Sea Cucumbers

Part I: General Biology of sea cucumbers1.1 Morphology1.2 Anatomy 1.2.1 Body walls1.2.2 Ossicles1.2.3 Calcareous ring1.2.4 Coelomic fluid and coelomocytes1.2.5 Digestive system1.2.6 Hemal system1.2.7 Respiratory tree1.2.8 Water vascular system1.2.9 Nervous system1.2.10 Reproductive system1.3 Evisceration1.4 Regeneration1.5 Aestivation1.6 Medicinal properties1.7 Genetic diversity 2 Part II: Sea cucumbers in the Middle East: what is known and what is unknown2.1 Sea cucumber species2.2 Hotspots for sea cucumber species in the Middle East2.2.1 Sea cucumbers in Egypt 2.2.2 Sea cucumbers in Turkey2.2.3 Sea cucumbers in Iran2.2.4 Sea cucumbers in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf Part III: Sea cucumbers mariculture3.1 Asexual reproduction3.2 Sexual reproduction3.2.1 Broodstock collection3.2.2 Broodstock conditioning3.2.3 Spawning3.2.4 Fertilization3.2.5 Embryonic and larval development3.2.6 Nursery3.3 Farming methods3.4 Sea cucumbers in the integrated multi-trophic aquaculture 3.5 Processing and cooking methods of sea cucumbers3.6 Feasibility for farming sea cucumbers Part IV: Stressors and sea cucumbers4.1 Temperature4.2 Salinity4.3 pH 4.4 Hypoxia 4.5 Microplastic4.6 Stocking density4.Food quality4.8 Handling and Transportation4.9 Presence of Predators