Endocrine Disrupters

Name: Endocrine Disrupters | Hazard Testing and Assessment Methods
Brand: Wiley
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Hazard Testing and Assessment Methods

Peter Matthiessen(Autor*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

Erschienen am 15. Februar 2013

416 Seiten

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Intro
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS
CONTENTS
PREFACE
CONTRIBUTORS
CHAPTER 1 Ecotoxicity Test Methods for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals : AN INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
1.2 REGULATORY CONCERNS
1.3 INVERTEBRATES
1.4 VERTEBRATES
1.5 TESTING SCHEMES FOR EDCs
REFERENCE
CHAPTER 2 Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife : BACKGROUND, EFFECTS, AND IMPLICATIONS
2.1 BACKGROUND TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Brief Account of the History of Endocrine Disruption
2.1.3 What Are Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals?
2.1.4 Vertebrate Endocrine System
2.1.5 Invertebrate Endocrine System
2.1.6 Mechanisms of Endocrine Disruption
2.1.7 Endocrine Disrupters in the Environment
2.2 EFFECTS OF EDCs ON WILDLIFE
2.2.1 Mammals
2.2.2 Birds
2.2.3 Reptiles and Amphibians
2.2.4 Fish
2.2.5 Invertebrates
2.3 WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE AND ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ED EFFECTS
2.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR EFFECT ASSESSMENT AND TOXICITY TESTING
2.5 NEED FOR MORE FIELD STUDIES AND AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
2.6 CONCLUDING POINTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 The Regulatory Need for Tests to Detect EDCs and Assess Their Hazards to Wildlife
3.1 EMERGING CONCERNS AND POLICY RESPONSES: FOCUSING ON EDCs AS A LARGE PSEUDO-UNIFORM GROUP OF SUBSTANCES
3.1.1 Regulatory Action Among Public Concern, Policy, Stakeholder Interests, and Scientific Complexity: The Starting Point
3.1.2 Policy Responses to the Initial General Concern: General Strategies
3.2 GENERAL APPROACHES IN SUBSTANCE-RELATED REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS (EU)
3.2.1 Highlighted Role of ED Properties in General Parts of Regulatory Frameworks
3.2.2 REACH: Authorization in Cases of "Very High Concern"
3.2.3 Plant Protection Products: Major Change from Directive 91/414 to New Regulation 1107/2009
3.2.4 Biocides
3.2.5 Pharmaceuticals
3.2.6 Other Regulatory Frameworks Not Primarily Related to Substances
3.3 HOW TO MAKE EDC DEFINITIONS OPERATIONAL FOR SUBSTANCE-RELATED REGULATORY WORK
3.4 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
3.5 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 Techniques for Measuring Endocrine Disruption in Insects
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 Insects
4.1.2 Insect Hormones
4.1.3 Endocrine Disruption and Insects
4.1.4 Development of Insecticides Targeting the Endocrine System
4.2 METHODS
4.2.1 Mechanistic Assays
4.2.2 Apical Assays
4.3 DISCUSSION
4.3.1 Mechanism and Effect
4.3.2 Exposure Considerations
4.4 CONCLUSION
4.5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 Crustaceans
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 BACKGROUND TO CRUSTACEAN ENDOCRINOLOGY
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Overview of the Crustacean Endocrine System
5.3 STATE OF THE ART: WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION IN CRUSTACEANS?
5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Daphnia sp.
5.3.3 Barnacles
5.3.4 Copepods
5.3.5 Amphipods
5.3.6 Mysids
5.3.7 Other Studies Using Larger Crustaceans
5.4 AVAILABLE SUBCHRONIC/CHRONIC STANDARD TEST PROTOCOLS
5.5 COMPLEMENTARY TOOLS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Ecotoxicogenomics
5.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 Endocrine Disruption in Molluscs : PROCESSES AND TESTING
6.1 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION
6.2 WHAT CONSTITUTES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IN MOLLUSCS?
6.3 END POINTS AND BIOMARKERS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION
6.3.1 Reproductive Pathology
6.3.2 Reproductive Capacity
6.3.3 Protein Expression and/or Enzyme Activity
6.3.4 Behavior
6.4 CURRENT TEST METHODS USING MOLLUSCS
6.5 PROPOSED TEST METHODS
6.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 Using Fish to Detect Endocrine Disrupters and Assess Their Potential Environmental Hazards
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS TO STANDARDIZE FISH-BASED METHODS FOR SCREENING AND TESTING ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS
