Choices 29
4.2 Influences on Vehicle Choice 33
4.3 Acceptability of Transport Policies and New Technologies 34
4.4 Conclusions 36
References 37
5 Car Manufacturing 41
5.1 Background and Prehistory 41
5.2 Ford, Budd and Sloan: The History of Mass Car Production 42
5.3 Monocoque Construction: Budd's Impact on Car Design 44
5.4 Toyotism 45
5.5 Buddism in Crisis? 46
5.6 Lean v Agile 47
5.7 Conclusions 49
References 50
6 Recent Trends in Manufacturing Innovation Policy for the Automotive Sector: A Survey of the United States, Mexico, European Union, Germany and Spain 53
6.1 Introduction 53
6.2 A Changing Manufacturing Landscape 55
6.3 Restructuring in the Automotive Industry 56
6.4 Automotive Policies in the United States, Mexico, EU, Germany and Spain 57
6.4.1 United States 57
6.4.2 Mexico 59
6.4.3 European Union 60
6.4.4 Germany 61
6.4.5 Spain 62
6.5 Conclusion 63
References 64
7 Labour Relations and Human Resource Management in the Automotive Industry: North American Perspectives 67
7.1 Introduction 67
7.2 From Fordist Production to Lean Production: The Evolution of Labour Relations/Human Resource Management Systems in the North American Auto Industry Prior to 2000 70
7.2.1 The Classic Fordist Industrial Relations System in the US and Canadian Automotive Industries 70
7.2.2 The Impact of Japanese Transplants and Lean Production Methods on the North American Automotive Labour Relations System 72
7.3 Developments in North American Auto Labour Relations Since 2000 74
7.3.1 Concession Bargaining 2003-2008 74
7.3.2 The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis 76
7.3.3 Post?]Crisis Developments 78
7.4 Conclusion 78
References 80
8 Labour Relations and HRM in the Automotive Industry: Japanese Impacts 83
8.1 Introduction: The Japanese Car Industry and Toyota Production System 83
8.2 TPS and Japanese HRM 85
8.3 'Japanization' of the Global Automotive Industry 88
8.4 Changes in Japanese Labour Relations and HRM 90
8.5 Concluding Remarks 92
References 93
9 The Rise of South Korean (or Korean) Automobile Industry 95
9.1 Introduction 95
9.2 A Brief History of South Korean Automobile Industry and the Performance of HMC 96
9.2.1 Brief History of South Korean Automobile Industry 96
9.2.2 The Change in Performance of HMG 100
9.3 Considering Five Success Factors of HMC 102
9.3.1 Vertical Integration 102
9.3.2 Modularization of Production and Standardization 102
9.3.3 Expansion of Overseas Production Capabilities in Emerging Markets 104
9.3.4 Product Strategy 104
9.3.5 Quality Focused and Design Focused Management 105
9.4 Characteristics of HRM in HMC and Effects on the Management System 106
9.4.1 Militant Trade Union Movement and Confrontational Labour?]Management Relations 106
9.4.2 Fragmentation and Automation of Work 106
9.4.3 Internal Competition Systems 107
9.5 Conclusion: New Challenges for the Korean Auto Makers as Multinational Enterprises 107
References 108
10 China's Car Industry 109
10.1 Background 109
10.2 Pre?]History 110
10.3 China's Car Industry 111
10.4 The Role of Government 114
10.4.1 Traditional Automobile Industries 114
10.5 New Energy Vehicles 118
10.5.1 R&D Support 118
10.5.2 Industrialization 119
10.6 Bringing NEVs to Market 121
10.6.1 Demonstration and Pilot Projects: Strategic Niche Management 121
10.6.2 Financial Incentives 122
10.7 Conclusions 124
References 124
11 Forging Ahead or Stagnating?: An Analysis of Indian Automotive Industry 127
11.1 Introduction 127
11.2 History of the Indian Automotive Industry 128
11.3 Statistics on Automobile Industry Performance 132
11.4 Stagnation of Industry in 2013-2014 133
11.5 Factors Critical to the Growth of the Indian Automotive Industry 133
11.6 Challenges and Future of Indian Automotive Industry 134
References 136
12 From Factory to End?]User: An Overview of Automotive Distribution and the Challenges of Disruptive Change 139
12.1 Shipping and Stocking Cars 140
12.2 Retail and Distribution 143
12.3 Changes to the Dealer Model 146
12.4 The Changing Role of Fleets 148
12.5 Delivering Integrated Services Means Rethinking Skills 150
References 150
13 Impacts of Automobility 153
13.1 Introduction 153
13.2 Externalities and Automobility: A Broad Perspective 153
13.3 Death and Injuries from Road Traffic 154
13.4 Environmental Impacts 156
13.5 Toxic Emissions 157
13.6 Current Concerns 159
13.7 Role of the Consumer 160
13.8 Conclusions 161
References 161
14 Regulating the Car 163
14.1 Regulating for Safety 163
14.1.1 Development of Vehicle Standards 164
14.1.2 European Directives 164
14.1.3 US Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 166
14.2 New Car Assessment Programmes 167
14.3 Future Developments 168
14.3.1 Impact of New Vehicle Technologies 169
14.4 Legislating for a Cleaner Environment 170
14.4.1 Fuel Economy: Incentives and Disincentives 171
14.5 Climate Change 172
14.6 Future Developments 173
References 174
15 Global versus Local: Regionalism in a Global Industry 177
15.1 The Old World 177
15.2 Asia 179
15.2.1 The Creation of Two Motoring Cultures: India v China 179
15.3 Latin America 180
15.4 Case Study: On the Margins of Mass Production: Australia 181
