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Teresa A. Meade is Florence B. Sherwood Professor of History and Culture Emerita at Union College, New York. She is the author and editor of many books and articles on Latin American and Caribbean history, especially social movements, issues of gender, and labor history in the 19th and 20th centuries. She is a member of the Editorial Collective of Radical History Review, former president of the Board of Trustees of The Journal of Women's History, and a recipient of grants from Fulbright, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Hadassah Brandeis Institute.
List of Figures xiii
List of Maps xv
Preface to the Third Edition xvi
Acknowledgments xxi
1 Introduction to the Land and Its People 1
Geography 2
People 2
Economies 6
Politics 8
Culture and Entertainment 13
Latin America: Past and Present 24
2 Latin America in 1790 26
Colonial Background 27
Power and Privilege 31
Wealth 32
Colonial Administration 36
Enlightened Monarchy 38
The Agents of the Reform 39
Disorder and Rebellion 41
Discontent and Disorder in Brazil 43
Changing Gender Roles 44
On the Road to Independence 46
Nationalism and American Culture 46
3 Competing Notions of Freedom 53
Five Roads to Independence 54
African Slavery in the Americas 55
Slavery and the Countryside 60
Slavery in the Cities 60
Treatment and Punishment 62
Slavery and the Church 63
African Medicine and Religious Practices 64
Resistance and Rebellion 65
The Sugar Colony of Saint-Domingue 68
The Slave Revolt 69
The Revolution Betrayed 71
Brazil's Independent Empire 72
Independence in Mexico 74
South American Independence 76
Post-Independence
Changes in Racial and Gender Status 79
The Last Holdout of Slavery in Spanish America 81
Latin America in a Changing World Order 83
4 Fragmented Nationalisms 87
Searching for Political and Economic Unity 87
New World Feudalism 89
Post-independence Politics 93
Argentina and the Tyrants 94
Populist Caudillismo: Paraguay and Bolivia 96
After Caudillismo 98
Race, Race Mixture, and Liberalism 100
Gender and Liberalism 103
Intersections of Gender, Race, and Class 105
Nationalism 108
5 Latin America's Place in the Commodity Chain 112
The Guano Boom 113
Nitrates in Chile 115
Sugar and Coffee 116
The Growth of São Paulo 118
Colombian Coffee 120
The Rubber Boom 121
Expanding Exports 123
Mexico and US Expansionism 124
The North American Invasion 126
General López de Santa Anna 128
The New Age of Imperialism 129
Central America and the Panama Canal 130
Ecuador and the "Panama" Hat 132
Independence at Last? Cuba and Puerto Rico 135
6 Immigration, and Urban and Rural Life 142
Asian Immigration 143
European Immigration 144
The Southern Cone 146
Life on the Pampas 148
British Investment 149
The Changing Cultural Landscape 151
Urban Renewal 154
Mexico and Benito Juárez 156
French Invasions 157
The Rise of Porfirio Díaz 158
Intellectual Theories: Positivism and Eugenics 158
7 Revolution from Countryside to City: Mexico 163
The Porfiriato 164
Opposition to the Porfiriato 166
Constitutional Opposition 167
Madero Assassinated 169
US Intervention 170
Women in Combat 171
Carranza as President 172
The Constitution of 1917 174
Aftermath of Struggle 176
Agrarian Revolts in Latin America 177
8 The Left and the Socialist Alternative 182
Socialism on the World Stage 182
Social Reform and the Middle Class 183
Anarchism, Socialism, and Anarcho-syndicalism 184
Women in the Workforce 185
Colombia: Resistance to the United Fruit Company 187
The Labor Movement 188
Socialism and the Arts 190
Tenentes Revolt and Brazilian Communism 192
Modern Art Week in Brazil 193
Women in the Arts 194
Socialism versus Capitalism 196
José Carlos Mariátegui 197
9 Populism and the Struggle for Change 200
Getúlio Vargas and "New State" Politics 202
Juan Perón and Peronism 204
Perón's Fall from Grace 207
Politics Engendered 208
Revolutionizing Mexico: Lázaro Cárdenas 209
Populism in Colombia and Peru 210
Central America 213
The Long Twentieth Century 217
10 Post-World War II Struggles for Sovereignty 220
World War II 220
Temporary Worker Program 222
Post-war Latin America 225
Military versus Civilian Rule 227
The Absolute Dictator: Rafael Trujillo 228
Americas in Transition: Guatemala and Bolivia 232
Guatemala 232
Revolution in Bolivia 235
Mining and the Voice of Bolivian Activism 237
The Revolution in Decline 239
11 Cuba: Guerrillas Take Power 243
"History Will Absolve Me" 245
Causes for Discontent 245
The Revolutionary War 246
Ernesto "Che" Guevara 249
What Difference Did the Revolution Make? 252
The Special Period in Peacetime 254
Democratic Shortcomings 255
The United States Escape Hatch 256
Cuba and the World 257
12 Progress and Reaction 263
Modernization and Progress 263
Brazil's Military Coup 265
The National Security State 266
Latin America's Youth Movement 267
Mexico 268
The Massacre at Tlatelolco 268
The Chilean Road to Socialism 270
The Chilean Road to Socialism Dead Ends 272
Urban Guerrilla Warfare: Uruguay 273
Urban Guerrilla Warfare: Argentina 275
Dictatorship and State Terror 278
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 280
The War of the Malvinas/Falkland Islands 281
Movements for Revolutionary Change: Peru 283
Sendero Luminoso, Shining Path 284
Women and Shining Path 286
Repression and Fujimori 287
13 Revolution and Its Alternatives 290
A Changing Catholic Church 291
Marxism and Catholic Humanism 292
The Opposition 294
The Somozas versus Sandino: the Next Generation 295
The Sandinista Opposition 296
Sandinistas in Power 299
United States and the Sandinistas 302
Effects of the Contra War 303
Central America in Turmoil: El Salvador and Guatemala 304
Politics of Repression in El Salvador 305
The Opposition 307
The Fighting Ends 309
Guatemala: The Bloodiest War 310
The Evangelical Alternative 312
Colombia: The Longest War 315
The War on Drugs in Latin America 317
14 The Americas in the Twenty-first Century 322
The Washington Consensus 323
Brazil and the Workers' Alternative 326
The Workers' Party in Power 327
Scandal and Crisis 328
Bolivia: Twenty-first-century Indigenismo 331
Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chávez 333
The Bolivarian Mission 335
The Pink Tide Stalls 337
Chile's Transition to Democracy 338
New Social Movements 340
Movements for Racial and Gender Equality 342
15 A Future of Sustainable Cooperation? 348
Opponents Confront Free Trade 349
The Latin Americanization of the United States 352
Immigration and Neoliberalism 354
Central American Refugees 355
Sharing the Environment and the Cost of Stewardship 358
The Role of the United Nations and International Bodies 358
The History of Resource Exploitation 359
Effects of Deforestation and Climate Change 360
Environmental Activism 362
Cost to Indigenous People 364
Conclusion 366
Notes 368
Further Reading 369
Index 383
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