Atmospheric Circulation Systems

Name: Atmospheric Circulation Systems | Their Structure and Physical Interpretation
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Their Structure and Physical Interpretation

Newton(Autor*in)

Newton(Herausgeber*in)

Academic Press

Erschienen am 14. Mai 2014

623 Seiten

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978-0-08-095448-6 (ISBN)

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Front Cover
Atmospheric Circulation Systems: Their Structure and Physical Interpretation
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
List of Symbols
Chapter 1. The Mean Structure of the Atmosphere, and the Maintenance of the General Circulation in the Northern Hemisphere
1.1 Mean Meridional Distribution of Temperature and Wind
1.2 Maintenance of the Angular Momentum in the Atmosphere
1.3 Quantitative Evaluations of Angular Momentum Flux
1.4 Maintenance of the Zonal Circulation
1.5 Generation and Transfer of Kinetic Energy
1.6 Summary of Conclusions concerning Meridional and Vertical Exchange of Angular Momentum
References
Chapter 2. Heat Balance of the Earth's Atmosphere, and the Meridional and Vertical Transfer of Energy
2.1 General Principles concerning Flux and Storage of Energy
2.2 Mean Annual Energy Budget over the Globe
2.3 Energy Budget of the Northern Hemisphere in Winter and Summer
2.4 Vertical Heat Flux in Northern Hemisphere Winter
2.5 Vertical Heat Flux in the Tropics
2.6 Vertical Heat Flux in Extratropical Regions and Corresponding Generation of Kinetic Energy
2.7 Summary of Conclusions concerning the Meridional and Vertical Exchange of Energy
References
Chapter 3. Seasonal and Zonal Variations of the Mean Atmospheric Structure and Flow Patterns
3.1 Mid-Tropospheric Mean Flow Patterns
3.2 Seasonal Mean Structures in Meridional Sections
3.3 Wind and Temperature in High Atmosphere
3.4 Seasonal Characteristics of Upper-Tropospheric Wind Field
3.5 Distribution of Cyclones and Anticyclones
References
Chapter 4. Principal Air Masses and Fronts, Jet Streams, and Tropopauses
4.1 Principal Air Masses
4.2 Polar Front and Polar-Front Jet Stream
4.3 Subtropical Jet Stream and "Subtropical Front
4.4 Scheme of the Characteristic Atmospheric Structure
References
Chapter 5. The Polar-Front Theory and the Beginnings of Synoptic Aerology
5.1 A Brief Historical Review
5.2 The Polar-Front Theory
5.3 Cyclone Families
5.4 Relation of Cyclone Families to General Circulation
5.5 Early Studies of the Upper-Air Structure of Cyclones
5.6 Linkage between Upper Waves and Surface Disturbances
References
Chapter 6. Extratropical Disturbances in Relation to the Upper Waves
6.1 Planetary Control of Upper Waves
6.2 Baroclinic Waves
6.3 Divergence and Vertical Velocity in Actual Disturbances
6.4 Long Waves and Short Waves, and Their Relation to Synoptic Disturbances
6.5 Three-Dimensional Motions and Meridional Exchange of Air Masses
6.6 Examples of Waves of Different Scales
6.7 The Concept of Lateral Mixing
References
Chapter 7. Thermal Structure of Fronts and Corresponding Wind Field
7.1 Fronts as Surfaces of Discontinuity or Layers of Transition
7.2 The Slope of a Zero-Order Discontinuity Surface
7.3 The Slope of a First-Order Discontinuity Surface
7.4 Generalized Atmospheric Structure near Polar Front
7.5 Differing Interpretations of Fronts and Tropopauses
7.6 Simplified Thermal Structure of a Disturbance on the Polar Front
7.7 Synoptic Example of Frontal Structure in a Large-Amplitude Wave
7.8 Additional Considerations concerning Fronts
References
Chapter 8. Principal Tropospheric Jet Streams
8.1 General Features of Jet Streams
8.2 Structure in Relation to Upper Waves
8.3 Nature and Dimensions of Jet Streaks
8.4 Broad-Scale Aspects of Subtropical Jet Stream
8.5 Confluence and Diffluence in the Major Wind Systems
