Modeling and managing complex systems

1 - Table of Contents [Seite 6]
2 - Foreword [Seite 9]
3 - Part I: DSM Methods and Complexity Management [Seite 12]
3.1 - DSM Foundations and Applications, and an Update on the Explainer [Seite 14]
3.1.1 - 1 DSM as a new paradigm [Seite 14]
3.1.2 - 2 DSM as an autonomous organization [Seite 14]
3.1.3 - 3 DSM and the management of risks [Seite 15]
3.1.4 - 4 The Explainer [Seite 15]
3.1.4.1 - 4.1 The Premise that Motivates the Explainer [Seite 16]
3.1.4.2 - 4.2 I believe that we are very limited in the complexity of problems we can solve [Seite 16]
3.1.4.3 - 4.3 Cause-and-effect circuits [Seite 17]
3.1.4.4 - 4.4 Other methods for using cause-and-effects [Seite 17]
3.1.4.5 - 4.5 Dealing with increases and decreases in variables [Seite 17]
3.1.4.6 - 4.6 An example involving a cause-and-effect circuit [Seite 17]
3.1.4.7 - 4.7 Circuits have two solutions [Seite 17]
3.1.4.8 - 4.8 Another Congressional problem that the Explainer has dealt with [Seite 18]
3.1.4.9 - 4.9 Other problems that the Explainer can also deal with [Seite 18]
3.1.4.10 - 4.10 A proposal for a website to help people solve problems [Seite 19]
3.1.4.11 - 4.11 Using this power to reclaim our government from hidden sources of money [Seite 19]
3.1.5 - References [Seite 19]
3.2 - A Matrix-based Framework to Support Dynamic Modeling of Sociotechnical Systems [Seite 30]
3.2.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 30]
3.2.2 - 2 Background [Seite 31]
3.2.2.1 - 2.1 Sociotechnical Systems [Seite 31]
3.2.2.2 - 2.2 Strategic design alternatives [Seite 32]
3.2.2.3 - 2.3 Dynamic Modeling [Seite 32]
3.2.2.4 - 2.4 Academic example of a PSS [Seite 32]
3.2.2.5 - 2.5 Process for creating dynamic models [Seite 33]
3.2.3 - 3 Research Approach [Seite 34]
3.2.4 - 4 A Framework to Support Dynamic Modeling [Seite 35]
3.2.4.1 - 4.1 Meta-Model Overview [Seite 35]
3.2.4.2 - 4.2 Implications and examples of application [Seite 36]
3.2.5 - 5 Conclusion [Seite 37]
3.2.6 - References [Seite 38]
3.2.7 - Acknowledgements [Seite 39]
3.3 - Supplementing Morphological Analysis with a Design Structure Matrix for Policy Formulation in a Wastewater Treatment Plant [Seite 20]
3.3.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 20]
3.3.2 - 2 Applying MA for Policy Formulation [Seite 22]
3.3.3 - 3 Applying Design Structure Matrix [Seite 23]
3.3.3.1 - 3.1 Where DSM can supplement MA [Seite 23]
3.3.3.2 - 3.2 Specific Contributions of DSM to MA [Seite 24]
3.3.4 - 4 Towards a Framework for MA and DSM integration [Seite 25]
3.3.4.1 - 4.1 Weaknesses of Morphological Analysis [Seite 25]
3.3.4.2 - 4.2 Strengths of DSM and Avenues for MA and DSM Integration [Seite 26]
3.3.5 - 5 Conclusions [Seite 27]
3.3.6 - References [Seite 28]
3.3.7 - Acknowledgements [Seite 29]
4 - Part II: Analyzing and Managing Organizations, Teams and Individuals [Seite 40]
4.1 - Structuring a Product Development Organization Based on the Product Architecture and Communication [Seite 42]
4.1.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 42]
4.1.2 - 2 Product and Organization Architecture DSM Data [Seite 43]
4.1.3 - 3 Simultaneous Clustering Analysis [Seite 47]
4.1.4 - 4 Discussion of Results and Conclusions [Seite 50]
4.1.5 - References [Seite 50]
4.2 - Analyzing industrial clusters using measures of structural complexity management [Seite 52]
4.2.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 52]
