1 - Title Page [Seite 5]
2 - Copyright Page [Seite 6]
3 - Contents [Seite 7]
4 - List of Contributors [Seite 10]
5 - Preface [Seite 11]
6 - Acknowledgements [Seite 12]
7 - Chapter 1 General Considerations for Pain Management upon Initial Presentation and during Hospital Stay [Seite 13]
7.1 - References [Seite 18]
7.2 - Further Reading [Seite 19]
8 - Chapter 2 Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pain [Seite 20]
8.1 - I. Pain versus Nociception [Seite 20]
8.2 - II. The Pain Pathway in Physiologic Pain [Seite 21]
8.2.1 - A. Transduction [Seite 22]
8.2.2 - B. Transmission [Seite 22]
8.2.3 - C. Modulation [Seite 22]
8.2.4 - D. Perception [Seite 23]
8.2.5 - E. Endogenous Analgesic Pathways [Seite 23]
8.3 - III. The Pain Pathway in Pathologic Pain [Seite 24]
8.3.1 - A. Transduction [Seite 24]
8.3.2 - B. Transmission [Seite 25]
8.3.3 - C. Modulation [Seite 25]
8.3.4 - D. Perception [Seite 26]
8.3.5 - E. Descending Inhibitory Pathway [Seite 26]
8.4 - IV. Specific Types of Pain [Seite 26]
8.4.1 - A. Neonatal/Pediatric Pain [Seite 26]
8.4.2 - B. Neuropathic Pain [Seite 26]
8.4.3 - C. Visceral Pain [Seite 26]
8.4.4 - D. Breakthrough Pain [Seite 27]
8.4.5 - E. Stimulus-Evoked/Movement-Evoked Pain [Seite 27]
8.5 - References [Seite 27]
8.6 - Further Reading [Seite 28]
9 - Chapter 3 Physiologic and Pharmacologic Applications to Manage Neuropathic Pain [Seite 29]
9.1 - I. Physiology of Neuropathic Pain [Seite 30]
9.1.1 - A. The Patient's Experience [Seite 30]
9.1.2 - B. The Quality and Pattern of Altered Sensitivity [Seite 30]
9.1.3 - C. Immune Response Mechanisms in Neuropathic Pain [Seite 31]
9.1.4 - D. Endogenous Descending Facilitatory Systems [8] [Seite 32]
9.1.5 - E. Descending Inhibitory Pathway [9] [Seite 32]
9.1.6 - F. To Summarize Neuropathic Pain [Seite 33]
9.2 - II. Clinical Relevance of Physiology to Pharmacology [Seite 33]
9.2.1 - A. Opioids/Opiates [Seite 33]
9.2.2 - B. Tricyclic Antidepressant Analgesic (TCA) Effects [Seite 34]
9.2.3 - C. Gabapentin [Seite 34]
9.2.4 - D. NMDA Receptor Antagonists [Seite 34]
9.2.5 - E. Local Anesthetics [Seite 35]
9.2.6 - F. Alpha2 Adrenergic (Alpha2) Agonists [Seite 35]
9.2.7 - G. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Analgesics (NSAIAs) [Seite 36]
9.2.8 - H. Acupuncture [Seite 36]
9.3 - III. Diagnosing Neuropathic Pain [Seite 36]
9.4 - IV. Neuropathic Pain Associated Conditions [Seite 39]
9.4.1 - A. Neuropathic Pain Associated with Trauma: Accidental and Surgical [Seite 39]
9.4.2 - B. Lumbosacral Lesions [Seite 43]
9.4.3 - C. Spinal Cord Injury [Seite 44]
9.4.4 - D. Potential Sources of Neck and Back Pain in Cats and Dogs [Seite 45]
9.5 - V. Primary Lesions of the Peripheral or central Nervous System [Seite 45]
9.5.1 - A. Peripheral Nervous System [Seite 45]
9.5.2 - B. Central Pain Syndrome [Seite 46]
9.6 - VI. Neuropathic Pain and Management of Visceral Origin [Seite 48]
9.7 - VII. Treatment [Seite 48]
9.7.1 - A. Acute Pain Management [Seite 48]
9.7.2 - B. Chronic Neuropathic Pain Management [Seite 55]
9.8 - VIII. Future Therapeutic Modalities [Seite 57]
9.8.1 - A. Vanilloid Receptor 1 Antagonists [Seite 57]
9.8.2 - B. Serotonin and Norepinephrine Re?Uptake Inhibitor Mixed Compound [Seite 57]
9.9 - IX. Conclusion [Seite 57]
9.10 - References [Seite 58]
9.11 - Further Reading [Seite 62]
10 - Chapter 4 Physiology and Pharmacology: Clinical Application to Abdominal and Pelvic Visceral Pain [Seite 63]
10.1 - I. Neurophysiology Reviews [1-3] [Seite 63]
10.1.1 - A. Afferent and Efferent Innervations [Seite 63]
10.1.2 - B. Autonomic Nervous System [4] [Seite 63]