8.6 Detailed Structure of Subtropical Jet Stream
8.7 The Tropical Easterly Jet Stream
8.8 The Low-Level Jet Stream
8.9 Generality of Jets in Rotating Fluid Systems
References
Chapter 9. Frontogenesis and Related Circulations
9.1 Frontogenesis through Horizontal Motions
9.2 Circulations Associated with Confluence and Release of Latent Heat
9.3 General Processes in the Redistribution of Properties
9.4 An Example of Three-Dimensional Frontogenesis and Frontolysis
9.5 The Potential Vorticity Viewpoint
9.6 Frontogenetic Processes in Lower Levels
9.7 Large-Scale Processes
References
Chapter 10. Three-Dimensional Flow Patterns in Extratropical Disturbances
10.1 Formation of Upper-Tropospheric Cyclones and Anticyclones
10.2 Overall Structures of Cutoff Cyclones
10.3 Role of Extratropical Disturbances in the Meridional and Vertical Exchange Processes
10.4 Changes in Depth of Air Masses during Meridional Displacement
10.5 Computations of the Vertical Mass Transport in Cold Outbreaks
10.6 Flux of Heat in Synoptic Disturbances
10.7 Three-Dimensional Air Trajectories in Cold Outbreaks
10.8 Three-Dimensional Flow of Warm Air in Cyclones
10.9 Composite Air Flow in Frontal Cyclones
References
Chapter 11. Development of Extratropical Cyclones
11.1 Perturbation Theories of Instability
11.2 Upper-Level Divergence and Initiation of Lower-Level Cyclone Development
11.3 Development of Thermal Field, and Limiting Processes
11.4 An Example of Cyclone Evolution
11.5 Cyclone Development with Change in Planetary Waves
11.6 Asymmetrical Structure and its Implications
11.7 Air-Mass Exchange in Relation to Evolution of Disturbances
11.8 Orographic Influences
References
Chapter 12. Weather in Relation to Disturbances
12.1 Broad-Scale Weather Distribution
12.2 Weather Systems in Relation to Heat Transfer
12.3 Stable "Upglide" Precipitation
12.4 Clouds in Relation to Fronts
12.5 Cloud Systems in Occlusions
12.6 Precipitation and the Budget of Water Vapor
References
Chapter 13. Organized Convective Systems in Middle Latitudes
13.1 Distribution of Convective Storms and of Severe Storms
13.2 Generation and Release of Instability
13.3 Synoptic Structure of Squall Lines
13.4 General Aspects of Storm Circulation
13.5 Mass and Water Budgets
13.6 Vertical Transfer of Properties
References
Chapter 14. Circulation and Disturbances of the Tropics
14.1 Mean Structure and Circulation of the Tropical Belt
14.2 Water-Vapor Transport
14.3 Characteristics of the Trade-Wind Region
14.4 Vertical Transfer in Tropical Zone
14.5 Circulation during Asiatic Summer Monsoon
14.6 Varying Structures of Environments of Disturbances
14.7 Waves in the Easterlies
14.8 Cyclonic Vortices
14.9 High-Level Flow Patterns in Summer
14.10 Severe Thunderstorm Systems
14.11 Character of the Trade-Confluence Zone
References
Chapter 15. Tropical Cyclones, Hurricanes, and Typhoons
15.1 Necessary Conditions for Formation of Tropical Cyclones
15.2 Structure of Mature Tropical Cyclones
15.3 Characteristics of the Eye
15.4 The Eye Wall and Contiguous Regions
15.5 Angular-Momentum Balance
15.6 The Energy Budget
15.7 Formation and Growth of Severe Tropical Cyclones
15.8 Decay or Transformation of Tropical Cyclones
References
Chapter 16. Energy Conversions in Atmospheric Circulation Systems
16.1 Basic Energy Equations
16.2 Application to the General Circulation
16.3 Generation of Kinetic Energy in Extratropical Disturbances
16.4 Influence of Heat Sources and Sinks
16.5 General Scheme of Atmospheric-Energy Conversions
References
Chapter 17. Summary of the Atmospheric Circulation Processes
17.1 General Aspects
17.2 Dominant Features of Circulation
17.3 Contributions of Energy Transfer in Different Forms
17.4 Wavelength and Geographical Considerations
17.5 Conclusion
References
Author Index
Subject Index

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