A Necessary Engagement

Author's Note ix

Introduction xi

Chapter 1: Political Islam and Islamization 1

Islamization and Islamic Activism 4

Stages of Islamization 8

Islamic Activism and Radicalization 12

Islamic Radicals and WMD 14

Manifestations of Islamization 17

Factors Contributing to Islamization 20

Education and Islamization 23

Shia Activism 26

Islamic Political Party Politics 30

Islamic Activism, CIA Briefings, and U.S. Policy Responses 33

Chapter 2: Intelligence, Political Islam, and Policymakers 37

Intelligence and Policy: Roots of Tension 38

Politics Trumps National Security 40

Building Expertise 41

Academic Outreach 43

Training of Analysts 46

Cultural Expertise and Intelligence Analysis 47

Open-Source Data Mining 50

Visiting Muslim Countries 51

Analytic Products, Briefings, and Policymakers' Response 53

Iraq: Critical Briefings before and aft er the Invasion 54

Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas, and the American Response 61

Authoritarian Regimes and Political Reform 64

Bureaucratic Impediments 66

Collecting Data on Political Islam 68

Chapter 3: Public Diplomacy: Issues and Attitudes 71

Polls and Attitudes 73

Global War on Terror 80

Invading Muslim Countries 84

Democratization 90

The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: An "Honest Broker" Role? 94

Unilateralism Resonates Poorly 98

Chapter 4: Public Diplomacy: A Blueprint 101

Caveats and Challenges 105

Secularists and Modernists 107

Traditionalists and Radical Salafis 112

Core Themes 120

A Blueprint 125

Conclusion

Looking Ahead 140

Acknowledgments 145

Glossary 147

Sources Cited 151

Index 155