10.1.3 - C. Central Processing [2] [Seite 64]
10.1.4 - D. Peripheral Sensitization [Seite 64]
10.1.5 - E. Central Sensitization (Inflammation-Induced) [Seite 65]
10.2 - II. Clinical Relevance of Physiology to Pharmacology [Seite 65]
10.2.1 - A. Dorsal Horn Targets for Analgesics [3] [Seite 65]
10.2.2 - B. Peripheral Sensitization Targets for Analgesics [Seite 66]
10.2.3 - C. Reduction/Modulation of the Transmission of Nociceptive Information [Seite 66]
10.2.4 - D. Epidural Site for Analgesic Administration [Seite 67]
10.3 - III. Sources of Abdominal Pain [Seite 67]
10.3.1 - A. Gastrointestinal System [Seite 67]
10.3.2 - B. Urogenital System [Seite 69]
10.4 - IV. Pelvis and Perineum [3, 5] [Seite 71]
10.4.1 - A. Pelvis [Seite 71]
10.4.2 - B. Scrotum Cat and Dog, Penis Cat [Seite 71]
10.4.3 - C. Vulva [Seite 72]
10.4.4 - D. Prolapsed Rectum, Perianal Fistulae and Anal Gland Abscess [Seite 72]
10.5 - V. Visceral Pain Associated with Pelvis, Vertebral and Spinal Cord Injury or Illness [Seite 72]
10.6 - VI. Modulatory Influences on Visceral Nociception [Seite 72]
10.6.1 - A. Pathophysiology of Affective Visceral Co?Morbidities: Review [2] [Seite 73]
10.7 - References [Seite 74]
11 - Chapter 5 Physiology and Management of Cancer Pain [Seite 76]
11.1 - References [Seite 79]
12 - Chapter 6 Movement-Evoked and Breakthrough Pain [Seite 80]
12.1 - References [Seite 81]
13 - Chapter 7 Pain: Understanding It [Seite 82]
13.1 - I. Objective Markers of Pain [Seite 83]
13.2 - II. Definitions of Pain Mechanisms [Seite 85]
13.3 - III. The Outcome of the Inappropriate Management of Pain [Seite 86]
13.4 - IV. Pain Scoring Systems [Seite 87]
13.5 - V. Pain Assessment Scales Adapted for Veterinary Patients [Seite 88]
13.5.1 - A. Simple Uni-Dimensional Scales [Seite 88]
13.5.2 - B. Multi-Dimensional Composite Scales [Seite 88]
13.6 - VI. Clinical Utility of Pain Assessment Methods [Seite 89]
13.7 - VII. Misconceptions [Seite 89]
13.8 - References [Seite 90]
13.9 - Further Reading [Seite 92]
14 - Chapter 8 Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain in Dogs and Cat [Seite 93]
14.1 - I. Key Points in Assessment of Pain in Animals [Seite 94]
14.2 - II. Clinical Utility of Pain Assessment Methods [Seite 98]
14.2.1 - A Pain Measurement Tools [Seite 99]
14.3 - III. Assessing Pain [Seite 100]
14.3.1 - A. In General [Seite 100]
14.4 - IV. Dogs: Assessing Pain Behaviours [Seite 108]
14.5 - V. Cats: Assessing Pain Behaviours [Seite 116]
14.6 - References [Seite 122]
14.7 - Further Reading [Seite 123]
15 - Chapter 9 Pharmacologic and Clinical Application of Sedatives [Seite 124]
15.1 - I. Acepromazine [Seite 125]
15.1.1 - A. General Considerations for Use [Seite 125]
15.1.2 - B. Cardio-Respiratory Effects [Seite 125]
15.1.3 - C. Contraindications [Seite 126]
15.2 - II. Alpha2 Adrenergic Receptor (Alpha2) Agonists [Seite 126]
15.2.1 - A. General Considerations for Use [Seite 126]
15.2.2 - B. Dexmedetomidine [Seite 127]
15.3 - III. Benzodiazepines [Seite 129]
15.3.1 - A. General Considerations for Use [Seite 129]
15.3.2 - B. Co-Induction with Injectable Anesthetics [Seite 129]
15.4 - References [Seite 130]
16 - Chapter 10 Pharmacologic and Clinical Application of Opioid Analgesics [Seite 131]
16.1 - I. Opioid General Considerations [Seite 131]
16.1.1 - A. Sedation [Seite 131]
16.1.2 - B. Anti-Nociception [Seite 132]
16.1.3 - C. Cardiovascular [Seite 133]
16.1.4 - D. Respiratory [Seite 133]
16.1.5 - E. Antitussive [Seite 133]
16.1.6 - F. Vomiting [Seite 134]
16.1.7 - G. Dysphoria [Seite 134]
16.1.8 - H. Increased Sphincter Tone and Constipation [Seite 134]
