Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry

Name: Diseases and Conditions in Dentistry | An Evidence-Based Reference
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An Evidence-Based Reference

Keyvan Moharamzadeh(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 25. April 2018

392 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Image Contributors
Abbreviations
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1 Aggressive Periodontitis
1.1 Definition
1.1.1 Primary Features
1.1.2 Secondary Features
1.2 Classification
1.3 Prevalence
1.4 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
1.4.1 Bacteria
1.4.2 Genetic Susceptibility
1.4.3 Smoking
1.5 Screening
1.6 Diagnosis
1.7 Prognosis
1.8 Treatment
1.8.1 Systemic Antibiotics
1.8.2 Local Antimicrobials
References
Chapter 2 Amelogenesis Imperfecta
2.1 Definition
2.2 Aetiology
2.3 Epidemiology
2.4 Classification
2.5 Diagnostic Clinical Features
2.5.1 Hypoplastic Type
2.5.2 Hypocalcified Type
2.5.3 Hypomaturation Type
2.6 Relevant History
2.7 Relevant Investigations
2.8 Prognosis
2.9 Treatment Considerations
2.9.1 Management of Children
2.9.2 Mixed Dentition
2.9.3 Permanent Dentition
2.9.4 Adulthood
2.10 Survival of Restorations
References
Chapter 3 Apical Periodontitis
3.1 Definitions and Classification
3.2 Relevant Anatomy
3.3 Immunopathology
3.4 Aetiology
3.5 Microbiology
3.6 Radiology
3.7 Diagnosis
3.8 Epidemiology
3.9 Endodontic Treatment Considerations
3.9.1 Local Anaesthesia
3.9.2 Isolation and Disinfection
3.9.3 Access Cavity Preparation
3.9.4 Magnification
3.9.5 Working Length Determination
3.9.6 Root Canal Preparation Techniques
3.9.7 Irrigation and Debridement
3.9.8 Interappointment Medication
3.9.9 Obturation Techniques
3.9.10 Coronal Restoration
3.9.11 Review
3.9.12 Exacerbation
3.10 Endodontic Retreatment
3.11 Prognosis and Outcome of Non-Surgical Endodontic Treatment
3.11.1 Preoperative Factors
3.11.2 Intraoperative Factors
3.11.3 Post-Treatment Factors
3.12 Surgical Endodontic Treatment
3.12.1 Indications
3.12.2 Contraindications
3.12.3 Flap Design
3.12.4 Specific Anatomy
3.12.5 Bone Removal
3.12.6 Root End Preparation
3.12.7 Root End Filling
3.12.8 Prognosis and Outcomes
3.12.8.1 Preoperative Factors
3.12.8.2 Intraoperative Factors
References
Chapter 4 Bisphosphonates and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
4.1 Definition and Staging
4.2 Pathogenesis
4.3 Prevalence
4.4 Prevention
4.5 Assessment and Investigations
4.6 Treatment Considerations
References
Chapter 5 Caries
5.1 Definition and Aetiology
5.2 Pathogenesis
5.3 Epidemiology
5.4 Classification
5.5 Relevant History
5.6 Clinical Examination of Caries
5.7 Differential Diagnosis
5.8 Prevention
5.8.1 Tooth Brushing and Mechanical Plaque Control
5.8.2 Diet
5.8.3 Fluoride
5.8.4 Fissure Sealing
5.9 Treatment Considerations
5.9.1 Primary Teeth
5.9.2 Permanent Teeth
5.9.2.1 Minimally Invasive Techniques
5.9.2.2 Treatment of Exposed Pulp in Permanent Teeth
References
Chapter 6 Chronic Periodontitis
6.1 Definition and Classification
6.2 Clinical Features and Characteristics
6.3 Periodontal Indices
6.4 Epidemiology
6.5 Risk Factors
6.5.1 Local Risk Factors
6.5.2 Systemic Risk Factors
6.5.2.1 Smoking Tobacco
6.5.2.2 Diabetes
6.5.2.3 Genetics
6.5.2.4 Osteoporosis
6.5.2.5 Psychosocial Factors
6.5.2.6 Other Considerations
6.6 Microbiology
6.7 Pathogenesis