4.2.2 - 2 State of Research [Seite 53]
4.2.3 - 3 Methods of Structural Complexity Management for Analyzing Industrial Clusters [Seite 54]
4.2.4 - 4 Case Study [Seite 56]
4.2.4.1 - 4.1 Data Acquisition [Seite 56]
4.2.4.2 - 4.2 Results and Interpretation [Seite 56]
4.2.5 - 5 Conclusion [Seite 60]
4.2.6 - References [Seite 61]
4.2.7 - Acknowledgments [Seite 62]
4.3 - Application of DSM in the field Organizational Psychology [Seite 64]
4.3.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 64]
4.3.2 - 2 Structure analysis [Seite 65]
4.3.3 - 3 Practical application of results [Seite 70]
4.3.4 - 4 Discussion [Seite 71]
4.3.5 - 5 Conclusion and outlook [Seite 72]
4.3.6 - References [Seite 73]
4.3.7 - Acknowledgments [Seite 74]
4.4 - Identification of Process, Team and Tool Dependencies in Building Information Modelling (BIM) Implementation using Multi-Domain Mapping (MDM) - A Theoretical Framework [Seite 76]
4.4.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 76]
4.4.2 - 2 Applicability of DSM/MDM in Capturing the Interrelationships among Domains [Seite 78]
4.4.3 - 3 A Framework for Defining Abstraction Levels for Decomposition of Activity-based DSM [Seite 79]
4.4.3.1 - 3.1 Understanding Hierarchical Levels of Human Activity using Activity Theory [Seite 79]
4.4.3.2 - 3.2 Hierarchical Levels of Human Activities [Seite 80]
4.4.4 - 4 Knowledge Elicitation to Populate DSM/MDM [Seite 82]
4.4.5 - 5 Discussion and Conclusion [Seite 83]
4.4.6 - References [Seite 83]
5 - Part III: Project Management [Seite 86]
5.1 - An Initial Metamodel to Evaluate Potentials for Graph-based Analyses of Product Development Projects [Seite 88]
5.1.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 88]
5.1.2 - 2 Background [Seite 89]
5.1.2.1 - 2.1 Why needs the controlling of PD projects to be supported and how? [Seite 89]
5.1.2.2 - 2.2 Systems perspective on PD Projects [Seite 90]
5.1.3 - 3 An Initial Metamodel for Product Development Project Graphs [Seite 91]
5.1.3.1 - 3.1 Elaboration of the metamodel [Seite 91]
5.1.3.2 - 3.2 Description of the metamodel [Seite 92]
5.1.3.3 - 3.3 Exemplary Use Case [Seite 94]
5.1.4 - 5 Conclusion and Outlook [Seite 96]
5.1.4.1 - 5.1 Advantages [Seite 96]
5.1.4.2 - 5.2 Limitations [Seite 97]
5.1.4.3 - 5.3 Outlook [Seite 97]
5.1.5 - References [Seite 98]
5.1.6 - Acknowledgements [Seite 98]
5.2 - Graphical Triangularization [Seite 100]
5.2.1 - 1 Introduction and Problem Statement [Seite 100]
5.2.2 - 2 Solution Approach [Seite 103]
5.2.2.1 - 2.1 Global orientation of workflow in a strength based process graph [Seite 103]
5.2.2.2 - 2.2 Coloring of edges according to the position in the matrix [Seite 104]
5.2.2.3 - 2.3 Combine global flow and colored edges [Seite 104]
5.2.2.4 - 2.4 Comparison of matrix and graph [Seite 106]
5.2.3 - 3 Conclusion and future work [Seite 107]
5.2.4 - References [Seite 107]
5.3 - DoD Predictive Program Management [Seite 108]
5.3.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 108]
5.3.2 - 2 Literature Review [Seite 108]
5.3.3 - 3 Objective [Seite 110]
5.3.4 - 4.1 Method - Content & Utility [Seite 111]
5.3.5 - 4.2 Method - Process to Build [Seite 113]
5.3.5.1 - Step 1 [Seite 113]
5.3.5.2 - Step 2 [Seite 114]
5.3.5.3 - Step 3 [Seite 114]
5.3.5.4 - Step 4 [Seite 115]
5.3.5.5 - Steps 5, 6 & 7 [Seite 115]
5.3.6 - 4.3 Method - Past Proof of Concept [Seite 115]
5.3.7 - 5 Discussion & Conclusion [Seite 117]