16.1.9 - I. Urinary Retention [Seite 135]
16.1.10 - J. Hyperthermia [Seite 135]
16.1.11 - K. Reversal of Opioids [Seite 135]
16.2 - II. Mu-Agonists [Seite 136]
16.2.1 - A. Morphine [Seite 136]
16.2.2 - B. Hydromorphone [Seite 137]
16.2.3 - C. Oxymorphone [Seite 138]
16.2.4 - D. Fentanyl [Seite 138]
16.2.5 - E. Sufentanil/Alfentanil/Remifentanil [Seite 140]
16.2.6 - F. Meperidine [Seite 141]
16.2.7 - G. Methadone [Seite 141]
16.3 - III. Partial Mu-Agonists [Seite 141]
16.3.1 - A. Buprenorphine [Seite 141]
16.4 - IV. Kappa-Agonist, Mu-Antagonist [Seite 142]
16.4.1 - A. Butorphanol [Seite 142]
16.5 - V. Oral Opioid Drugs [Seite 143]
16.5.1 - A. Tramadol [Seite 143]
16.6 - References [Seite 144]
17 - Chapter 11 Pharmacologic and Clinical Application of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Analgesics [Seite 146]
17.1 - I. Pharmacology [Seite 146]
17.1.1 - A. Cyclooxygenase-1 [Seite 146]
17.1.2 - B. Cyclooxygenase-2 [Seite 147]
17.1.3 - C. Cyclooxygenase-3 [Seite 147]
17.1.4 - D. EP4 Receptor [Seite 148]
17.1.5 - E. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) Pathway [Seite 148]
17.2 - II. Veterinary-Approved NSAIAs [Seite 148]
17.3 - III. Indications [Seite 148]
17.3.1 - A. Trauma and Post-Operative Pain [Seite 149]
17.3.2 - B. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Illness [Seite 150]
17.3.3 - C. Miscellaneous Conditions [Seite 150]
17.3.4 - D. Pyrexia [Seite 150]
17.3.5 - E. Osteoarthritis [Seite 150]
17.4 - IV. Safety [Seite 150]
17.5 - V. Contraindications [32] [Seite 151]
17.6 - VI. Comments and Other Considerations [Seite 152]
17.7 - References [Seite 152]
17.8 - Further Reading [Seite 154]
18 - Chapter 12 Pharmacologic and Clinical Principles of Adjunct Analgesia [Seite 156]
18.1 - I. Injectable Adjunctive Analgesics [Seite 157]
18.1.1 - A. Lidocaine [Seite 157]
18.1.2 - B. Ketamine [16-18] [Seite 160]
18.1.3 - C. Alpha2 Adrenergic Agonists (Alpha2 Agonists) [Seite 163]
18.1.4 - D. Maropitant [Seite 164]
18.2 - II. Oral Adjunctive Analgesics [Seite 165]
18.2.1 - A. Amantadine [Seite 165]
18.2.2 - B. Gabapentin [Seite 166]
18.2.3 - C. Pregabalin [Seite 168]
18.3 - III. Tricyclic Antidepressants, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors [Seite 169]
18.3.1 - A. Mode of Action [Seite 169]
18.3.2 - B. Adverse Effects [Seite 169]
18.3.3 - C. Amitriptyline [Seite 170]
18.3.4 - D. Venlafaxine [Seite 171]
18.3.5 - E. Duloxetine [Seite 172]
18.4 - IV. Corticosteroids (Prednisone, Dexamethasone, Prednisolone, Methylprednisolone) [Seite 172]
18.4.1 - A. Prednisone [Seite 172]
18.5 - V. Magnesium [Seite 172]
18.6 - VI. Non-Pharmacologic Modalities for Pain Management [Seite 173]
18.7 - VII. Case Example of Utilizing Adjunctive Analgesics [Seite 173]
18.8 - References [Seite 173]
18.9 - Further Reading [Seite 176]
19 - Chapter 13 Pharmacologic and Clinical Application of General Anesthetics [Seite 177]
19.1 - I. Injectable Anesthetics [Seite 177]
19.1.1 - A. General Considerations [Seite 177]
19.1.2 - B. Propofol [Seite 178]
19.1.3 - C. Alfaxalone [Seite 178]
19.1.4 - D. Ketamine with Diazepam or Midazolam [Seite 179]
19.1.5 - E. Etomidate [Seite 180]
19.1.6 - F. Co-Induction Agents [Seite 180]
19.2 - II. Inhalational Anesthesia [Seite 181]
19.2.1 - A. General Considerations [Seite 181]
19.2.2 - B. Cardiovascular Effects [Seite 181]
19.2.3 - C. Respiratory Effects [Seite 181]
19.2.4 - D. Biotransformation [Seite 182]
19.2.5 - E. Potency [Seite 182]
19.3 - Further Reading [Seite 182]
20 - Chapter 14 Local Anesthetic Techniques [Seite 183]
