Wheat Diseases and Their Management

1Wheat Production.- 1.1Natural limitations for wheat cultivation.- 1.2The wheat plant.- 1.3Types of diseases.- 1.3.1Diseases caused by bacteria.- 1.3.2Diseases caused by fungi.- 1.3.3Diseases caused by mycoplasma.- 1.3.4Diseases caused by nematodes.- 1.3.5Diseases caused by virus.- 1.3.6Nonparasitic disease.- 1.4Factors that affect the development of diseases.- 1.5Economic importance of diseases.- 2Pillars of Integrated Disease Management.- 2.1Genetic resistance.- 2.1.1Cultivars with specific resistance.- 2.1.2Gene-for-gene theory.- 2.1.3Phytoalexins and specific resistance.- 2.1.4Use of multilines.- 2.1.5Cultivar mixture.- 2.1.6Advantages and disadvantages of specific resistance.- 2.1.7Cultivars with partial resistance.- 2.1.8Controversies about genes that govern partial resistance.- 2.1.9Cultivars with generalized resistance.- 2.1.10Production of dihaploid wheat x maize hybrids.- 2.1.11General considerations.- 2.2Fungicides and their application in the field.- 2.2.1Selection of fungicides.- 2.2.2Fungicide spraying schedule.- 2.2.3Management of systemic fungicides.- 2.2.4Fungicide application technique.- 2.3Disease forecast modeling.- 2.4Seed transmitted pathogens.- 2.4.1Seed health testing.- 2.4.2Level of seed infection.- 2.4.3Epidemiological aspects of the disease.- 2.4.4Time of seed treatment.- 2.4.5General considerations.- 2.5Cultural practices.- 2.5.1Fertilizers.- 2.5.2Soil conservation and tillage.- 2.5.3Crop rotations and their role in disease management.- 2.5.4Crop residue.- 2.5.5Diversification of sowing dates and cultivars.- 2.5.6Alternative methods for disease control.- 2.5.7Precision agriculture and General considerations.- 3Spike Diseases.- 3.1Bunts.- 3.1.1Common bunt and dwarf bunt.- 3.1.2Karnal bunt.- 3.2Ergot.- 3.2Pyricularia blast.- 3.4Scab - The Fusarium head blight.- 3.5Smuts.- 3.5.1Flag smut.- 3.5.2Loose smut.- 4Bacterial Diseases.- 4.1Bacterial streak and chaff.- 4.2Pink seed.- 4.3Pseudomonas leaf blight.- 5Viral Diseases.-5.1Barley stripe mosaic.- 5.2Barley yellow dwarf.- 5.3Rice hoja Blanca.- 5.4Soil-borne wheat mosaic.- 6Foliar and Stem Diseases.- 6.1Alternaria leaf blight.- 6.2Downy mildew.- 6.3Leaf rust.- 6.4Phoma leaf spot.- 6.5Pink snow mold.- 6.6Powdery mildew.- 6.7Septoria diseases.- 6.7.1Septoria avenaeblotch.- 6.7.2Septoria nodorum blotch.- 6.7.3Septoria tritici blotch.- 6.8Slenephoma leaf spot.- 6.9Spot blotch.- 6.10Stem rust.- 6.11Tan spot.- 6.12Yellow rust.- 6.13Zonate leaf spot.- 7Root and Stem Rots.- 7.1Antracnose.- 7.2Common root rot.- 7.3Fusarium root rot and crown rot.- 7.4Root lesion nematodes.- 7.5Rhizoctonia root rot.- 7.6Sclerotium root and crown rot.- 7.7Take-all.- 8Physiological Diseases.- 9Disease Appraisal Scales.- 10Index.