5.3.8 - References [Seite 117]
6 - Part IV: Managing Failures and Risks inComplex Systems [Seite 120]
6.1 - DSM-based Reliability Analysis of Modular Architectures [Seite 122]
6.1.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 122]
6.1.2 - 2 Models of Product, Reliability and Failure [Seite 123]
6.1.3 - 3 A Proposed Methodology [Seite 125]
6.1.3.1 - 3.1 Representation of Systems Architecture [Seite 125]
6.1.3.2 - 3.2 Representation of Reliability [Seite 126]
6.1.4 - 4 A Case Study [Seite 127]
6.1.4.1 - 4.1 Storage Compartment [Seite 127]
6.1.4.2 - 4.2 The Function Inhibit Mechanical Energy (IME) [Seite 129]
6.1.5 - 5 Conclusions [Seite 131]
6.1.6 - 6 Future Work [Seite 131]
6.1.7 - References [Seite 131]
6.2 - Applying DSM methodology to rank risk of internal controls in critical infrastructure enterprises [Seite 134]
6.2.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 134]
6.2.2 - 2 Mapping Risk to Requirements [Seite 134]
6.2.2.1 - 2.1 Registration Room [Seite 136]
6.2.2.2 - 2.2 Asset Room [Seite 136]
6.2.2.3 - 2.3 Event Room [Seite 140]
6.2.2.4 - 2.4 Resiliency Room [Seite 141]
6.2.2.5 - 2.5 Capability Room [Seite 141]
6.2.2.6 - 2.6 Violation Room [Seite 142]
6.2.2.7 - 2.7 Standards Room [Seite 143]
6.2.2.8 - 2.8 Determination of Audit Scope, Depth, and Frequency [Seite 145]
6.2.2.9 - 2.9 Evaluation of the Software Tool [Seite 145]
6.2.3 - 3 Conclusion [Seite 146]
6.2.4 - References [Seite 146]
6.3 - VE2 Strategies by MDM [Seite 148]
6.3.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 148]
6.3.2 - 2 VE2 model objectives [Seite 149]
6.3.3 - 3 MDM model [Seite 149]
6.3.3.1 - 3.1 Needs elicitation and high level risk management [Seite 150]
6.3.3.2 - 3.2 System requirements translation and validation [Seite 152]
6.3.3.3 - 3.3 Testing methodology identification and assessment [Seite 154]
6.3.4 - 4 Pro and Cons [Seite 155]
6.3.4.1 - 4.1 Pros [Seite 155]
6.3.4.2 - 4.2 Cons [Seite 156]
6.3.5 - 5 Further research [Seite 157]
6.3.6 - References [Seite 157]
7 - Part V: Modelling functions and functionality ofcomplex systems [Seite 158]
7.1 - System Level Thermal Design - Process Modeling for Functional/Structure Design using SysML and MDM [Seite 160]
7.1.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 160]
7.1.2 - 2 System level thermal design [Seite 161]
7.1.2.1 - 2.1 Hardware/Software design process using SysML [Seite 161]
7.1.2.2 - 2.2 Design process description using Function/Performance/Structure MDM [Seite 164]
7.1.3 - 3 Application in Product Architecture Exploration [Seite 166]
7.1.3.1 - 3.1 Thermal design focus [Seite 166]
7.1.3.2 - 3.2 Trade-off study between processor selection and structure design [Seite 166]
7.1.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 169]
7.1.5 - References [Seite 170]
7.2 - Analysis of correlations between system structure and costs by structural criteria [Seite 172]
7.2.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 172]
7.2.2 - 2 Fundamentals in Cost Drivers and Structural Criteria [Seite 173]
7.2.2.1 - 2.1 Structural modeling and analysis [Seite 173]
7.2.2.2 - 2.2 Structural criteria [Seite 173]
7.2.2.3 - 2.3 Approaches in cost management [Seite 174]
7.2.3 - 3 Research Methodology and Approach [Seite 175]
7.2.4 - 4 Correlations between Cost Structures and Structural Metrics [Seite 176]
7.2.4.1 - 4.1 Classification of Structural Metrics [Seite 176]
7.2.4.2 - 4.2 Introduction to the exemplarily IVE model [Seite 177]