20.1 - I. Toxicity of Local Anesthetics [Seite 183]
20.1.1 - A. Lidocaine [Seite 184]
20.1.2 - B. Bupivacaine [Seite 184]
20.2 - II. Preparation for Blocks [Seite 184]
20.3 - III. Head Blocks [Seite 185]
20.3.1 - A. Maxillary Block [Seite 186]
20.3.2 - B. Rostral Maxillary or Infraorbital Block [Seite 188]
20.3.3 - C. Mandibular Block [Seite 190]
20.3.4 - D. Alveolar or Mental or Rostral Mandibular Block [Seite 191]
20.3.5 - E. Eye Block [Seite 192]
20.4 - IV. Thoracic Limb Block [Seite 194]
20.4.1 - A. Brachial Plexus Block via Axillary Approach [Seite 196]
20.4.2 - B. Brachial Plexus Block via a Paravertebral Approach [Seite 197]
20.4.3 - C. Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Median, Radial, Ulnar Blocks [Seite 199]
20.5 - V. Thoracic Block [Seite 199]
20.5.1 - A. Intercostal Block [Seite 200]
20.5.2 - B. Interpleural Block [Seite 200]
20.5.3 - C. Epidural Block [Seite 202]
20.6 - VI. Abdomen, Perineum and Pelvic Limb Blocks [Seite 202]
20.6.1 - A. Epidural Block [Seite 203]
20.6.2 - B. Femoral and Saphenous Block [Seite 207]
20.6.3 - C. Saphenous Block [Seite 207]
20.6.4 - D. Sciatic, Common Peroneal and Tibial Block [Seite 209]
20.6.5 - E. Peroneal and Tibial Block [Seite 209]
20.7 - VII. Intra-Articular Block [Seite 210]
20.8 - VIII. Intravenous Regional Anesthesia (IVRA) or Bier Block [Seite 211]
20.9 - IX. Wound Management Block [Seite 212]
20.9.1 - A. Direct Injection Block [Seite 212]
20.9.2 - B. Wound Infusion Catheter Block [15] [Seite 212]
20.9.3 - C. Prolonged-Release Bupivacaine [Seite 213]
20.10 - X. Local Anesthetics for Pediatric Patients [Seite 213]
20.10.1 - A. General Considerations [Seite 213]
20.10.2 - B. Topical Local Anesthetic Creams [Seite 213]
20.11 - References [Seite 214]
20.12 - Further Reading [Seite 215]
21 - Chapter 15 Integrative Techniques for Pain Management [Seite 216]
21.1 - I. Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine [Seite 217]
21.1.1 - A. Acupuncture [Seite 217]
21.1.2 - B. Herbal Pain Medication [Seite 219]
21.2 - II. Manual Therapy Techniques [Seite 219]
21.3 - III. Animal Physical Rehabilitation [Seite 220]
21.3.1 - A. Overview [Seite 220]
21.3.2 - B. Cryotherapy [Seite 222]
21.3.3 - C. Warm Therapy [Seite 223]
21.3.4 - D. Phototherapy (Laser Therapy) [Seite 224]
21.3.5 - E. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) [Seite 224]
21.3.6 - F. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field (PEMF) Therapy and MBST® Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Therapy [Seite 225]
21.4 - IV. Emotional Component to Pain Management [Seite 225]
21.5 - Acknowledgements [Seite 226]
21.6 - References [Seite 226]
22 - Chapter 16 The Veterinary Technician/Nurse's Role in Pain Management [Seite 229]
22.1 - I. Analgesic Orders [Seite 229]
22.2 - II. The Patient Advocate [Seite 230]
22.2.1 - A. Ask for Analgesic Orders [Seite 230]
22.2.2 - B. Ask for Changes to Analgesics [Seite 230]
23 - Chapter 17 Optimal Nursing Care for the Management of Pain [Seite 231]
23.1 - I. The Nursing Care Plan [Seite 231]
23.1.1 - A. Formulating the Nursing Care Plan for the Painful Patient [Seite 232]
23.1.2 - B. Non-Pharmacological Nursing Interventions for Patient Comfort [Seite 233]
23.2 - II. Formulating the Pain Plan: The Team Approach [5] [Seite 238]
23.3 - III. Anesthetic Recovery [Seite 239]
23.4 - References [Seite 241]
24 - Chapter 18 Preparation and Delivery of Analgesics [Seite 242]
24.1 - I. Bolus Dosing [Seite 242]
24.2 - II. Continuous Rate Infusion [Seite 243]
24.2.1 - A. How to Prepare Drug Solutions for Infusions [Seite 244]
