Physics Of Geomagnetic Phenomena

ContributorsPrefaceI. Introductory Topics I-1. Perspective 1. The Beginnings of Magnetism and Electricity 2. The Science of Geomagnetism Is Born 3. The Secular Geomagnetic Variation 4. The Geomagnetic Exploration of the Globe 5. The Aurora 6. The Transient Geomagnetic Variations; Geomagnetic Disturbance 7. The Geomagnetic and Auroral Associations with the Sun 8. Geomagnetic Classification of Days and Shorter Intervals 9. The Solar Daily Geomagnetic Variation 10. The Lunar Daily Geomagnetic Variation 11. The Morphology of Geomagnetic Storms 12. Theoretical Ideas (to about 1950) 13. Future Possibilities References I-2. Instruments and Geomagnetic Stations 1. Introduction 2. Instrumentation 3. Geomagnetic Stations 4. International Cooperation References I-3. Geomagnetic Indices 1. Different Indices 2. Correlations between Geomagnetic Indices and Parameters of Other Phenomena (Application of Geomagnetic Indices) 3. Forecast of Geomagnetic Storms and Radio Disturbance ReferencesII. The Earth's Main Field II-1. Paleomagnetism 1. Introduction 2. Rock Magnetism as a Basis of Paleomagnetism 3. Geomagnetic Field during the Past 10,000 Years 4. Geomagnetic Field in Geological Time 5. Theoretical Interpretation References II-2. Main Geomagnetic Field 1. Source of Earth's Field 2. Measurements 3. The Field in Space References II-3. Electromagnetic Induction Within the Earth 1. Introduction 2. Observations 3. Theory of Electromagnetic Induction of Earth Currents ReferencesIII. Quiet Variation Fields III-1. Solar Quiet and Lunar Daily Variation Fields 1. Introduction 2. Morphology of Sq Field 3. Morphology of L Field 4. Theory of Sq and L Fields 5. Correlations with Other Phenomena 6. Conclusion Supplement References III-2. Geomagnetic Variations in the Equatorial Zone 1. Equatorial Conditions 2. Equatorial Geomagnetic Variations and the Electrojet 3. Model of Density Distribution in Ionospheric Currents Causing Quiet Day Geomagnetic Variations 4. The Magnetic Field of Models of Currents Causing Quiet Day Geomagnetic Variations 5. Measurements of the Electrojet in Space 6. Analysis of the Magnetic Field of the Electrojet 7. Studies of the Electrojet from Ground-Based Measurements of Its Magnetic Field 8. Summary of Equatorial Electrojet Characteristics References III-3. The Neutral Atmosphere and the Quiet Ionosphere 1. Introduction 2. The Neutral Atmosphere 3. Observations of the Quiet Ionosphere 4. The Physics of the Quiet Ionosphere 5. Conclusion References III-4. The Equatorial Ionosphere 1. Introduction 2. The Equatorial D Region 3. The Equatorial ¿ Region 4. The Equatorial F Region and Beyond 5. Summary References III-5. Temperate-Latitude Sporadic ¿ 1. Introduction 2. Temporal and Geographic Variations of Sporadic ¿ 3. Structure of Sporadic ¿ 4. The Cause of Sporadic ¿ ReferencesIV. Disturbed Variation Fields IV-1. Ionospheric Disturbances 1. Introduction 2. Flare-Associated Disturbances 3. Polar-Cap Absorption 4. Disturbances Associated with Geomagnetic Storms 5. Spread F 6. Traveling Disturbances 7. Summary References IV-2. Aurora 1. Introductory Description 2. Morphology of Visual Aurora 3. Correlation with Solar and Geophysical Phenomena 4. Direct Observations of Energetic Particles Associated with Aurora 5.