Nanocellulose

Name: Nanocellulose | A Biopolymer for Biomedical Applications
Brand: Wiley
Price: 173.99 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

A Biopolymer for Biomedical Applications

Mainak Mukhopadhyay Debalina Bhattacharya(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 31. Januar 2024

416 Seiten

E-Book

PDF mit Adobe-DRM

Systemvoraussetzungen

978-1-394-17281-8 (ISBN)

173,99 €inkl. 7% MwSt.

Systemvoraussetzungen

für PDF mit Adobe-DRM

E-Book Einzellizenz

Als Download verfügbar

Beschreibung

Weitere Details

Weitere Ausgaben

Personen

Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Nanocellulose: A Cutting Edge Biopolymer - An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanocellulose: A Brief Overview
1.2.1 Structure and Source of Cellulose
1.2.2 Nomenclature and Types of Nanocellulose
1.3 Extraction of Nanocellulose
1.3.1 Mechanical Extraction
1.3.2 Chemical Extraction
1.4 Surface Modification and Functionalization for Nanocelluloses
1.4.1 Esterification
1.4.2 Silylation
1.4.3 Amidation
1.4.4 Sulfonation
1.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Polymeric Composites
1.5.1 Nanocellulose-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites
1.5.1.1 Dispersion of Nanocellulose in the Matrix
1.5.1.2 Mechanical Performance of Resulting Nanocomposite
1.5.2 Nanocellulose-Based Hydrogels
1.5.3 Nanocellulose-Based Filaments
1.5.4 Nanocellulose for Biomedical Application
1.6 Summary and Prospects
1.6.1 Advantages of Nanocellulose-Reinforced Polymer Composites
1.6.2 Current Challenges
1.6.2.1 Functionalization
1.6.2.2 Mass Production
1.6.3 Conclusion and Future Developments
References
Chapter 2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) and Nanocrystals (CNC): Pre-Treatment, Preparation, and Characterization
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF)
2.2.1 Pre-Treatment
2.2.1.1 Retting Process
2.2.1.2 Desalting Process
2.2.1.3 Dewaxing Process
2.2.1.4 Alkali Treatment
2.2.1.5 Ionic Liquid Extraction
2.2.1.6 Bleaching Treatment
2.2.1.7 Acid Treatment
2.2.1.8 Microwave-Assisted Hydrolysis
2.2.1.9 TEMPO-Oxidation
2.2.2 Extraction
2.2.2.1 Homogenization
2.2.2.2 Microfluidization
2.2.2.3 Ball Milling
2.2.2.4 Grinding
2.2.2.5 Blending
2.2.2.6 Sonication
2.2.2.7 Steam Explosion
2.2.2.8 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2.2.3 Post-Treatment
2.2.3.1 Dialysis
2.2.3.2 Centrifugation
2.2.3.3 Drying
2.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC)
2.3.1 Pre-Treatment
2.3.1.1 Alkali Treatment
2.3.1.2 Bleaching
2.3.1.3 Other Pre-Treatments
2.3.2 Extraction
2.3.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis
2.3.2.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2.3.2.3 TEMPO Oxidation
2.3.2.4 Mechanical Process
2.3.3 Post-Treatment
2.4 Characterization
2.4.1 Morphology
2.4.1.1 Microscopy
2.4.2 Physical Characterization
2.4.2.1 XRD
2.4.2.2 Zeta Potential
2.4.2.3 TGA
2.4.3 Chemical Characterization
2.4.3.1 FTIR
2.4.3.2 XPS
2.4.3.3 Elemental Analysis
2.4.4 Mechanical Characterization
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Production of Bacterial Nanocellulose
3.1.2 Classification of Bcs Operon
3.2 Structure and Functions of Proteins Involved in Bcs Operon
3.3 Diverse Nature of Bcs Operon
3.4 Regulation of Bacterial Nanocellulose Biosynthesis
3.5 Genetic Manipulation of BNC Producing Strains to Increase Yield
3.6 Factors for BNC Production
3.7 Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose
3.7.1 X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD)
3.7.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
3.7.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
3.7.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.7.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.7.6 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
3.7.7 Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS)
3.7.8 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.7.9 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3.7.10 Particle Size Analysis
3.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Process and Applications of Electrospinning
4.1 Introduction
4.2 A Brief History of Electrospinning
4.3 Setup for the Experiment
4.4 Principle of the Process
4.5 Factors Affecting the Process of Electrospinning
4.5.1 Operating Parameters
4.5.1.1 Applied Voltage
4.5.1.2 Flow Rate
4.5.1.3 The Separation between the Metallic Needle's Tip and the Collector
4.5.2 Material Parameters
4.5.2.1 Polymer Concentration
4.5.2.2 Viscosity
4.5.2.3 Surface Tension
4.5.2.4 Conductivity
4.5.3 Properties of Solvents
4.5.3.1 Vapor Pressure
4.5.3.2 Allowability
4.5.4 Environmental Aspects
4.6 Electrospinning Variations
4.6.1 Needle-Based Electrospinning
4.6.1.1 Single Nozzle
4.6.1.2 Coaxial Electrospinning
4.6.1.3 Tri-Axial Electrospinning
4.6.1.4 Multichannel Electrospinning
4.6.2 Needleless Electrospinning