24.2.2 - B. Fluid Bag Delivery [Seite 244]
24.3 - III. Drug Infusions Using a Burette [Seite 245]
24.3.1 - A. Preparation of Drug Infusions for Bag/Burette [Seite 245]
24.3.2 - B. Labelling the Drug Infusion [Seite 246]
24.4 - IV. Standardized Concentration Infusions [Seite 247]
24.4.1 - A. Benefits [Seite 247]
24.4.2 - B. Drawbacks [Seite 247]
24.5 - V. Drug Infusion Using an Elastomeric Pump [Seite 248]
24.6 - VI. Drug Infusions Using a Syringe Pump [Seite 249]
24.6.1 - A. How to Dilute Stock Analgesic Drugs [Seite 249]
24.6.2 - B. How Should a Dilution Be Prepared? [Seite 250]
24.7 - VII. Drug Compatibility [Seite 251]
24.7.1 - A. How to Deal with Incompatible Drugs [Seite 252]
24.7.2 - B. Common Drug Incompatibilities [Seite 253]
24.8 - Further Reading [Seite 255]
25 - Chapter 19 Cardiovascular Disease as a Co-Morbidity for Anesthesia and Analgesia of Non-Related Emergencies [Seite 256]
25.1 - I. Analgesic Considerations and Drug Choices [Seite 256]
25.2 - II. Anesthetic Considerations [Seite 258]
25.2.1 - A. Patient Preparation [Seite 258]
25.2.2 - B. Anesthetic Drugs and Dosing [Seite 259]
25.3 - References [Seite 265]
26 - Chapter 20 Kidney Disease as a Co-Morbidity for Anesthesia and Analgesia of Non-Related Emergencies [Seite 267]
26.1 - I. Analgesia Considerations for Patients with Kidney Disease [Seite 268]
26.2 - II. Anesthetic Considerations for Patients with Kidney Disease/Injury [Seite 269]
26.2.1 - A. Pre-Operative Examination and Laboratory Testing prior to Anesthesia [Seite 270]
26.2.2 - B. Specific Anesthetic Considerations [Seite 270]
26.3 - References [Seite 273]
27 - Chapter 21 Liver Disease as a Co-Morbidity for Anesthesia and Analgesia of Non-Related Emergencies [Seite 275]
27.1 - I. Analgesia Considerations for Patients with Liver Disease [Seite 275]
27.2 - II. Anesthetic Considerations for Patients with Liver Disease [Seite 276]
27.2.1 - A. Pre-Operative Examination and Laboratory Testing prior to Anesthesia [Seite 277]
27.3 - III. Specific Anesthetic Considerations [Seite 278]
27.3.1 - A. Hepatic Blood Flow with Anesthesia and Surgery [Seite 278]
27.3.2 - B. Biotransformation and Drug Elimination [Seite 278]
27.3.3 - C. Sedative and Anesthetic Considerations [Seite 279]
27.4 - References [Seite 281]
28 - Chapter 22 Managing the Aggressive Patient [Seite 282]
28.1 - I. General Handling Strategies [Seite 282]
28.1.1 - A. Aggressive Dogs [Seite 282]
28.1.2 - B. Handling Strategies for Dogs [Seite 282]
28.1.3 - C. Aggressive Cats [Seite 283]
28.2 - II. Sedation/Anesthesia for the Aggressive/Fractious Patient [Seite 284]
28.2.1 - A. Start Treatment at Home [Seite 284]
28.2.2 - B. At the Hospital [Seite 284]
28.2.3 - C. Sample Protocols Based on Patient ASA, Fear/Aggression and Pain Levels [Seite 285]
28.3 - Further Reading [Seite 289]
29 - Chapter 23 Analgesia and Anesthesia for Pregnant Cats and Dogs [Seite 291]
29.1 - I. Physiological Changes in the Pregnant Cat and Dog Affecting Analgesic Selection and Dosing [2] [Seite 291]
29.2 - II. Which Analgesics Can Be Administered to Pregnant Patients? [Seite 293]
29.2.1 - A. Opioids [Seite 293]
29.2.2 - B. Opioid Antagonism [Seite 294]
29.2.3 - C. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Analgesics (NSAIAs) [Seite 294]
29.2.4 - D. Amitriptyline [1, 30] [Seite 297]
29.2.5 - F. Non-Pharmacologic Methods [Seite 297]
29.2.6 - G. Conclusion [Seite 297]
29.3 - III. Anesthesia during Pregnancy [Seite 298]
29.3.1 - A. General Considerations [Seite 298]
29.3.2 - B. Specific Anesthetic Considerations with Pregnancy [Seite 298]
29.4 - IV. Anesthesia Protocols [Seite 299]
