Dual Innovation Systems

Introduction ix

Part 1. Presentation of Dual Innovation System 1

Introduction to Part 1 3

Chapter 1. Definitions of Technological Duality 5

1.1. Introduction 5

1.2. Duality 6

1.2.1. From spin-offs to duality 6

1.2.2. Technological duality 8

1.3. Actors and objectives of duality 16

1.3.1. Dual strategies of companies 17

1.3.2. Dual policies of innovation 22

1.4. Conclusion 27

Chapter 2. The Knowledge System as Unit of Analysis 29

2.1. Introduction 29

2.2. Technological knowledge systems and knowledge dissemination 30

2.2.1. Unit of analysis 30

2.2.2. Knowledge dissemination 38

2.3. Knowledge dissemination and duality 47

2.3.1. Dual knowledge 47

2.3.2. Dual process of knowledge dissemination 52

2.4. Conclusion 56

Chapter 3. Definition and Operation of Dual Innovation System 57

3.1. Introduction 57

3.2. Dual innovation system 57

3.2.1. Approach in terms of IS 57

3.2.2. Definition of a DIS 62

3.3. Objectives and functions of a DIS 66

3.3.1. In economic and technological terms 66

3.3.2. Duality measure within a DIS 68

3.3.3. DIS for the autonomous vehicle 70

3.4. Conclusion 72

Conclusion to Part 1 73

Part 2. Methodological Tools and Empirical Study of the Duality of Technological Systems 75

Introduction to Part 2 77

Chapter 4. Identification of Technological Knowledge Systems in Defense 83

4.1. Introduction 83

4.2. EDT and analysis of knowledge flows 84

4.2.1. Economic dominance theory 84

4.2.2. Application to knowledge analysis through patents 94

4.3. Graph theory applied to technological knowledge systems 98

4.3.1. TKS identification method 98

4.3.2. Application to knowledge flows 100

4.4. Conclusion 104

Chapter 5. Evaluation of the Dual Potential of Technological Knowledge Systems: Analysis in Terms of Coherence 105

5.1. Introduction 105

5.2. Technological coherence 106

5.2.1. Theory of relatedness and coherence 106

5.2.2. Duality scale in relation to TKS internal structure 110

5.3. Analysis of the duality of technological knowledge systems 118

5.4. Conclusion 143

Chapter 6. Analysis of the Dual Influence of Technological Knowledge Systems 145

6.1. Introduction 145

6.2. Influence and duality 146

6.2.1. Internal influence and external influence 147

6.2.2. Measures of influence 153

6.3. Dual analysis of influence 159

6.3.1. The indicators 159

6.3.2. Analysis of the duality of a TKS 163

6.4. Conclusion 180

Conclusion to Part 2 183

General Conclusion 185

References 191

Index 209