6.8 Role of Occlusal Trauma
6.9 Treatment
6.9.1 Treatment Goals
6.9.2 Treatment Phases
6.9.2.1 Systemic Phase
6.9.2.2 Initial Hygiene Phase
6.9.2.3 Non-Surgical Therapy
6.9.2.4 Corrective Phase (Additional Therapy)
6.9.2.5 Maintenance Phase
References
Chapter 7 Cleft Lip and Palate
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Complications
7.3 Dental Abnormalities
7.4 Management of Patients with CLP
7.4.1 Infancy and Primary Dentition Stage
7.4.2 Mixed Dentition
7.4.3 Permanent Dentition
7.4.3.1 Orthodontic Treatment
7.4.3.2 Orthognathic Surgery
7.4.3.3 Distraction Osteogenesis (DO)
7.4.3.4 Restorative Treatment
References
Chapter 8 Combination Syndrome
8.1 Defining Features
8.2 Pathogenesis
8.3 Clinical Assessment
8.4 Prevention
8.5 Treatment Considerations
8.6 Management of Flabby Ridge
8.7 Management of Denture-Induced Stomatitis
References
Chapter 9 Complete Edentulism
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Treatment Stages
9.3 Denture Support
9.4 Challenging Conditions
9.5 Complete Denture Occlusion
9.5.1 Measuring Occlusal Vertical Dimension (OVD)
9.5.2 Registration of Centric Relation (CR)
9.5.3 Complete Denture Occlusal Schemes
9.5.3.1 Bilateral Balanced Occlusion
9.5.3.2 Monoplane Scheme of Occlusion
9.5.3.3 Linear Occlusion Scheme
9.5.4 Occlusal Adjustment
9.6 Setting Up the Teeth in Complete Denture
9.7 Tooth Size and Shape
9.8 Soft Liners and Tissue Conditioners
9.9 Copy Denture
9.10 Complete Denture Troubleshooting
References
Chapter 10 Deep Overbite
10.1 Definition and Prevalence
10.2 Aetiology
10.3 Classification
10.4 Treatment Options
10.4.1 Orthodontic Treatment
10.4.2 Orthognathic Surgery
10.4.3 Prosthodontic and Restorative Treatment
References
Chapter 11 Dens Invaginatus
11.1 Definition and Terminology
11.2 Aetiology and Prevalence
11.3 Classification
11.4 Clinical Examination and Investigations
11.5 Treatment Considerations
Chapter 12 Dentine Hypersensitivity
12.1 Definition
12.2 Prevalence
12.3 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
12.4 History and Examination
12.5 Management
12.5.1 Management of DHS in Patients with Gingival Recession and/or Periodontal Disease
12.5.2 Management of DHS in Patients with Tooth Surface Loss
References
Chapter 13 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta and Dentine Dysplasia
13.1 Definition
13.2 Classification and Clinical Features
13.3 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
13.4 Epidemiology
13.5 Differential Diagnoses
13.6 Relevant History and Special Investigations
13.7 Treatment Considerations
13.7.1 Primary Dentition
13.7.2 Permanent Dentition
References
Chapter 14 Dentoalveolar Trauma
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Displaced and Malpositioned Teeth
14.3 Loss of Vitality and Discolouration
14.4 Ankylosis and Root Resorption
14.5 Lost Teeth
14.5.1 Exodontia Considerations
14.5.2 Role of Orthodontists
14.5.3 Autotransplantation
14.5.4 Prosthetic Tooth Replacement
References
Chapter 15 Discolouration
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Intrinsic Discolouration
15.2.1 Alkaptonuria
15.2.2 Congenital Hyperbilirubinaemia
15.2.3 Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria
15.2.4 Tetracycline Staining
15.2.5 Pulpal Disease
15.2.6 Root Resorption
15.2.7 Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI)
15.2.8 Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DI)