4.6.3 Melt Electrospinning
4.6.4 Emulsion Electrospinning
4.6.5 Solution Electrospinning
4.7 Applications of Electrospun Fibers
4.7.1 Biomedical Applications
4.7.1.1 Drug Delivery Systems
4.7.1.2 Tissue Engineering
4.7.1.3 Wound Healing
4.8 Summary, Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 5 Development of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites and Its Properties
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Nanocomposite
5.1.2 Nanofillers
5.2 Nanocellulose
5.2.1 Types and Nomenclature
5.2.2 Sources and Preparation
5.2.2.1 Top-Down Process
5.2.2.2 Bottom-Up Process
5.3 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites
5.3.1 Nanocellulose Properties
5.3.2 Nanocomposite Fabrication
5.3.2.1 Solution Casting
5.3.2.2 Melt Mixing
5.3.2.3 In-Situ Polymerization
5.3.2.4 Electrospinning
5.3.2.5 Other Fabrication Techniques
5.4 Properties of Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposites
5.4.1 Mechanical Property
5.4.2 Thermal Property
5.4.3 Barrier Property
5.4.4 Optical Property
5.4.5 Other Properties
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Surface Functionalization Process: Its Advantages and Disadvantages
6.1 Chemical Approach
6.1.1 Acetylation/Esterification
6.1.2 Polymer Grafting
6.1.3 Silylation
6.1.4 Acylation/Alkanoylation
6.1.5 Sulfonation
6.1.6 TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation
6.2 Enzymatic Approach
6.2.1 Direct Enzymatic Approach
6.2.1.1 Phosphorylation via Hexokinases
6.2.1.2 Cellulose Acylation/Esterification by Hydrolases
6.2.1.3 Esterification via Lipases
6.2.2 Indirect Enzymatic Approach
6.2.2.1 Surface Modification via Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase
6.2.2.2 Grafting of Active Molecules
6.3 Physical Techniques
6.3.1 Plasma Treatment
6.3.2 Flame Treatment
6.3.3 Corona Treatment
6.3.4 Ion Beam Treatment
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nanocellulose and Its Properties
7.2.1 Physical Properties
7.2.2 Surface Chemistry
7.2.3 Biological Characteristics
7.2.3.1 Biological and Hematological Compatibility
7.2.3.2 In Vivo Biodegradability
7.3 Classification of Nanocellulose and Their Synthesis
7.3.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs)
7.3.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFs)
7.3.3 Bacterial Cellulose (BC)
7.4 Composites Based on Nanocellulose
7.4.1 Nanocellulose and Graphene Composite
7.4.2 Nanocellulose and Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite
7.4.3 Nanocellulose and Chitosan Composite
7.5 Applications of Nanocellulose in Tissue Engineering and Tissue Grafting
7.5.1 Nanocellulose for Engineering Skin and Tissues
7.5.2 Nanocellulose for Repairing Blood Vessels
7.5.3 Nanocellulose in Neural Tissue Engineering
7.5.4 Nanocellulose in Bone Tissue Engineering
7.6 Limitations of Nanocellulose
7.6.1 Production Cost
7.6.2 Mechanical Properties
7.6.3 Scalability
7.6.4 Compatibility with Cells
7.7 Future Prospects
7.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Application of Nanocellulose for Wound Dressings
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of Wounds
8.3 Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings
8.3.1 Hydrogels
8.3.2 Sponges
8.3.3 Nanofibers
8.3.4 Hydrocolloids
8.3.5 Films/Membranes
8.3.6 3D-Printed Wound Dressings
8.3.7 Composites
8.3.8 Other Scaffolds
8.4 Commercialized Nanocellulose-Based Wound Dressings
8.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Use of Nanocellulose for Drug Carriers for Drug Delivery Applications
Abbreviations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Strategies for Drug Delivery
9.2.1 Active Targeting Drug Delivery
9.2.2 Passive Targeting Drug Delivery
9.3 Application of Various Biomaterials for Drug Delivery
9.3.1 Synthetic Biomaterials
9.3.2 Natural Biomaterials
9.4 Different Methods Involved in Nanocellulose Synthesis
9.4.1 Mechanical Synthesis
9.4.2 Chemical Synthesis
9.4.3 Biological Synthesis
9.5 Types of Nanocellulose
9.5.1 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNFs)
9.5.2 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs)
9.5.3 Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC)
9.5.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
9.6 Different Methods Used for Drug Loading/Encapsulation of Drug in Nanocellulose
9.6.1 1D Formulation Strategies
9.6.2 2D Formulation Strategies
9.6.3 3D Formulation Strategies
9.7 Importance of Nanocellulose as Drug Carrier
9.7.1 Biodegradability and Biocompatibility
9.7.2 Toxicological Concern
9.8 Drug Delivery via Different Nanocelluloses
9.8.1 Nanocellulose Aerogels
9.8.2 pH-Responsive Hydrogels
9.8.3 Injectable Hydrogels-Implants
9.8.4 Magnetic Nanocellulose
9.9 Nanocellulose-Based Drug Delivery in Pathological Disorder
9.9.1 Inflammation
9.9.2 Cancer
9.9.3 Bone-Related Disorder
9.9.4 Pulmonary Disorder
9.9.5 Wound Healing