7.2.4.3 - 4.3 Applicability of Structural Metrics [Seite 178]
7.2.4.4 - 4.4 Analyzing of an exemplarily cost structure [Seite 179]
7.2.5 - 5 Conclusions and Outlook [Seite 180]
7.2.6 - References [Seite 181]
7.2.7 - Acknowledgements [Seite 182]
7.3 - DSM for Modeling and Analyzing Functionality: Views of Practitioners [Seite 184]
7.3.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 184]
7.3.2 - 2 The IFM Framework [Seite 185]
7.3.2.1 - 2.1 Setup and represented entities [Seite 185]
7.3.2.2 - 2.2 Modeling and analyzing system functionality [Seite 186]
7.3.3 - 3 Evaluation study [Seite 187]
7.3.3.1 - 3.1 Method [Seite 187]
7.3.3.2 - 3.2 Participants profile [Seite 188]
7.3.4 - 4 Results [Seite 188]
7.3.4.1 - 4.1 Contents and views considered useful in the IFM framework [Seite 188]
7.3.4.2 - 4.2 Strengths and potentials for further improvement [Seite 190]
7.3.4.2.1 - 4.2.1 Willingness to apply the IFM framework in the future [Seite 191]
7.3.4.2.2 - 4.2.2 Expressed strengths [Seite 191]
7.3.4.2.3 - 4.2.3 Potentials for further improvement [Seite 192]
7.3.5 - 5 Discussion of results [Seite 192]
7.3.5.1 - 5.1 Limitations [Seite 192]
7.3.5.2 - 5.2 Adaptability and possibilities for function analysis are particularly beneficial [Seite 193]
7.3.5.3 - 5.3 Potentials for further improvement [Seite 193]
7.3.6 - 6 Conclusion [Seite 193]
7.3.7 - References [Seite 194]
7.4 - MDM-Based Kansei Design Approach to Appeal on Customer Senses for Products [Seite 196]
7.4.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 196]
7.4.2 - 2 Kansei Design for Consumer Product [Seite 198]
7.4.2.1 - 2.1 DSM clustering analysis for requirements using the evaluation grid method [Seite 198]
7.4.2.2 - 2.2 MDM-based representation of kansei design [Seite 200]
7.4.3 - 3 Application to the Kansei Design of a Camera [Seite 201]
7.4.3.1 - 3.1 Requirement analysis using the evaluation grid method [Seite 201]
7.4.3.2 - 3.2 MDM-based kansei design model [Seite 203]
7.4.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 204]
7.4.5 - References [Seite 205]
8 - Part VI: Process and Change Management [Seite 206]
8.1 - A system-based approach to further design the concept of Manufacturing Change Management [Seite 208]
8.1.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 208]
8.1.2 - 2 The concept of Manufacturing Change Management [Seite 209]
8.1.3 - 3 Towards a system-based MCM design [Seite 210]
8.1.4 - 4 System-based design for Manufacturing Change Management [Seite 211]
8.1.4.1 - 4.1 General MCM system architecture [Seite 211]
8.1.4.2 - 4.2 System architecture of the MCM elements [Seite 212]
8.1.5 - 5 Analysis of the MCM models: Results and further design activities [Seite 216]
8.1.6 - 6 Conclusion and outlook [Seite 217]
8.1.7 - References [Seite 218]
8.1.8 - Acknowledgements [Seite 219]
8.2 - Modeling Industrial Symbiosis Using Design Structure Matrices [Seite 220]
8.2.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 220]
8.2.2 - 2 Modeling Industrial Symbiosis with DSMs [Seite 221]
8.2.2.1 - 2.1 Modeling Industrial Symbiosis [Seite 222]
8.2.2.2 - 2.2 Symbiosis concretization stages [Seite 222]
8.2.2.3 - 2.3 Multigraphs with ports and DSM [Seite 224]
8.2.2.4 - 2.4 Modeling symbioses as directed multigraphs with ports [Seite 224]
8.2.3 - 3 Application example [Seite 225]
8.2.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 228]
