Research Methods in Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics

Name: Research Methods in Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics | A Practical Guide
Brand: Wiley-Blackwell
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A Practical Guide

ller Nicole M&uuml Martin J. Ball(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 24. August 2012

336 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Research Methods in Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics: A Practical Guide
Contents
Notes on Contributors
1 Linguistics, Phonetics, and Speech-Language Pathology: Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics
1.1 A Brief Historical Overview of Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics
1.2 The Role of Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics in Speech-Language Pathology
1.3 Research Philosophies, and the Rest of this Book
2 Research Ethics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic Concepts
2.3 Planning for Ethical Research
2.3.1 Rationale and Methodologies
2.3.2 Informed Consent
2.3.3 Ethics Review Procedures
2.4 Conducting Research Ethically
2.4.1 Data Collection and Analysis
2.4.2 Management Issues
2.5 Disseminating Results Ethically
2.5.1 Manuscript Preparation
2.5.2 The Peer-Review Process
2.6 Emerging Trends
2.7 Conclusion
2.8 Resources
2.8.1 Further Reading
3 Experimental and Quasi-experimental Research in Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.2.1 Concerns in Experimental Design: Reliability and Validity
3.2.2 Choosing Appropriate Experimental Design
3.2.3 Subject Selection, Data Collection, and Data Interpretation
3.3 General Discussion
3.4 Resources
4 The Investigation of Speech Production: Experimental and Quasi-experimental Approaches
4.1 Overview of Speech Difficulties: Theoretical Underpinnings
4.2 Data Collection Considerations
4.2.1 Participants
4.2.2 Speech Elicitation
4.3 Perceptual Evaluation Methods
4.4 Technology and Speech Production Studies
4.4.1 Acoustic Analysis
4.4.2 Articulatory Records
4.5 Beyond Speech
4.5.1 Comprehensibility
4.5.2 Qualitative Research
4.5.3 Triangulation of Data
4.6 Conclusion
4.7 Resources
5 Investigating Disordered Language: Experimental and Quasi-experimental Approaches
5.1 Overview of Territory
5.2 Focusing the Research Question
5.2.1 Focusing the Question via Attention to an Agenda
5.2.2 Focusing the Question via Pilot Experimental Studies
5.2.3 Focusing the Question via Preliminary Use of Microgenetic Research Methods
5.3 Overview of Language Disorders: Theoretical Underpinnings and the Nature of Data
5.3.1 Relationship between Demand of Experimental Control and Language Construct
5.3.2 Behaviorism and Applied Behavior Analysis
5.3.3 Structuralism and Generative Theories
5.3.4 Constructivism
5.3.5 Emergent Theory, Neuroconstructivist Theory, Neoconstructivism
5.4 Experimental (and Quasi-experimental) Methods: Examples of Contributions to Nosology
5.4.1 Specific Language Impairment
5.4.2 Pragmatic Impairment
5.5 Experimental Research and Language Intervention
5.5.1 Dealing with Independent Variables: Treatment Fidelity/Integrity
5.5.2 Administering a Protocol: The People and Their Actions
5.5.3 Identifying the Active Ingredients
5.6 Data Collection Considerations
5.6.1 Participants and Groupings
5.6.2 Age Appropriateness in Experiments with Children
5.6.3 Cultural and Language Appropriateness of Tasks for Participants
5.6.4 Issues of "Matching" Participants
5.6.5 Recording
5.6.6 Tasks and Stimuli
5.6.7 Experimental Contexts and Settings
5.6.8 Data Set
5.7 Microgenetic Research: An Underused Research Tool
5.8 Conclusion
5.9 Resources
5.9.1 General Research
5.9.2 Treatment Fidelity Resources
5.9.3 Microgenetic Research Resources
6 Qualitative Research in Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics
6.1 Definitions
6.2 Traditions of Inquiry
6.3 Case-Based Research and Qualitative Case Studies
6.3.1 Categories of Qualitative Case Studies
6.4 Preparing the Ground: Finding a Question, Preparing a Study, and Finding Participants
6.4.1 Identifying a Problem and Situating a Study Methodologically
6.4.2 Sampling, and Getting Access to Sites and Participants
6.5 Data Types and Data Sources: A Brief Selection
6.5.1 Field Notes and Participant Observation
6.5.2 Interviews
6.5.3 Conversations
6.5.4 Multiple Data Sources
6.6 Working with Data: Analysis and Interpretation
6.7 Conclusion and Outlook
6.8 Resources
7 An Ethnographic Approach to Assessing Communication Success in Interactions Involving Adults with Developmental Delay
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 What Is Ethnography?
7.2 Culture and Context: Situating Interactions
7.3 The Role of Ethnography in Investigating Speech and Language Disorders
7.3.1 Participant Observation and the Role of Immersion
7.4 Ethnography of Communication
7.4.1 Speech Situations, Events, and Acts
