This book is about aerospace sensors, their principles of operation, and their typical advantages, shortcomings, and vulnerabilities. They are described in the framework of the subsystems where they function and in accordance with the flight mission they are designed to serve. The book is intended for students at the advanced undergraduate or graduate level and for research engineers who need to acquire this kind of knowledge. An effort has been made to explain, within a uniform framework of mathematical modeling, the physics upon which a certain sensor concept is based, its construction, its dynamics, and its error sources and their corresponding mathematical models. Equipped with such knowledge and understanding, the student or research engineer should be able to get involved in research and development activities of guidance, control, and navigation systems and to contribute to the initiation of novel ideas in the aerospace sensor field. As a designer and systems engineer, he should be able to correctly interpret the various items in a technical data list and thus to interact intelligently with manufacturers' representatives and other members of an R&D team. Much of the text has evolved from undergraduate and graduate courses given by the author during the past seventeen years at the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the Technion- Israel Institute of Technology and from his earlier research and development experience in flight control, guidance, navigation, and avionics at the Ministry of Defense Central Research Institute.
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Verlagsgruppe
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Dateigröße
ISBN-13
978-1-4612-3996-3 (9781461239963)
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4612-3996-3
Schweitzer Klassifikation
and historical background.- 1. Principles and Elements of Measurement Systems.- 1.0 Introduction.- 1.1 Elements in open-loop instruments.- 1.2 Measures and units.- 1.3 Passive and active instruments.- 1.4 Characteristics, resolution, and dynamic range.- 1.5 Errors due to dynamics, nonlinearity, and noise.- 1.6 Environmental interference.- 1.7 Error compensation.- 1.8 Estimation of characteristics by regression.- 1.9 Deflection instruments.- 1.10 Balancing instruments.- 1.11 Imperfections and limitations on precision.- 1.12 Effect of friction in instrument servomechanisms.- Problems.- References.- 2. Random Processes and Signals.- 2.0 Introduction.- 2.1 Statistical characterization of random variables.- 2.2 Ensemble averages of sample functions.- 2.3 Joint distribution, correlation.- 2.4 Correlation coefficient and functions.- 2.5 Time and ensemble averages, ergodicity.- 2.6 Mathematical operations on random processes.- 2.7 Input-output relationships.- 2.8 Spectral analysis.- Problems.- Appendix A2: Integration of power density spectra.- References.- 3. Inertial Force Sensors-Accelerometers.- 3.0 Introduction.- 3.1 Specific force readings on moving platforms.- 3.2 Leveling the supporting platform.- 3.3 Schuler frequency on other planets.- 3.4 Force balance accelerometers.- 3.5 Measurement of angular acceleration.- 3.6 Integrating accelerometers.- 3.7 Vibrating beam accelerometers.- 3.8 Piezo and capacitive transducers.- Problems.- References.- 4. Inertial Rotation Sensors.- 4.0 Introduction.- 4.1 The free gyroscope.- 4.2 The vertical gyroscope.- 4.3 Error sources in the vertical.- 4.4 The directional gyroscope.- 4.5 Gyrocompassing.- 4.6 The single axis deflection rate gyro.- 4.7 The floated rate integrating gyro (RIG).- 4.8 The dynamically tuned gyro (DTG).- 4.9 Veryhigh-precision free gyroscopes.- Problems.- Appendix A4: Euler angle transformation.- Appendix B4: Electrostatic flotation ?.- References.- 5. Applications of Rate Gyros.- 5.0 Introduction.- 5.1 Two-axis platform.- 5.2 Gyroscopic seeker head.- 5.3 Application to missile homing.- 5.4 Beam riding guidance.- 5.5 Three-axis platform for inertial navigation.- 5.6 Stability augmentation-effect of gyro bandwidth.- Problems.- Appendix A5: Direction cosines and quaternions.- References.- 6. Coriolis Angular Rate Sensors.- 6.0 Introduction.- 6.1 Rotating Coriolis angular rate sensors.- 6.2 Combined angular rate and acceleration sensing.- 6.3 Rockwell-Collins rotating Coriolis sensor.- 6.4 Dithered accelerometers.- 6.5 Dithered accelerometer pairs.- 6.6 Silicon mechanization of dither.- 6.7 Sensor output signal processing.- 6.8 Projected performance characteristics.- Problems.- References.- 7. The Interferometric Fiber-Optic Gyro.- 7.0 Introduction.- 7.1 The Sagnac interferometer.- 7.2 Effect of angular rate on Sagnac phase shift.- 7.3 Relationship between power output and phase shift.- 7.4 Implementing the IFOG in a closed loop.- 7.5 Effect of photon shot noise.- Problems.- References.- 8. The Ring Laser Gyro.- 8.0 Introduction.- 8.1 Operating principle.- 8.2 Technical description.- 8.3 The lock-in phenomenon.- Problems.- References.- 9. Filtering, Estimation, and Aiding.- 9.0 Introduction.- 9.1 Complementary filtering.- 9.2 Equivalence of the CF and the stationary KF.- 9.3 Aircraft attitude angle estimation.- Problems.- Appendix A9: Equations of aircraft dynamics.- Appendix B9: Extended Kalman filter formulation.- Appendix C9: Aircraft aerodynamic coefficients.- References.
