It is perhaps obvious to any student of Biology that the discovery of chemical processes in whole organisms has usually preceded the elucidation of the compo nent steps. However, it is perhaps less obvious that the unravelling of the se quences in which those chemical steps occur in living matter, of the precise mechanisms involved, and of the manner in which they are regulated, would have been achieved neither by the study of intact plants and animals nor even of extracts derived from them. Our ability to understand the nature and regulation of metabolism rests on two main premises: the postulate that life processes can indeed be validly investigated with individual cells and cell-free extracts, and the thesis that there is an essential "unity in biochemistry" (as Kluyver put it, 60 years ago) that enables events in one organism to be legitimately studied in another. Of particular utility in this latter respect has been the use of cultures of single-celled organisms, growing in defined media-especially prokaryotes, such as Escherichia coli, and eukaryotes, such as Neurospora and Sac charomyces sp. , to which both biochemical and genetical techniques could be applied. It was, of course, Pasteur's observations of bacterial fermentations that first overthrew the belief that oxygen was essential for all energy-yielding pro cesses: his recognition that "La fermentation . . . . . c' est La vie sans air" laid the foundations of our knowledge of glycolysis.
Sprache
Verlagsort
Verlagsgruppe
Illustrationen
18
18 s/w Abbildungen
536 p. 18 illus.
Dateigröße
ISBN-13
978-1-4684-7679-8 (9781468476798)
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4684-7679-8
Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 Studies of Regulation of Hexose Transport into Cultured Fibroblasts.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Hexose Uptake or Transport Tests.- 3. Metabolic Pathways.- 4. Characterization of Certain Cellular Macromolecules and Structures.- 5. Effects of Glucose Starvation on a Variety of Plasma Membrane Proteins.- 6. The Glucose-Mediated Curb of Hexose Transport Requires Oxidative Energy.- 7. Nucleoside Triphosphate Levels in Cultured Fibroblasts as a Function of General Metabolism and Nutrition.- 8. Hexose Transport Regulation and Oncogenic Transformation of Cultured Fibroblasts.- 9. Evolutionary Aspects.- References.- 2 The Utilization of Carbohydrates by Animal Cells: An Approach to Their Biochemical Genetics.- 1. The Utilization of Carbohydrates.- 2. Glycolysis.- 3. The Provision of Energy.- 4. Pentose Phosphate Pathway.- 5. Differentiation.- 6. Other Effects of Carbohydrates.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Biochemical Genetics of Respiration-Deficient Mutants of Animal Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Selection of Respiration-Deficient Mammalian Cell Mutants.- 3. Glycolysis and Respiration in Wild-Type Parents and res- Mutants.- 4. Biochemical Characterization of Mutants.- 5. Genetic Characterization of Mutants.- 6. Work in Progress and Future Prospects.- 7. Summary.- References.- 4 Glutaminolysis in Animal Cells.- 1. Glutamine Metabolism in Mammals.- 2. Glutaminolysis in Tissues.- 3. Glutaminolysis in Isolated Tissues and Primary Cell Suspensions.- 4. Glutaminolysis in Normal and Tumor Cells in Culture.- 5. Glutaminolysis-The Pathway of Glutamine Oxidation.- 6. Glutaminolysis and Glycolysis in Cell Growth and Function.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. Addendum.- References.- 5 The Metabolism and Utilization of Carbohydrates by Suspension Cultures of Plant Cells.- 1. Introduction.-2. Carbon Sources for Culture Growth.- 3. Uptake Mechanisms for Carbon Sources.- 4. Intracellular Fate of Carbon Source-Biochemistry: Oxidation, Biosynthesis, Storage.- 5. Summary Comments.- References.- 6 Carbohydrate Metabolism in African Trypanosomes, with Special Reference to the Glycosome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Life Cycle.- 3. Methods for Cultivation.- 4. Substrates and End Products of Metabolism.- 5. Terminal Respiratory Systems.- 6. The Glycosome.- 7. Pathways of Glucose Metabolism.- 8. Glycolysis as a Target for Chemotherapy.- 9. Summary and Outlook.- References.- 7 Sugar Transport Systems of Baker's Yeast and Filamentous Fungi.- 1. Yeast.- 2. Filamentous Fungi.- References.- 8 Carbohydrate Metabolism in Yeast.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methodological Approaches.- 3. Overview of the Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 4. Regulatory Mechanisms.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 9 Regulation of Carbon Metabolism in Filamentous Fungi.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Extracellular Formation of Hexoses from Polysaccharides.- 3. Growth on Glucose and Related Carbon Sources.- 4. Growth on Three-Carbon Substrates.- 5. Growth on Acetate or Ethanol.- 6. Growth on Substrates Utilized via the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 10 The Bacterial Phosphoenolpyruvate: Sugar Phosphotransferase System of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The PEP:Sugar PTS: An Overview.- 3. Components of the PTS.- 4. In Vitro Phosphorylation of Sugars by the PTS.- 5. Transport via the PTS.- 6. Role of the PTS in Chemotaxis.- 7. Genetics of the PTS.- 8. Phenotype of PTS Mutants.- 9. Regulation by the PTS.- 10. Comparison with Other Regulatory Mechanisms.- References.- 11 Active Transport of Sugars into Escherichia coli.- 1. Introduction.- 2. ExperimentalSystems for Measuring Transport.- 3. Proton-Linked Sugar Transport Systems.- 4. Cation-Linked Melibiose Transport.- 5. Binding Protein Sugar Transport Systems.- 6. New Developments.- References.- 12 Convergent Pathways of Sugar Catabolism in Bacteria.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathways for the Degradation of Glucose.- 3. Individual Catabolic Pathways Leading to Central Intermediates.- 4. Epilogue.- References.