15.2.9 Fluorosis
15.2.10 Ageing
15.2.11 Other Conditions Associated with Enamel Defects
15.3 Extrinsic Discolouration
15.4 Treatment Options
15.5 Tooth Bleaching
15.5.1 Bleaching Techniques
15.5.1.1 Vital Bleaching (External Bleaching)
15.5.1.2 Non-Vital Bleaching (Internal Bleaching)
15.5.1.3 Inside/Outside Bleaching
15.5.2 Bleaching Products
15.5.2.1 Whitening Gels
15.5.2.2 Whitening Strips
References
Chapter 16 Ectodermal Dysplasia
16.1 Definition and Prevalence
16.2 Classification
16.3 Aetiology
16.4 Diagnosis and Clinical Features
16.5 Management Considerations
16.6 Restorative Treatment
16.6.1 Direct Restorations
16.6.2 Indirect Restorations
16.6.3 Removable Dentures
16.6.4 Implants
References
Chapter 17 External Root Resorption
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
17.3 External Invasive Cervical Root Resorption
17.4 History and Examination
17.5 Differential Diagnosis
17.6 Treatment Considerations
17.6.1 Non-Surgical Management
17.6.2 Surgical Management
17.6.3 Endodontic Treatment
References
Chapter 18 Failed Restoration and Compromised Tooth
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Direct Restorations
18.2.1 Amalgam Restorations
18.2.2 Composite Restorations
18.2.3 GIC, Resin-Modified GIC and Compomers
18.3 Indirect Restorations
18.3.1 Crowns
18.3.1.1 Porcelain Fused to Metal (PFM) Crowns
18.3.1.2 All-Ceramic Crowns
18.3.1.3 Full Gold Crowns (FGG)
18.3.2 Inlays and Onlays
18.3.3 Veneers
18.4 Restoration of Root-Treated Teeth
References
Chapter 19 Fluorosis
19.1 Definition
19.2 Aetiology and Pathogenesis
19.3 Prevalence
19.4 Clinical Features and Classifications
19.5 Diagnosis
19.6 Treatment Considerations
References
Chapter 20 Fractured Endodontic Instrument
20.1 Incidence
20.2 Causative Factors and Prevention
20.3 Impact on Outcome of Endodontic Treatment
20.4 Management Strategies
20.5 Factors Affecting Removal of Fractured Instruments
20.6 Fragment Removal
References
Chapter 21 Fractured or Failed Post
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Reasons for Failure of Post-Retained Restorations
21.3 Factors to Consider
21.4 Risks of Post Removal
21.5 Post Removal Techniques
References
Chapter 22 Gingival Enlargement and Gingivitis
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Aetiology and Clinical Features
22.3 Diagnosis
22.4 Management
References
Chapter 23 Gingival Recession
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Aetiology and Risk Factors
23.3 Classification
23.4 Diagnosis
23.5 Prevention and Non-Surgical Management
23.5.1 Monitoring and Maintenance
23.5.2 Adhesive Restorations
23.5.3 Gingival Prosthesis
23.5.4 Orthodontic Space Closure
23.6 Surgical Treatment
23.6.1 Gingival Augmentation
23.6.2 Surgical Root Coverage
23.6.2.1 Pedicle Soft Tissue Grafts
23.6.2.2 Free Soft Tissue Grafts
23.6.2.3 Prognostic Factors
23.6.2.4 Clinical Outcome of Various Root Coverage Procedures
23.6.3 Surgical Reconstruction of Interdental Papillae
23.6.4 Periodontal Microsurgery
References
Chapter 24 Halitosis
24.1 Terminology
24.2 Aetiology
24.3 Epidemiology
24.4 Classification
24.5 Diagnosis
24.6 Management Strategies
References
Chapter 25 Hypodontia
25.1 Definition and Classification
25.2 Aetiology
25.3 Epidemiology
25.4 Clinical Features
25.5 History and Examination
25.6 Relevant Investigations
25.7 Care Pathway
25.8 Multidisciplinary Team