9.9.6 Optical-Related Disease
9.10 Commercialized and Research-Associated Nanocellulose Products Reported in Clinical Trials
9.11 Future Perspective
9.12 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Preparation of Antibacterial Nanocomposite Materials Using Nanocellulose
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nanocellulose
10.3 Functionalization of Nanocellulose
10.4 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite
10.5 Properties of the Nanocomposites
10.6 Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite Processing
10.6.1 Solution Casting
10.6.2 Melt Intercalation
10.6.3 Impregnation
10.6.4 In Situ Polymerization
10.6.5 Coating
10.6.6 Freeze Drying
10.6.7 3D Printing
10.6.8 Electrospinning
10.6.9 In Situ Composites
10.6.10 Other Methods
10.7 Antibacterial Properties of the Nanocomposite Material
10.8 Conclusions and Future Trends
References
Chapter 11 Application of Nanocellulose for Treatment of Renal Failure
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Renal Disease and Its Implications
11.2.1 The Structure and Function of the Kidneys
11.2.2 Types of Renal Disease
11.2.2.1 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
11.2.2.2 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
11.2.2.3 Glomerulonephritis
11.2.2.4 Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
11.2.3 Implications of Renal Disease
11.2.3.1 Electrolyte Imbalances
11.2.3.2 Accumulation of Waste Products
11.2.3.3 Hypertension
11.2.3.4 Anemia
11.2.3.5 Bone Disease
11.2.4 Causes of Renal Disease
11.2.5 Symptoms of Renal Disease
11.2.6 Diagnosis of Renal Disease
11.3 Nanocellulose-Concept and Formulation
11.3.1 Methods of Extraction
11.3.1.1 Mechanical Extraction
11.3.1.2 Chemical Extraction
11.3.2 Cellulose Nanofibers (CNFs)
11.3.3 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs)
11.3.4 Bacterial Cellulose (BC)
11.3.5 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNFib)
11.3.6 Nanocellulose Aerogels
11.4 Kidney Targeted Drug Delivery by Nanocellulose
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Use of Nanocellulose Hydrogels for Ophthalmic Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nanocellulose Overview
12.2.1 Structure, Source, and Isolation of Nanocellulose
12.2.2 Types and Properties of Nanocellulose
12.3 Nanocellulose Compatibility for Ophthalmic Applications
12.4 Nanocellulose Hydrogel
12.5 Ophthalmic Application of Nanocellulose
12.6 Conclusion and Future Aspect
References
Chapter 13 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Chemical as Well as the Structural Makeup of Cellulose Fibers
13.3 Cellulose-Origin, Extraction, and Sources
13.4 Isolation, Chemical Transformations, and Purification of Cellulose
13.4.1 Nanofibrillar Cellulose (NFC)
13.4.2 Cellulose Nanocrystal or CNC
13.4.3 Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC)
13.4.4 Nanocellulose-Chemical Alterations
13.5 Application of Nanocellulose as Implant and Grafting Materials
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Use of Nanocellulose for Dental Applications
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Nanocellulose versus Cellulose
14.1.2 Bacterial Nanocellulose Production
14.1.3 Plant-Based Nanocellulose Preparation
14.2 Application of Nanocellulose in Dental Science
14.2.1 BNC-Based Membrane Barrier in Guided Tissue Regeneration
14.2.2 Periodontal Disease Treatment
14.2.3 Class II Furcation Lesion Treatment
14.2.4 Oral Mucosa-Based Surgical Wound Treatment
14.2.5 Treating Canker Sore
14.2.6 Dental Pulp Tissue Treatment and Soft Tissue Reinforcement
14.2.7 Dental Root Canal Treatment
14.2.8 Chitosan-Based Hydrogel Reinforced with Oxidized Nanocellulose in the Field of Tooth Engineering
14.2.9 Pickering Emulsion-Based Oral Drug Delivery
14.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Future Prospects of Bacterial Nanocellulose and Its Composites
Abbreviations
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Cellulose
15.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
15.3.1 BC/Natural Polymer Composites
15.3.2 BC/Water-Soluble Synthetic Polymer Nanocomposites
15.3.3 BC/Thermoplastic Nanocomposites
15.3.4 BNC-Based Electroconductive Polymer Nanocomposites
15.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose-Based Hybrid Nanocomposites
15.4.1 BNC/Metal and Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
15.4.2 Bacterial Cellulose Carbon Nanocomposites
15.5 Biomedical Applications of BNC
15.5.1 Drug Delivery
15.5.2 Biosensing
15.5.3 Wound Dressing Material
15.5.4 Antimicrobial Activity
15.5.5 Artificial Skin
15.5.6 Tissue Engineering
15.5.7 Vascular Tissue Engineering
15.5.8 Bone Tissue Engineering
15.5.9 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
15.5.10 Anticoagulant Character
15.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index
EULA

Systemvoraussetzungen

Als PDF speichern Als Link merken