7.3 FISH-BASED SCREENS DEVELOPED BY OECD FOR ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS
7.4 PROGRESS WITH DEVELOPING FISH PARTIAL LIFE CYCLE TESTS FOR ENDOCRINE DISRUPTERS
7.5 PROSPECTS FOR THE STANDARDIZATION OF FISH FULL LIFE CYCLE AND MULTIGENERATION TESTS
7.6 STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF A HAZARD EVALUATION STRATEGY BASED PARTLY ON AVAILABLE AND PROPOSED FISH SCREENS AND TESTS
7.7 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8 Screening and Testing for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Amphibian Models
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 POTENTIAL USES OF AMPHIBIANS IN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTER SCREENING AND TESTING PROGRAMS
8.3 EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
8.4 HATCHING
8.5 LARVAL DEVELOPMENT
8.5.1 Anuran Metamorphosis
8.5.2 Sex Differentiation
8.6 HIGHER-TIER TESTS WITH AMPHIBIANS
8.7 OTHER AND EMERGING TEST METHODS
8.7.1 Estrogenic Chemicals
8.7.2 Other Modes of Endocrine-Disrupting Activity
8.7.3 Transgenic Models
8.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 Endocrine Disruption and Reptiles : USING THE UNIQUE ATTRIBUTES OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT SEX DETERMINATION TO ASSESS IMPACTS
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.1.1 General Introduction
9.1.2 Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination and Genotypic Sex Determination in Nonmammalian Amniotes
9.2 APPROACHES TO EXAMINE EFFECTS OF EDCs
9.2.1 Screening Chemicals for Receptor Activity
9.2.2 Source of RNA to Clone Nuclear Hormone Receptors for In Vitro Screening
9.2.3 In VitroTransactivation Assays
9.3 INDUCTION OF SEX REVERSAL IN OVO
9.3.1 Stage Prediction
9.3.2 Administration of Hormones or EDCs
9.4 ANALYSIS OF SEX-REVERSED ANIMALS
9.4.1 Sexing Animals
9.4.2 Quantitative Real-Time PCR
9.5 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10 Birds
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BIRDS AND MAMMALS AND AMONG BIRD SPECIES
10.3 IN VITRO TECHNIQUES
10.3.1 Primary Cultures
10.3.2 Immortal Cell Lines
10.4 STUDIES WITH EMBRYOS
10.5 IN VIVO TECHNIQUES
10.5.1 Egg Injection Studies
10.5.2 Field Exposure and Mesocosm Studies
10.5.3 Feeding Studies, Including the Proposed Avian Two-Generation Test
10.6 EXAMPLES OF EDC EFFECTS FROM FIELD STUDIES
10.7 PROPOSED TWO-GENERATION TEST
10.8 CONCLUSIONS
10.8.1 Avian Testing in a Tiered Risk Assessment Approach
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11 Mammalian Methods for Detecting and Assessing Endocrine-Active Compounds
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.1.1 Battery of Assays
11.2 MAMMALIAN TIER 1 SCREENING ASSAYS
11.2.1 Rat Uterotrophic Assay
11.2.2 Hershberger Assay
11.2.3 Male and Female Pubertal Assays
11.2.4 Enhanced OECD 407 28-Day Study
11.2.5 15-Day Intact Male Assay
11.2.6 Using In Vitro Data in Conjunction with In Vivo Assays
11.3 TIER 2 TESTS
11.4 HUMAN AND WILDLIFE RELEVANCE OF ESTROGEN, ANDROGEN, AND THYROID SCREENING ASSAYS
11.5 POTENTIAL FUTURE ASSAYS FOR ENDOCRINE SCREENING
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 12 Application of the OECD Conceptual Framework for Assessing the Human Health and Ecological Effects of Endocrine Disrupters
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 OVERVIEW OF THE OECD REVISED CF
12.3 APPLICATION OF THE KLIMISCH CRITERIA TO THE EE2 AND VIN CASE STUDIES
12.4 CASE STUDY: DATA EXAMPLES FOR 17a-ETHYNYLESTRADIOL
12.4.1 EE2 Case Study: Level 1 Information
12.4.2 EE2 Case Study: Level 2 Information
12.4.3 EE2 Case Study: Level 3 Information
12.4.4 EE2 Case Study: Level 4 Information
12.4.5 EE2 Case Study: Level 5 Information
12.5 CASE STUDY: DATA EXAMPLES FOR VINCLOZOLIN
12.5.1 VIN Case Study: Level 1 Information
12.5.2 VIN Case Study: Level 2 Information
12.5.3 VIN Case Study: Level 3 Information
12.5.4 VIN Case Study: Level 4 Information
12.5.5 VIN Case Study: Level 5 Information
12.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 13 The Prospects for Routine Testing of Chemicals for Endocrine-Disrupting Properties and Potential Ecological Impacts
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 ARE THERE GAPS IN THE TEST SUITE FOR EDCs?
13.3 "NEW" MODES OF ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING ACTION
13.4 HOW SHOULD TESTS FOR EDCs BE DEPLOYED IN AN INTEGRATED FASHION?
13.5 USE OF WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE WHEN ASSESSING POSSIBLE EDCs
13.6 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
INDEX

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