25.9 Restorative Considerations
25.10 Treatment Considerations
25.10.1 Preventive Care
25.10.2 Treatment Options for Missing Teeth
25.10.3 Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors
25.10.3.1 Space Closure
25.10.3.2 Space Opening
25.10.4 Missing Mandibular Incisor Teeth
25.10.5 Maxillary Midline Diastema
25.10.6 Management of Retained Primary Teeth
25.10.7 Prosthetic Options to Replace the Missing Teeth
25.10.7.1 Resin-bonded Bridge (RBB)
25.10.7.2 Conventional Bridge
25.10.7.3 Removable Partial Denture (RPD) and Overdenture
25.10.7.4 Implant-Retained Prosthesis
25.10.8 General Maintenance Requirements
References
Chapter 26 Internal Root Resorption
26.1 Definition
26.2 Pathogenesis
26.3 Predisposing Factors
26.4 Epidemiology
26.5 Classification
26.6 Diagnosis
26.6.1 Clinical Features
26.6.2 Radiographic Features
26.7 Treatment Considerations
References
Chapter 27 Irrigation Accidents
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Types of Incidents and Common Causes
27.3 Signs and Symptoms
27.4 Prevention
27.5 Management
References
Chapter 28 Low Maxillary Sinus Floor
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Sinus Floor Elevation Techniques
28.2.1 Lateral Approach
28.2.1.1 Indications and Contraindications
28.2.1.2 Preoperative Assessment
28.2.1.3 Surgical Approach
28.2.1.4 Bone Grafting
28.2.1.5 Postoperative Care and Complications
28.2.2 Crestal Approach
28.3 Implant Survival
References
Chapter 29 Microdontia
29.1 Definition, Prevalence and Classification
29.2 Aetiology
29.3 Examination and Diagnosis
29.4 Management
References
Chapter 30 Necrotising Periodontal Diseases
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Epidemiology
30.3 Predisposing Factors
30.4 Clinical Features and Diagnosis
30.5 Microbiology and Histology
30.6 Management
30.6.1 Acute Phase Treatment
30.6.2 Treatment of Chronic Periodontal Disease
30.6.3 Corrective Phase Treatment
30.4 Maintenance
References
Chapter 31 Occlusal Issues and Occlusion
31.1 Definitions
31.2 Occlusal Philosophies
31.3 Assessment and Recording of Occlusion
31.4 Articulators
31.5 Face-bow
31.6 Conformative Approach
31.7 Reorganisation of Occlusion
31.8 Determinants of Posterior Occlusal Morphology
References
Chapter 32 Oncology-Related Defects in Mandible
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Roles of the Multidisciplinary Team in Head and Neck Cancer Management
32.3 Consequences of Cancer Surgery in Mandible
32.4 Classification of Mandibular Defects
32.5 Rehabilitation of Mandibular Defects
32.5.1 Surgical Reconstruction of Mandibular Defects
32.5.2 Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Mandibular Defects
32.5.2.1 Pretherapy Dental Screening
32.5.2.2 Prosthetic Challenges
32.5.2.3 Conventional Prosthetic Management
32.5.2.4 Implants in Oncology Patients
References
Chapter 33 Oncology-Related Defects in Maxillae
33.1 Maxillary Tumours
33.2 Surgical Resection
33.3 Classification of Maxillary Defects
33.4 Surgical Reconstruction
33.4.1 Local and Regional Flaps
33.4.2 Soft Tissue Free Flaps
33.4.3 Hard Tissue or Composite Free Flaps
33.5 Prosthetic Treatment
33.6 Alterations at Surgery to Facilitate Prosthetic Treatment
33.7 Prosthetic Treatment Phases
33.7.1 Surgical Obturator
33.7.2 Interim Obturator
33.7.3 Definitive Obturator
33.8 Soft Palate Defects
33.9 Osseointegrated Implants
References