8.2.5 - References [Seite 229]
8.2.6 - Acknowledgements [Seite 230]
8.3 - How to build up an Engineering Change dependency model based on past change data? [Seite 232]
8.3.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 232]
8.3.2 - 2 Methodology [Seite 233]
8.3.3 - 3 Background [Seite 233]
8.3.3.1 - 3.1 Models to predict Change Propagation [Seite 233]
8.3.3.2 - 3.2 EC data and related data in PDM systems [Seite 234]
8.3.3.3 - 3.3 Data Mining technique: association rules analysis [Seite 235]
8.3.4 - 4 Building an Engineering Change Dependency Model based on historical EC data [Seite 236]
8.3.4.1 - 4.1 System definition [Seite 236]
8.3.4.2 - 4.2 Information acquisition [Seite 237]
8.3.5 - 5 Simulation Model [Seite 239]
8.3.6 - 6 Conclusion and outlook [Seite 240]
8.3.7 - References [Seite 240]
8.3.8 - Acknowledgments [Seite 242]
8.4 - New Product Development Visualization & Optimization using DSMs [Seite 244]
8.4.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 244]
8.4.2 - 2 Current Approach to New Product Development [Seite 244]
8.4.2.1 - 2.1 Task-based DSM with Feedback and Feedforward Dependencies [Seite 244]
8.4.3 - 3 New Product Development Visualisation & Optimisation [Seite 245]
8.4.3.1 - 3.1 Non-optimised, NPD DSM [Seite 245]
8.4.3.2 - 3.2 NPD with a different number of assumed Tapeouts [Seite 246]
8.4.3.3 - 3.3 Insertion of explicit Requirements Management tasks [Seite 249]
8.4.3.4 - 3.4 Insertion of explicit Risk Management tasks [Seite 250]
8.4.3.5 - 3.5 Gantt version of overall NPD DSM [Seite 251]
8.4.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 253]
8.4.5 - References [Seite 253]
9 - Part VII: Systems' Architectures andModularities [Seite 254]
9.1 - On Ranking Components in Scientific Software [Seite 256]
9.1.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 256]
9.1.2 - 2 Nodal Centrality Via Matrix Functions [Seite 258]
9.1.2.1 - 2.1 Hubs and Authorities [Seite 259]
9.1.2.2 - 2.2 Walks, Paths, and Matrix Exponential [Seite 259]
9.1.3 - 3 Centrality of Nodes in Function Call Graphs [Seite 261]
9.1.3.1 - 3.1 Centrality Results for the Small Call Graph Example [Seite 261]
9.1.4 - 4 Concluding Remarks [Seite 263]
9.1.5 - References [Seite 263]
9.1.6 - Acknowledgments [Seite 265]
9.2 - The Principle of Modularity [Seite 266]
9.2.1 - 1 Introduction and Literature [Seite 266]
9.2.2 - 2 Definition of Modularity Matrix [Seite 268]
9.2.3 - 3 A New Principle of Modularity [Seite 269]
9.2.4 - 4 Customer Needs in The Modularity Matrix [Seite 273]
9.2.5 - 5 Conclusions and Discussions [Seite 275]
9.2.6 - References [Seite 275]
9.3 - Measurement of Modularity Level within Selected Omani Small and Medium Size Enterprises [Seite 278]
9.3.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 278]
9.3.2 - 2 Literature Review [Seite 279]
9.3.2.1 - 2.1 Modularity within SMEs [Seite 279]
9.3.2.2 - 2.2 Importance of Components Interdependencies and Modules [Seite 279]
9.3.3 - 3 Research Methodology [Seite 280]
9.3.4 - 4 Design Structure Matrix (DSM) Tool: General Concept [Seite 281]
9.3.5 - 5 Application of the DSM to Measure the Modularity: A Case Example [Seite 282]
9.3.6 - 6 Results and Discussion [Seite 285]
9.3.6.1 - 6.1 Study Outcomes [Seite 285]
9.3.6.2 - 6.2 Research Limitations [Seite 286]
9.3.7 - 7 Conclusions and Future Work [Seite 286]
9.3.8 - References [Seite 287]
10 - Author Index [Seite 288]
11 - Keyword Index [Seite 289]