29.4.1 - A. Non-Obstetrical Procedures [Seite 299]
29.4.2 - B. Sedation and Pre-Medication for Non-Cesarean Procedures (Refer to Chapter 9, 10 and 13) [Seite 299]
29.4.3 - C. Anesthetic Induction for Non-Cesarean Procedures [Seite 300]
29.5 - V. Anesthesia for Cesarean Section [Seite 300]
29.5.1 - A. Sedation and Pre-Medication for Cesarean Section [Seite 301]
29.5.2 - B. Pre-Medication Options for Cesarean Sections [Seite 301]
29.5.3 - C. Anesthetic Induction for Cesarean Sections [Seite 302]
29.5.4 - D. Anesthetic Maintenance for Non-Obstetrical or Cesarean Sections [Seite 302]
29.5.5 - E. Local Anesthetic Techniques [Seite 303]
29.5.6 - F. Post-Cesarean Management [Seite 303]
29.6 - References [Seite 304]
30 - Chapter 24 Analgesia and Anesthesia for Nursing Cats and Dogs [Seite 306]
30.1 - I. Analgesics [Seite 307]
30.1.1 - A. Opioids [Seite 307]
30.1.2 - B. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Analgesics (NSAIAs) [Seite 310]
30.2 - II. Adjunctive Analgesics [Seite 312]
30.2.1 - A. Serotonin Re-Uptake Inhibitors [Seite 312]
30.2.2 - B. Amitriptyline [Seite 312]
30.2.3 - C. Gabapentin [Seite 312]
30.2.4 - D. Amantadine [Seite 313]
30.3 - III. Sedatives [Seite 313]
30.3.1 - A. Benzodiazepines [Seite 313]
30.3.2 - B. Acepromazine [Seite 313]
30.4 - IV. Local Anesthetics [Seite 313]
30.4.1 - A. Lidocaine [Seite 313]
30.4.2 - B. Bupivacaine [Seite 314]
30.5 - V. NMDA-Receptor Antagonists [Seite 314]
30.6 - VI. Alpha2 Adrenergic Agonists [Seite 314]
30.7 - VII. Herbal Analgesic Medications [Seite 314]
30.8 - VIII. Anesthetics [Seite 314]
30.8.1 - A. Propofol [Seite 314]
30.8.2 - B. Etomidate [Seite 315]
30.8.3 - C. Alfaxalone [Seite 315]
30.8.4 - D. Ketamine [Seite 315]
30.8.5 - E. Inhalants [Seite 315]
30.9 - IX. General Anesthesia [Seite 315]
30.9.1 - A. Pre-Medication [Seite 315]
30.9.2 - B. Induction [Seite 316]
30.9.3 - C. Intraoperative [Seite 316]
30.9.4 - D. Recovery [Seite 316]
30.10 - X. Discharge Home [Seite 316]
30.11 - References [Seite 316]
30.12 - Further Reading [Seite 319]
31 - Chapter 25 Physiologic and Pharmacologic Application of Analgesia and Anesthesia for the Pediatric Patient [Seite 320]
31.1 - I. Physiologic Importance of Preventing Pain [2, 3] [Seite 320]
31.2 - II. Physiologic Aspects to Consider When Managing Pain [2, 3] [Seite 321]
31.3 - III. Pain Assessment [Seite 322]
31.4 - IV. Analgesics [Seite 323]
31.4.1 - A. Opioids [Seite 326]
31.4.2 - B. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Analgesics [Seite 327]
31.4.3 - C. Ketamine [12-14] [Seite 327]
31.4.4 - D. Alpha2 Adrenoceptor Agonists [Seite 328]
31.4.5 - E. Gabapentin [Seite 328]
31.5 - V. Sedatives [Seite 328]
31.6 - VI. Local Anesthetics for All Age Groups: General Considerations [Seite 329]
31.6.1 - A. Topical Local Anesthetic Creams [Seite 329]
31.7 - VII. Non-Pharmacological Interventions [23, 24] [Seite 330]
31.8 - VIII. Anesthesia [Seite 331]
31.8.1 - A. Patient Preparation [Seite 331]
31.8.2 - B. Pre-Medication [Seite 332]
31.8.3 - C. Induction Drugs [Seite 332]
31.8.4 - D. Maintenance Drugs [Seite 333]
31.8.5 - E. Monitoring and Support [Seite 333]
31.8.6 - F. Recovery [Seite 337]
31.9 - References [Seite 337]
32 - Chapter 26 Analgesia and Anesthesia for the Geriatric Patient [Seite 340]
32.1 - I. General Considerations [1] [Seite 340]
32.2 - II. Physiologic Features of the Geriatric Patient Affecting Dosages, Drug Metabolism and Excretion [Seite 341]
32.2.1 - A. Effect of Trauma [1] [Seite 341]
32.2.2 - B. Initial Evaluation [Seite 341]
32.2.3 - C. Fluids Administration Considerations in Geriatric Trauma Cases [3] [Seite 341]
