Plastics Product Design

Preface xi

PART 1: Plastics as a Design Material 1

1 Introduction to Plastics Materials 3

1.1 History of Plastics 3

1.2 Definition of Plastics 5

1.3 Thermoplastics and Thermosets 5

1.4 How Plastics are Made 6

1.5 General Plastics Properties 7

1.6 Plastics Feedstocks and Volumes 8

2 Properties of Plastics 11

2.1 Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution 13

2.2 Melt Flow Index 16

2.3 Molecular Structure of Polymers 16

2.4 Thermal Properties of Plastics 17

2.5 Physical Properties of Plastics 24

2.6 Electrical Properties 28

2.7 Flammability 29

3 Overview of Plastics Materials 31

3.1 Polyethylene 32

3.2 Polypropylene 35

3.3 Polystyrene 37

3.4 Polyvinyl Chloride 39

3.5 Engineering Plastics 41

3.5.1 Cellulosics 41

3.5.2 Polymethyl Methacrylate (Acrylic) 42

3.5.3 Polycarbonates 43

3.5.4 Polyamides (Nylon) 45

3.5.5 Polyoxymethylene (Acetal) 46

3.5.6 Thermoplastic Polyesters 47

3.5.7 Fluoropolymers 48

3.5.8 High Performance Polymers 49

3.5.8.1 Polyphenylenes 50

3.5.8.2 Polysulfones 50

3.5.8.3 Polyaramids 51

3.5.8.4 Polyarylether Ketones 51

3.5.8.5 Liquid Crystal Polymers (LCPs) 52

3.5.8.6 Th ermoplastic Polyimides 53

3.5.8.7 Polybenzimidazole 53

3.6 Thermoplastic Elastomers 54

3.7 Biopolymers 55

3.7.1 Polylactic Acid 55

3.7.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 56

3.7.3 Polybutylene Succinate 56

3.8 Thermosets 56

3.8.1 Phenolics 57

3.8.2 Amino Plastics 57

3.8.3 Epoxies 59

3.8.4 Thermoset Polyesters 60

3.8.5 Thermoset Polyurethanes 61

3.8.6 Polydicyclopentadiene 62

3.8.7 Thermoset Polyimides 62

3.9 Fillers and Reinforcements 62

4 Process Overviews, Advantages and Constraints 65

4.1 Extrusion 66

4.2 Injection Molding 69

4.3 Extrusion Blow Molding 76

4.4 Injection Blow Molding and Stretch Blow Molding 78

4.5 Compression Molding 81

4.6 Transfer Molding 82

4.7 Rotational Molding 82

4.8 Reaction Injection Molding 85

4.9 Thermoforming 85

4.10 Filament Winding 87

4.11 Pultrusion 89

4.12 Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) 90

4.13 Other Prototyping Processes 92

5 General Design Considerations 93

5.1 Shrinkage 93

5.2 Dimensional Tolerances 94

5.3 Draft 98

5.4 Gating 100

5.5 Coring and Holes 102

5.6 Rib Design 106

5.7 Color and Appearance 107

5.8 Chemical Resistance 109

5.9 Weathering and Environmental Effects 111

5.10 Recycling and Recycling Codes 112

PART 2: Plastics Product Design 115

6 Structural Components 117

6.1 Rigidity and Strength 118

6.2 Creep 120

6.3 Fatigue 130

6.4 Torsion 131

6.5 Impact 134

6.6 Other Elevated Temperature Considerations 137

7 Enclosures 139

7.1 Cosmetics 140

7.2 Structural Support 142

7.3 Ventilation 148

7.4 Flammability 149

7.5 Electrical Considerations 152

8 Packaging and Containers 157

8.1 Impact and Tear Resistance 157

8.2 Strength and Rigidity 158

8.3 Barrier Properties 158

8.4 Packaging Processes 162

8.5 Printing and Decorating 165

9 Snap Fits and Hinges 169

9.1 Snap Fit Designs 170

9.2 Design of Cantilever Snaps Using Classical Beam Theory 172

9.3 Assembly and Disassembly 180

9.4 Non-Rectangular Cantilevered Beams 186

9.5 Effects of Stress Concentration 186

9.6 Annular Snap Fits 187

9.7 Manufacturability 190

9.8 Plastic Hinges 192

10 Plastic Gears 195

10.1 How Gears Work 196

10.2 Types of Gears 198

10.3 Terminology 201

10.4 Gear Tooth Loading 203

10.5 Contact Stress 208

10.6 Gear Tolerances 209

10.7 Gear Tooth Design 211

10.8 Gear Mesh Conditions and Operating Distances 213

10.9 Software 216

10.10 Prototyping 217

10.11 Gear Manufacturability 217

10.12 Gear Materials 221

11 Bearings 223

11.1 Wear 225

11.2 Bearing Life and Performance 228

11.3 Bearing Design 230

11.4 Bearing Materials 230

12 Pressure Vessels and Pipes 233

12.1 Pipe 234

12.2 Miner's Rule 237

12.3 Other Pressure Vessels 239

12.4 Other Types of Pressure Vessels 243

12.5 Material and Manufacturing Considerations 243

13 Plastic Optics 247

13.1 Optical Fundamentals 247

13.2 Mirrors 252

13.3 Light Pipes 254

13.4 Lenses 254

13.5 Manufacturing Processes for Optical Components 256

13.6 Measuring Techniques 257

14 Joining Techniques 259

14.1 Threads and Threading 260

14.2 Self-Tapping Screws 263

14.3 Metal Inserts 265

14.4 Ultrasonic Welding 268

14.5 Vibration and Hot Plate Welding 272

14.6 Spin Welding 274

14.7 Solvent and Adhesive Bonding 275

14.8 Bolt and Screw Assembly 278

15 Product Design Process 281

15.1 Design Process 281

15.2 Material Selection 289

15.3 Design Services 289

Appendix A Thermal Properties of Selected Generic Materials 293

Appendix B Properties of Selected Structural Components 295

Appendix C Common Abbreviations for Plastic Materials 297

References 299

Index 303