Substance in International Tax Law

Name: Substance in International Tax Law | DEMPE Approach, Substantial Activity Requirement and Beneficial Ownership
Brand: Wolters Kluwer
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DEMPE Approach, Substantial Activity Requirement and Beneficial Ownership

Florian Navisotschnigg(Autor*in)

Wolters Kluwer (Verlag)

Erschienen am 9. August 2022

208 Seiten

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978-94-035-4905-7 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Setting the Scene
1.1 The Meaning of Substance in International Tax Law
1.2 Central Importance of Intangibles in the OECD BEPS Project
1.3 Substance in the OECD BEPS Project
1.3.1 Background
1.3.2 Substance in the Area of Transfer Pricing: DEMPE Approach (BEPS Action 8)
1.3.3 Substance in the Area of Harmful Tax Practices: Substantial Activity Requirement (BEPS Action 5)
1.4 Substance Pre-BEPS: Substance in the Area of Tax Treaties - Beneficial Ownership
1.5 IP Companies as Today's Business Reality
1.6 Scope of the Study
Chapter 2 Substance in the Area of Transfer Pricing: DEMPE Approach
2.1 Background
2.2 Analytical Framework for Transactions Involving Intangibles
2.3 Intangibles in the Context of the OECD TPG 2017
2.4 Contractual Arrangements and Intangible Ownership
2.4.1 Relevance of Contractual Arrangements
2.4.2 Relevance of Legal Ownership
2.4.3 Economic Ownership and Functional Ownership
2.5 Functional Analysis and Substance
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Substance Requirements with Regard to Functions
2.5.2.1 Important Functions
2.5.2.2 Outsourcing
2.5.3 Substance Requirements with Regard to Risks
2.5.3.1 New Framework for Risk Allocation
2.5.3.2 Control over Risk
2.5.3.3 Financial Capacity to Assume the Risk
2.5.4 Substance Requirements with Regard to Assets
2.5.4.1 Cash Boxes as Targets of the BEPS Project
2.5.4.2 Provision of Funding and Control over Operational Risks
2.5.4.3 Provision of Funding and Control over Financial Risks
2.5.4.4 Mere Provision of Funding
2.5.5 Synopsis
2.6 Recognition of the Accurately Delineated Transaction
2.7 Compatibility of the New Requirements with the Arm's-Length Principle
2.8 New Application of the Arm's-Length Principle
2.9 Approaches to Determine Substance in Practice: Value Contribution Analysis and RACI Analysis
2.10 Preliminary Conclusions
Chapter 3 Substance in the Area of Harmful Tax Practices: Substantial Activity Requirement
3.1 R&D Incentives and Harmful Tax Competition
3.2 The Substantial Activity Requirement with Regard to Preferential IP Regimes: Modified Nexus Approach
3.2.1 Background
3.2.2 Analytical Framework: The Nexus Formula
3.2.3 Qualifying Taxpayers
3.2.4 IP Assets in the Context of the Modified Nexus Approach
3.2.5 Relevance of Legal Ownership
3.2.6 Nexus Ratio and Substance
3.2.6.1 Introduction
3.2.6.2 Qualifying Expenditures
3.2.6.3 Outsourcing
3.2.6.4 Acquisition of IP
3.2.6.5 Uplift
3.2.6.6 Overall Expenditures
3.2.6.7 Synopsis
3.2.7 Overall Income
3.2.8 Illustrative Example
3.2.9 Tracking
3.2.10 Rebuttable Presumption
3.3 The Substantial Activity Requirement with Regard to No or Only Nominal Tax Jurisdictions: Core Income Generating Activities
3.3.1 Core Income Generating Activities for Preferential Non-IP Regimes as a Starting Point
3.3.2 Core Income Generating Activities for No or Only Nominal Tax Jurisdictions
3.3.3 Core Income Generating Activities with Regard to IP Income
3.3.4 Exceptional Cases and Rebuttable Presumption
3.4 Preliminary Conclusions
Chapter 4 Substance in the Area of Tax Treaties: Beneficial Ownership
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Historical Evolution
4.2.1 1977: Introduction into the OECD MC
4.2.1.1 Background
4.2.1.2 Content
4.2.1.3 Analysis: Normative Meaning of the Concept?
4.2.2 1986: OECD Conduit Companies Report
4.2.2.1 Background
4.2.2.2 Content
4.2.2.3 Analysis: New Direction for the Beneficial Ownership Test
4.2.3 1995/1997: Update of the OECD MC
4.2.3.1 Background
4.2.3.2 Content
4.2.3.3 Analysis: Beneficial Ownership Tested on a Territorial Level
4.2.4 1998: OECD Report on Harmful Tax Competition
4.2.4.1 Background
4.2.4.2 Content
4.2.4.3 Analysis: Beneficial Ownership as a General Anti-avoidance Rule?
4.2.5 1999: OECD Partnership Report
4.2.5.1 Background
4.2.5.2 Content
4.2.5.3 Analysis: Beneficial Ownership as an Attribution-of-Income Rule?
4.2.6 2003: Update of the Commentary
4.2.6.1 Background
4.2.6.2 Content
4.2.6.3 Analysis: Normative Meaning Added with the 2003 Commentary
4.2.7 2010: CIV Report
4.2.7.1 Background
4.2.7.2 Content
4.2.7.3 Analysis: Relevance of the Functions Performed
4.2.8 2014: Update of the Commentary - Forwarding Approach
4.2.8.1 Background
4.2.8.2 Content
4.2.8.3 Analysis: Irrelevance of Substance under the Beneficial Ownership Test
4.2.9 2017: Update of the OECD MC and the Commentary - PPT as a New Tool to Tackle Conduit Companies
4.2.9.1 Background
4.2.9.2 Content
4.2.9.3 Analysis: Relevance of Substance under the PPT
4.3 Preliminary Conclusions
Chapter 5 Comparison Between DEMPE Approach, Substantial Activity Requirement and Beneficial Ownership
5.1 DEMPE Approach and Substantial Activity Requirement
5.1.1 DEMPE Approach and Modified Nexus Approach
5.1.2 Modified Nexus Approach and Core Income Generating Activities
5.2 Beneficial Ownership (Substance Pre-BEPS) Versus Substance in the BEPS Project
5.3 Beneficial Ownership and the PPT: Changed Perception on the Relevance of Substance with the BEPS Project
5.4 Proposed Solution: Beneficial Ownership Without Normative Meaning and Deletion from the OECD MC
5.5 Excursus: New Direction of the OECD with Regard to Substance?
5.6 Preliminary Conclusions
Chapter 6 Conclusions
Bibliography
Index
Series List

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