Chapter 34 Open Apex (Immature Non-Vital Teeth)
34.1 Definition
34.2 Aetiology
34.3 Classification
34.4 Management Strategies
34.4.1 Working Length Determination in Teeth with Open Apices
34.4.2 Irrigation Considerations
34.4.3 Calcium Hydroxide Apexification
34.4.4 Placement of an Apical Plug to Create an Artificial Apical Barrier
34.4.4.1 Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
34.4.4.2 Biodentine®
34.4.5 Regenerative Endodontic Treatment
References
Chapter 35 Open Bite
35.1 Definition and Classification
35.2 Aetiology
35.3 Incidence
35.4 Indications for Treatment
35.5 Treatment Options
35.5.1 Prevention
35.5.2 Orthodontic Treatment
35.5.3 Orthognathic Surgery
35.5.4 Restorative Treatment
References
Chapter 36 Osteoradionecrosis
36.1 Definition and Pathogenesis
36.2 Prevalence
36.3 Risk Factors
36.4 Classification of ORN
36.5 Diagnosis
36.6 Prevention
36.6.1 Pre-Radiotherapy Dental Assessment and Extractions
36.6.2 Patient Education
36.6.3 Minimising Trauma
36.6.4 Prophylactic Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Antibiotics
36.7 Management
References
Chapter 37 Partial Edentulism - Implant Treatment
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Preoperative Patient Assessment
37.2.1 History
37.2.2 Clinical Examination
37.2.3 Special Investigations
37.3 Risk Factors
37.3.1 Local Risk Factors
37.3.2 Systemic Risk Factors
37.3.3 Behavioural Risk Factors
37.4 Risk Assessment and Patient Consent
37.5 Treatment Considerations
37.5.1 Planning Stage
37.5.2 Surgical Stage
37.5.3 Prosthetic Treatment
37.5.4 Replacement of the Anterior Teeth with Implants
37.5.5 Replacement of the Posterior Teeth with Implants
37.5.6 Considerations in Bruxist Patients
37.5.7 Maintenance
37.5.8 Implant Complications
37.5.8.1 Biological Complications
37.5.8.2 Mechanical Complications
37.5.8.3 Aesthetic Complications
37.5.8.4 Evidence
37.6 Implant Survival
37.6.1 Implant-Retained Single Crowns
37.6.2 Implant-Retained Bridge
37.7 Timing of Implant Placement after Tooth Extraction
37.8 Timing of Implant Loading
References
Chapter 38 Partial Edentulism - Partial Denture Treatment
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Removable Partial Denture Types
38.2.1 Acrylic Dentures
38.2.2 Cobalt-Chromium RPDs
38.2.3 Flexible Dentures
38.2.4 Hypoallergenic Dentures
38.2.5 PEEK-based RPDs
38.3 Classification of Partially Dentate Arches
38.4 General Guidelines
38.5 RPD Design
38.5.1 Surveying
38.5.2 Occlusal Analysis
38.5.3 Replacing Anterior Teeth
38.5.4 Milled Crowns
38.5.5 Components of RPD Design
38.5.6 Saddle Areas
38.5.7 Rests
38.5.8 Retentive Clasps
38.5.9 Indirect Retainer
38.5.10 Mandibular Major Connectors
38.5.11 Maxillary Major Connectors
38.5.12 Minor Connectors
38.6 Swing-Lock RPD
References
Chapter 39 Perforation
39.1 Definition
39.2 Causes
39.3 Pathogenesis
39.4 Epidemiology
39.5 Classification
39.6 Diagnosis
39.7 Prognosis
39.8 Management
39.8.1 Extraction
39.8.2 Non-Surgical Treatment
39.8.3 Surgical Treatment
39.9 Treatment Outcomes
References
Chapter 40 Peri-Implant Diseases
40.1 Definitions
40.2 Aetiology
40.3 Risk Factors
40.4 Prevalence
40.5 Diagnostic Criteria
40.6 Patient Assessment
40.6.1 Implant Identification
40.6.2 Relevant History
40.6.3 Assessment of Suprastructure
40.6.4 Assessment of Individual Fixtures
40.6.5 Assessment of Peri-Implant Soft Tissue
40.6.6 Radiographic Assessment