32.2.4 - D. Laboratory Evaluation and Considerations for Analgesic and Anesthetic Administration [1] [Seite 342]
32.2.5 - E. Renal and Hepatic Function Considerations for Analgesic and Anesthetic Administration [1] [Seite 342]
32.2.6 - F. Cardiovascular Considerations Impacting Analgesic and Anesthetic Administration [1] [Seite 342]
32.2.7 - G. Pulmonary Considerations Impacting Analgesic and Anesthetic Administration [1] [Seite 343]
32.3 - III. Analgesia and Pain Assessment Considerations [1] [Seite 343]
32.4 - IV. Anesthetic Considerations [1] [Seite 344]
32.5 - V. Optimal Nursing Care during Hospital Stay and Influence on Pain Management [Seite 345]
32.6 - References [Seite 347]
32.7 - Further Reading [Seite 347]
33 - Chapter 27 Analgesia and Anesthesia for Head and Neck Injuries or Illness [Seite 348]
33.1 - I. Initial Management [Seite 348]
33.1.1 - A. General Emergency [Seite 348]
33.2 - II. Specific Injury Management [Seite 352]
33.2.1 - A. Head [Seite 353]
33.2.2 - B. Oral Cavity and Upper Airway Injury/Obstruction [Seite 355]
33.2.3 - C. Oral Wounds, Dental Injuries, Electrical Cord Bite and Venomous Injuries Noted within the Mouth or around the Head [Seite 358]
33.2.4 - D. Ocular Injuries [Seite 359]
33.2.5 - E. Auricular Injuries, Hematoma, Acute Severe Otitis [Seite 360]
33.3 - III. Specific Illness Management [Seite 362]
33.3.1 - A. Non-Traumatic Causes of Airway Obstruction [Seite 362]
33.3.2 - B. Neurologic: Meningitis, Neoplasia, Syringomyelia, Other Intracranial Lesions [Seite 362]
33.3.3 - C. Neck Pain: All Causes [Seite 365]
33.4 - References [Seite 366]
33.5 - Further Reading [Seite 366]
34 - Chapter 28 Torso, Thorax and Thoracic Cavity: Illness and Injury [Seite 368]
34.1 - I. Analgesia and Anesthesia [Seite 369]
34.2 - II. Local and Epidural Analgesic/Anesthetic Techniques [Seite 372]
34.3 - III. Post-Procedural Analgesia [Seite 373]
34.4 - IV. Nursing Considerations [Seite 373]
34.5 - V. Thoracic Cavity Injury [Seite 374]
34.6 - VI. Discharge Analgesia Plan for All Injuries [Seite 384]
34.7 - VII. Thoracic Cavity: Illness [Seite 385]
34.8 - Reference [Seite 386]
34.9 - Further Reading [Seite 386]
35 - Chapter 29 Torso and Abdomen: Illness and Injuries [Seite 387]
35.1 - I. Analgesia, Sedation and Anesthesia (General and Local) [Seite 389]
35.1.1 - A. For All Situations [Seite 389]
35.1.2 - B. Sedatives [Seite 390]
35.1.3 - C. Anesthesia [Seite 390]
35.2 - II. Discharge Home Analgesia [Seite 392]
35.3 - III. General Nursing Considerations for the Patient with Abdominal, Pelvic or Perineal Injury or Illness [Seite 392]
35.4 - IV. Injured Patient [Seite 393]
35.5 - V. The Ill Patient/Foreign Body Ingestion [Seite 394]
35.5.1 - A. Surgical Management [Seite 394]
35.5.2 - B. Medical Management [Seite 398]
35.6 - VI. For All Patients [Seite 402]
35.7 - VII. Urogenital System [Seite 402]
35.8 - Further Reading [Seite 402]
36 - Chapter Chapter 30 Pelvic Cavity/Abdomen, Perineum and Torso: Illness and Injuries Urogenital System and Perineum [Seite 403]
36.1 - I. Analgesia, Sedation and Anesthesia (General and Local) [Seite 404]
36.1.1 - A. Analgesia in General [Seite 404]
36.2 - II. Sedatives in General [Seite 405]
36.3 - III. Local Anesthesia (LA) Techniques [Seite 405]
36.4 - IV. Discharge Home Analgesia [Seite 406]
36.5 - V. Anesthesia in General [Seite 406]
36.6 - VI. General Nursing Considerations for the Patient with Pelvic or Perineal Injury or Illness [Seite 407]
36.7 - VII. Injuries [Seite 408]
36.7.1 - A. Pelvic Cavity/Abdomen [Seite 408]
36.7.2 - B. Pelvis [Seite 411]