References 184
16 The Impact of Electric Automobility 185
16.1 Electric Vehicle Design 185
16.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicles 186
16.1.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 186
16.2 Charging Infrastructure - UK Case Study 187
16.3 Electric Vehicles in Europe 191
16.3.1 Urban Electric Vehicles 193
16.3.2 Rural Electric Vehicles - The Welsh Case 193
16.4 Conclusions 197
References 197
17 Alternatives to the Car 199
17.1 Introduction 199
17.2 Defining the Car: Legislative and Market Boundaries 200
17.3 The Hidden World of Non?]Car Automobility 202
17.4 Transition by Stealth: The 2W?]BEV 203
17.4.1 3W?]BEVs 205
17.5 Conclusions 206
References 206
18 New Business Models and the Automotive Industry 209
18.1 Introduction 209
18.2 Fundamentals of the Existing Automotive Industry Business Model 210
18.3 Pressures for Change on the Existing Business Model 212
18.4 Incremental Business Model Evolution in the Automotive Industry 213
18.5 Radical Business Model Innovation in the Automotive Industry 214
18.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects for Business Model Innovation 216
References 216
19 Future Challenges for Product and Industry 219
19.1 Introduction 219
19.2 New Engine Technologies 220
19.3 Owning or Sharing? 223
19.4 The Future Car 223
19.5 The Future Industry 224
References 226
Index 229
Editors' Profiles
Paul Nieuwenhuis Centre for Automotive Industry Research and Electric Vehicle Centre of Excellence Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University Cardiff, Wales, UK
Dr Paul Nieuwenhuis is a senior lecturer at Cardiff University. He joined the Centre for Automotive Industry Research (CAIR) at Cardiff University in 1991, and he became one of its two directors in 2006. He was a founder member of the ESRC Centre for Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability and Society (BRASS) and is an associate of the Sustainable Places Research Institute. His main interests are historic and environmental, and his publications have been in these areas, for example The Green Car Guide (1992) and Sustainable Automobility (2014). He also contributed to the Beaulieu Encyclopaedia of the Automobile (2000), which won a Cugnot Award from the Society of Automotive Historians. Dr Nieuwenhuis has produced around 300 publications ranging from books and academic papers, to conference papers for both academic and business audiences and journalistic pieces. Dr Nieuwenhuis is a member of the Guild of Motoring Writers.
Peter Wells Centre for Automotive Industry Research Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University Cardiff, Wales, UK
Peter Wells is a professor of sustainable business models at Cardiff Business School, where his work has ranged across spatial industrial development, economics, organizational theory, industrial ecology, technological change, transition theory, business models and sustainability - all through an applied focus on the global automotive industry. Professor Wells has over 550 publications reaching academia, industry, policy and stakeholder audiences through traditional papers and books, Internet publications and, more recently, webinars.
Contributors' Profiles
Katsuki Aoki School of Business Administration Meiji University Tokyo, Japan
Dr Katsuki Aoki is an associate professor in the School of Business at Meiji University in Japan. He received his Ph.D. in business administration from Meiji University in 1999. His main research interests include (i) international comparative studies on the implementation of kaizen activities, (ii) the benefits and limitations of the keiretsu system (OEM-supplier relationships) in the automotive industry and (iii) mass customization and order fulfilment systems in the automotive industry. His paper entitled 'Transferring Japanese kaizen activities to overseas plants in China' was selected as one of the most prominent papers at the Emerald Literati Network Awards for Excellence 2009.
Liana M. Cipcigan Electric Vehicle Centre of Excellence School of Engineering Cardiff University Cardiff, Wales, UK
Dr Liana M. Cipcigan is a senior lecturer in the School of Engineering at Cardiff University, leading the research of integration and control of EVs in electricity and transportation networks. She is a member of the Electric Vehicle Centre of Excellence (EVCE). Her current research activities are focused on smart grids, distributed generation and EV integration and control. She has significant research experience in EU projects: FP6 More Microgrids, FP7 Mobile Energy Resources in Grids of Electricity (MERGE) and ERDF ENEVATE. She is the principal investigator (PI) of the EPSRC projects 'Smart Management of Electric Vehicles' and 'Electric Vehicle Value Chain - Bridging the Gaps'. She is participating in the UKERC project 'Smart Grids Scenarios for UK' and TSB project 'Agent-Based Controllers for Electric Vehicles and Micro-generators'. She is a member of CEN-CLC eMobility working group on Smart Charging and IEEE P2030.1 working group on standards for EVs and related infrastructure.