40.7 Management of Peri-Implant Mucositis
40.8 Management of Peri-Implantitis
References
Chapter 41 Periodontal Abscess
41.1 Definition and Classification
41.2 Pathogenesis
41.3 Prevalence
41.4 Microbiology
41.5 Diagnosis
41.6 Differential Diagnosis
41.7 Treatment
References
Chapter 42 Periodontic-Endodontic Lesion
42.1 Definition and Classification
42.2 Diagnosis
42.3 Prognosis
42.4 Management
References
Chapter 43 Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Disease
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Periodontitis Associated with Haematological Disorders
43.3 Periodontitis Associated with Genetic Disorders
43.4 Periodontitis Associated with Other Conditions (Not Otherwise Specified Group)
References
Chapter 44 Radiotherapy Side Effects
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis
44.3 Xerostomia
44.3.1 Organ-Sparing Radiotherapy
44.3.2 Salivary Gland Tissue Transfer
44.3.3 Preventive Medication
44.3.4 Salivary Stimulation
44.3.5 Saliva Substitution
44.4 Oral Infections
44.5 Trismus (Restricted Mouth Opening)
References
Chapter 45 Ridge Defects (Generalised)
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Classifications
45.3 Neutral Zone Impression Technique for Resorbed Ridges
45.4 Magnet-Retained Conventional Overdenture
45.5 Implant-Supported Overdentures
45.6 Full-Arch Implant-Retained Fixed Prosthesis
References
Chapter 46 Ridge Defects (Localised)
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Ridge Augmentation by Soft Tissue Grafts
46.3 Ridge Augmentation with Hard Tissue Surgery
46.3.1 Anatomical Repositioning Techniques
46.3.2 Bone Grafting
References
Chapter 47 Shortened Dental Arch (SDA)
47.1 Definition
47.2 History
47.3 Effect of SDA on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life
47.4 Effect of Tooth Loss on Masticatory Function
47.5 Effect of SDA on Occlusal Stability
47.6 Effect of SDA on Temporomandibular Joint
47.7 Alternative Treatment Options
References
Chapter 48 Supernumerary, Fusion and Gemination
48.1 Supernumerary (Hyperdontia)
48.1 1 Prevalence
48.1.2 Classification
48.1.3 Aetiology
48.1.4 Oral and Dental Complications
48.1.5 Examination and Diagnosis
48.1.6 Management
48.2 Fusion
48.2.1 Classification
48.2.2 Aetiology
48.2.3 Incidence
48.2.4 Relevant Investigations
48.2.5 Treatment Options
48.3 Gemination
References
Chapter 49 Temporomandibular Disorders
49.1 Definition
49.2 Prevalence
49.3 Classification
49.4 Aetiology
49.5 Diagnosis
49.6 Special Investigations
49.7 Management
49.7.1 Patient Education
49.7.2 Jaw Exercise and Manual Therapy
49.7.3 Acupuncture
49.7.4 Pharmacotherapy
49.7.5 Occlusal Stabilising Splint Therapy
49.7.6 Anterior Repositioning Splint
49.7.7 Occlusal Adjustment
49.7.8 TMJ Lavage
49.7.9 Surgery
References
Chapter 50 Tooth Wear
50.1 Definitions and Clinical Features
50.2 Aetiology
50.2.1 Parafunction and Occlusion
50.2.2 Intrinsic Acids
50.2.3 Extrinsic Acids
50.3 Prevalence
50.4 Classification
50.5 History and Examination
50.6 Prevention
50.7 Management of Worn Teeth
50.7.1 Conformative Approach
50.7.2 Reorganisation Approach
50.7.3 Occlusal Splint Therapy Prior to VD Increase
50.7.4 Fixed Restorations
50.7.4.1 Direct Fixed Restorations
50.7.4.2 Indirect Fixed Restorations
50.7.5 Crown Lengthening
50.7.6 Removable Treatment Options
50.7.7 Maintenance
References
Index
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