7.4.2 EC: Creating a Typology
7.5 Applying the Typology
7.5.1 EC and the Research Interview
7.5.2 EC and Adult Daycare Interactions
7.6 Summary and Conclusion
7.7 Recommended Reading and Resources
7.7.1 Listservs and Online Sources
8 Conversation Analysis Applied to Disordered Speech and Language
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Development and Principles
8.2.1 Approaching Analysis
8.2.2 CA and Language
8.3 Organizing Talk-in-Interaction
8.3.1 Turn-Taking
8.3.2 Sequence Organization
8.3.3 Repair
8.4 Communication Disorders and CA
8.4.1 Turn Construction
8.4.2 Sequence Organization
8.4.3 Repair
8.4.4 Co-Construction and Multimodality
8.5 Motivations and Future Research
8.6 Resources
8.6.1 Textbooks
8.6.2 Further Reading
8.6.3 Useful Websites
9 Clinical Sociolinguistics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic Concepts
9.2.1 Speech Community
9.2.2 Vernacular
9.2.3 Variables
9.3 Collecting Data
9.3.1 Sampling
9.3.2 Eliciting Different Styles of Speech
9.3.3 Milroy's Social Network Approach
9.4 Data Analysis
9.4.1 Correlational Analysis
9.4.2 Variable Rules
9.5 Clinical Sociolinguistics
9.5.1 Applying Sociolinguistics to the Clinic
9.5.2 Sociolinguistics of Sign Language
9.5.3 Stylistic Variation in Clinical Data
9.6 Resources
10 The Recording of Audio and Video Data
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Audio and Video Data: Purpose and Method
10.3 Audio Recording
10.3.1 Digital Audio Signals
10.3.2 Recording Device
10.3.3 Microphones
10.3.4 Audio Playback
10.4 Video Recording
10.4.1 Video Data in Interactional Studies
10.4.2 Video data in Other Areas of Clinical Linguistics
10.4.3 Video Recording Considerations
10.5 Data Storage and Protection
10.5.1 Audio File Formats
10.5.2 Data Security and Archiving
10.6 Conclusion
11 Data Processing: Transcriptional and Impressionistic Methods
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Transcribing Speech
11.2.1 Principles of Phonetic Transcription
11.2.2 Examples of Phonetic and Multilayered Transcription
11.3 Transcribing Linguistic Interaction
11.3.1 Conventions Used in Transcribing Conversation
11.3.2 Example of a Conversational Transcript
11.4 Conclusion and Outlook: Why do We Transcribe, and What is a Transcript?
11.5 Resources
11.5.1 Further Reading
11.5.2 Details of the IA and extIPA
Appendices
Appendix 11.A IPA Chart
Appendix 11.B extIPA Chart
Appendix 11.C VoQS Chart
12 Data Processing: Digital Analysis of Speech Audio Signals
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Representations
12.2.1 Speech Signals
12.2.2 Transcriptions
12.2.3 Parameters
12.3 Analysis
12.3.1 Measures of Speech Level
12.3.2 Measures of Duration and Rhythm
12.3.3 Measures of Phonation Quality
12.3.4 Measures of Segmental Quality
12.4 Modeling
12.4.1 Modeling of Segments
12.4.2 Modeling of F0 Contours
12.5 Resources
12.5.1 Corpus Preparation Tools
12.5.2 Speech Analysis Tools
12.5.3 Speech Toolkits
13 Data Processing: Imaging of Speech Data
13.1 The Background to Speech Imaging
13.2 What is Speech Imaging? Parameters for Analysis
13.3 Neuroimagery: Charting Brain Activity in Speech Production
13.4 Imaging the Lower Vocal Tract
13.5 Larynx Imaging
13.6 Imaging Nasal and Oral Airflow
13.7 Imaging the Tongue
13.7.1 Palatography
13.7.2 Lingual Kinematics: EMA and Ultrasound
13.8 Multipurpose Analysis: The Visi-Pitch
13.9 Conclusion
13.10 Resources
14 Data Analysis and Interpretation: Statistical Methods
14.1 Doing Statistics: Probability, Hypothesis Testing, Type I Error, Type II Error
14.2 Units of Statistical Analysis: Variables
14.3 Descriptive Statistics
14.4 Skewed Distributions, Outliers, and Data Trimming
14.5 Parametric and Non-parametric Statistics
14.6 "Doing Stats": Available Software
14.7 Conclusion
15 AphasiaBank: Data and Methods
15.1 Introduction
15.2 AphasiaBank
15.3 Goals
15.4 Protocol Standardization
15.5 Transcribing
15.6 Error Coding
15.7 Analyses
15.7.1 CLAN
15.7.2 Extensible Markup Language (XML)
15.7.3 GEM
15.7.4 Lexical and Morphological Coding
15.7.5 Lexical Diversity Analysis
15.7.6 MORtable
15.7.7 Lexical Frequency Analysis
15.7.8 COMBO
15.7.9 Error Analysis
15.8 Syndrome Classification
15.9 Content Analysis
15.10 Profiles of Recovery Processes
15.11 Conclusion
16 Disseminating Research: Reading, Writing, and Publishing
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Finding and Reading Literature
16.2.1 Finding Literature
16.2.2 Managing Literature
16.2.3 Reading Literature
16.3 Writing Up Research
16.3.1 Writing a Literature Review
16.3.2 Writing the Method, Results, and Discussion
16.3.3 The Microstructure of Writing
16.4 Publishing Research
16.4.1 Writing a Journal Manuscript
16.4.2 Responding to Feedback
16.4.3 If a Paper is Rejected
16.4.4 Publishing from Projects, Theses, or Dissertations
16.4.5 Final Thoughts about Writing
Acknowledgments
Index

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