Huw Davies Electric Vehicle Centre of Excellence School of Engineering Cardiff University Cardiff, Wales, UK
Dr Huw Davies is a lecturer in mechanical engineering at Cardiff University School of Engineering. His background is in vehicle engineering and the development of vehicle safety standards. He has advised the UK Department for Transport, the European Commission and the Automotive Industry. At Cardiff University, he has developed the transport research theme. Safety, mobility and emissions are at its core. The universal goals are zero collisions, zero congestion and zero emissions. Dr Davies leads Cardiff University's Electric Vehicle Centre of Excellence.
Ceri Donovan Electric Vehicle Centre of Excellence School of Engineering Cardiff University Cardiff, Wales, UK
Ceri Donovan is a research assistant at Cardiff University School of Engineering and a member of Cardiff University's Electric Vehicle Centre of Excellence. She spent most of her time in recent years working on ENEVATE, which aimed to accelerate the uptake of e-mobility in northwest Europe. This includes conducting research on all aspects of electric vehicles, including market drivers and mobility concepts, vehicle safety and regulations. She previously worked in defence research, primarily focusing on how to integrate new technology onto existing platforms from the procurement as well as the practical perspectives. She has an M.Sc. in biometry from the University of Reading.
Patrick Galvin Innovation Policy Lab Munk School of Global Affairs University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Patrick Galvin is a postdoctoral research fellow with the Innovation Policy Lab at the Munk School of Global Affairs, where he is part of a research team investigating the dynamics of developing a new automotive policy for the Canadian automotive industry for the twenty-first century. He is also working on the SSHRC-funded Creating Digital Opportunity project. Prior to his current appointment and after having obtained both his B.A. (honours) and M.A. degrees in political science, Patrick spent several years working in the housing policy field with a number of consulting firms. Patrick enrolled in the Ph.D. programme in politics at the University of Exeter in England. He completed his dissertation in November 2012, and he was formally awarded his Ph.D. degree in July 2012. Patrick's Ph.D. dissertation built on his training in public policy and political economy by examining how local government in the city of Toronto develops its cluster-related innovation policy. It focuses on two empirical case studies to see how the city develops its cluster policy for two industrial sectors: the aerospace sector and the fashion sector.
Elena Goracinova Innovation Policy Lab Munk School of Global Affairs University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Elena Goracinova is a Ph.D. candidate in political science working at the University of Toronto's Munk School of Global Affairs Innovation Policy Lab with Professor David Wolfe. She received her master's degree in geography from the University of Toronto with a thesis on manufacturing in developed economies. She is interested in studying the role of the state in economic policymaking. Her current work focuses on the scope and effectiveness of advanced manufacturing policies in Canada.
John Holmes Professor Emeritus Department of Geography Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada
John Holmes is a professor of geography at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He received his B.Sc. (honours) and M.A. (social science) degrees from the University of Sheffield and his Ph.D. from Ohio State University. He is also affiliated with the graduate industrial relations programme in the Queen's School of Policy Studies. His research focuses on geographical aspects of the political economy of contemporary economic and social change and, in particular, on the contemporary restructuring and reorganization of production and work in North America. Empirical research and writing have focused primarily on the automobile industry. For a list of selected publications, see http://geog.queensu.ca/faculty/holmes.asp.
Seunghwan Ku Faculty of Business Administration Kyoto Sangyo University Kyoto, Japan
Seunghwan Ku is a professor of technology of management of the Faculty of Business Administration, Kyoto Sangyo University. He received his Ph.D. (management of technology) from the University of Tokyo, Japan. His dissertation entitled 'The Dynamism of Product Architecture: Modularization, Knowledge Integration, Interfirm Linkage' was published by Mineruba Shobo, a major publisher in Japan. His recent publications include 'Economic Analysis of ICT Innovation' (2011) with M. Fujiwara and 'Ship Development and Shipbuilding Industry: The Constraint of Large Artifact Development and the Uncertainty of Business Model' with H. Kato in T. Fujimoto, ed., 'Coping with Complex Artifacts' (2013). His current research interests are (i) product development, (ii) logistics and inter-firm linkages, (iii) product strategy and innovation and (iv) supplier system in Korean and Japanese industries, the auto sector in particular.
Maneesh Kumar Centre for Automotive Industry Research Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University Cardiff, Wales, UK
Dr Maneesh Kumar is a senior lecturer at Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, UK. His research interests are primarily in the area of quality...
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