36.7.3 - C. Perineum [Seite 412]
36.8 - VIII. Illness [Seite 413]
36.8.1 - A. Urologic [Seite 413]
36.8.2 - B. Reproductive System [Seite 416]
36.8.3 - C. Perineum [Seite 417]
36.9 - Further Reading [Seite 420]
37 - Chapter 31 Musculoskeletal Injuries and Illness [Seite 421]
37.1 - I. Analgesia and Sedation [Seite 421]
37.1.1 - A. Analgesia [Seite 421]
37.1.2 - B. Sedatives [Seite 423]
37.2 - II. Injury [Seite 423]
37.2.1 - A. Analgesia for the Injured Patient [Seite 423]
37.2.2 - B. Anesthesia for the Injured Patient [Seite 423]
37.2.3 - C. Injury-Associated Musculoskeletal Pain [Seite 428]
37.3 - III. Medical-Associated Musculoskeletal Pain [Seite 430]
37.3.1 - A. Analgesia for Conditions with Definitive Treatment [Seite 430]
37.3.2 - B. Myositis, Fasciitis [Seite 431]
37.3.3 - C. Osteomyelitis [Seite 432]
37.3.4 - D. Thromboembolic (Ischemic Conditions) [Seite 432]
37.3.5 - E. Analgesia for Conditions with No Definitive Therapy [Seite 433]
37.4 - References [Seite 434]
37.5 - Further Reading [Seite 434]
38 - Chapter 32 Vertebral Column (Vertebrae and Spinal Cord) [Seite 435]
38.1 - I. Analgesia [Seite 435]
38.2 - II. Sedatives [Seite 437]
38.3 - III. Post-Assessment and Discharge Analgesia and Management [Seite 437]
38.4 - IV. Anesthesia [Seite 438]
38.5 - V. Nursing Care [Seite 440]
38.6 - VI. Injury/Intervertebral Disc Herniation Management [Seite 443]
38.6.1 - A. Vertebral and Spinal Cord Injury [Seite 443]
38.7 - VII. Illness [Seite 446]
38.7.1 - A. Vertebral Column/Spinal Cord [Seite 446]
38.7.2 - B. Lumbosacral Lesions [Seite 448]
38.7.3 - C. Discospondylitis and Vertebral Osteomyelitis [Seite 448]
38.7.4 - D. Polyradiculoneuritis [Seite 448]
38.7.5 - E. Congenital/Developmental Lesions [Seite 449]
38.7.6 - F. Central Pain Syndrome [Seite 449]
38.8 - Further Reading [Seite 449]
39 - Chapter 33 Integument Injuries and Illness [Seite 451]
39.1 - I. Analgesia, Sedation and Anesthesia [Seite 451]
39.2 - II. Injuries [Seite 454]
39.2.1 - A. Frostbite [Seite 454]
39.2.2 - B. Porcupine Quills [Seite 454]
39.2.3 - C. Burns [Seite 454]
39.2.4 - D. Lacerations, Shearing and Avulsion [Seite 457]
39.2.5 - E. Bite Wounds and Crush Injuries [Seite 458]
39.2.6 - F. Penetrating Injuries [Seite 459]
39.2.7 - G. Pressure Necrosis [Seite 459]
39.2.8 - H. Urine Scald [Seite 459]
39.3 - III. Illness [Seite 460]
39.3.1 - A. Medical Dermatologic Emergencies [Seite 460]
39.3.2 - B. Myositis and Fasciitis [Seite 460]
39.3.3 - C. Immune-Mediated Disease [Seite 461]
39.3.4 - D. Bacterial Dermatitis [Seite 462]
39.3.5 - E. Drug Eruption [Seite 462]
39.3.6 - F. Mastitis [Seite 463]
39.4 - References [Seite 465]
39.5 - Further Reading [Seite 465]
40 - Chapter 34 Environmental Injuries [Seite 466]
40.1 - I. Analgesia [Seite 466]
40.2 - II. Sedatives [Seite 468]
40.3 - III. Anesthesia [Seite 468]
40.4 - IV. Injury [Seite 469]
40.4.1 - A. Hypothermia Induced/Associated Injuries [Seite 469]
40.4.2 - B. Nursing Considerations [Seite 471]
40.5 - V. Hyperthermia [Seite 472]
40.6 - VI. Immersion (Near Drowning) [Seite 473]
40.6.1 - A. Respiratory Distress [Seite 473]
40.6.2 - B. Emergent Surgical Procedures [Seite 473]
40.7 - VII. Snake Envenomation [Seite 473]
40.7.1 - A. Analgesia [Seite 473]
40.8 - VIII. Porcupine Quill Injury [Seite 474]
40.8.1 - A. Analgesia [Seite 474]
40.8.2 - B. Anesthesia [Seite 475]
40.8.3 - C. Quill Removal [Seite 475]
40.9 - IX. Smoke Inhalation [Seite 476]
40.9.1 - A. Analgesia [Seite 476]
40.9.2 - B. Anesthesia [Seite 476]
40.10 - Further Reading [Seite 476]
41 - Index [Seite 477]
42 - EULA [Seite 493]
