Anatomy and Physiology in Healthcare

Chapter 1. Why is the human body the way it is?

1.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

1.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

1.2.1 Why the human body is the way it is

1.2.2 Single-celled and multicellular organisms

1.2.3 Homeostasis and homeodynamics

1.2.4 The internal environment and plasma

1.2.5 The homeodynamic process

1.2.6 The homeodynamic regulation of body temperature

1.3 Clinical application

1.4 Anatomical language

1.4.1 General anatomical terms

1.4.2 Body cavities

1.4.3 Body regions

1.5 Summary

1.6 Further reading

1.7 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 2. Cells and their environment

2.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

2.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

2.2.1 Types of cell: the diversity of life

2.2.2 Components of a eukaryotic cell

2.2.3 Organization of cells in the body

2.3 Clinical application

2.4 Summary

2.5 Further reading

2.6 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 3. Genetics: how cells divide and introduce variation

3.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

3.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

3.2.1 The genome

3.2.2 Chromosomes

3.2.3 Cell division

3.2.4 Application of genetics to healthcare

3.3 Clinical application

3.4 Summary

3.5 Further reading

3.6 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 4. Communication: short and fast

4.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

4.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

4.2.1 Characteristics of a biological communication system

4.2.2 The nervous system: structural organization

4.2.3 Nervous tissue

4.2.4 Functional organization of the nervous system

4.2.5 The generation and propagation of an action potential

4.2.6 The central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord

4.2.7 Neuronal pathways and tracts of the brain and spinal cord

4.2.8 Protection and nourishment of the brain and spinal cord

4.2.9 The peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal nerves)

4.2.10 The autonomic nervous system

4.3 Clinical application

4.4 Summary

4.5 Further reading

4.6 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 5. Communication: long and slow

5.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

5.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

5.2.1 The endocrine system

5.2.2 Protein hormones

5.2.3 Lipid-derivative hormones

5.2.4 How hormones exert an effect

5.2.5 Major endocrine glands and tissues

5.3 Clinical application

5.4 Summary

5.5 Further reading

5.6 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 6. How the external environment is interpreted

6.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

6.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

6.2.1 Sensation and perception

6.2.2 Vision and the eye

6.2.3 Taste and smell

6.2.4 Hearing

6.2.5 Touch

6.3 Clinical application

6.4 Summary

6.5 Further reading

6.6 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 7. Why food is needed: the chemical basis of health

7.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

7.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

7.2.1 The driving force behind cellular processes and activities

7.2.2 Components of food

7.2.3 Making nutrients in food available

7.3 Clinical application

7.4 Summary

7.5 Further reading

7.6 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 8. The importance of water and electrolytes

8.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

8.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

8.2.1 Water and electrolytes

8.2.2 Functions of the kidney

8.3 Clinical application

8.4 Summary

8.5 Further reading

8.6 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 9. Organs need to be perfused

9.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

9.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

9.2.1 Structure and function of blood vessels

9.2.2 Blood flow and perfusion

9.2.3 The heart: structure and function

9.2.4 Blood pressure

9.2.5 Blood composition and function

9.3 Clinical application

9.4 Summary

9.5 Further reading

9.6 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 10. The body needs oxygen

10.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

10.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

10.2.1 Upper respiratory tract

10.2.2 Lower respiratory tract

10.2.3 Lung tissue and the bronchial tree

10.2.4 Ventilation and the mechanics of breathing

10.2.5 Respiratory volumes and capacities

10.2.6 Exchange and transportation of gases

10.2.7 Regulation of breathing by chemoreceptors

10.3 Clinical application

10.4 Summary

10.5 Further reading

10.6 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 11. Protection from harm

11.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

11.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

11.2.1 Lymphatic structures support immunity

11.2.2 Innate immunity - physical defences

11.2.3 Recognition of microorganisms by innate immunity

11.2.4 Innate immunity - cellular defences

11.2.5 Innate immunity - humoral defences

11.2.6 Acute inflammation

11.2.7 Adaptive immunity

11.3 Clinical application

11.4 Summary

11.5 Further reading

11.6 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 12. Skin: our protective cover

12.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

12.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

12.2.1 Structure of the skin

12.2.2 Factors affecting the skin

12.2.3 Wound healing

12.3 Clinical application

12.4 Summary

12.5 Further reading

12.6 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 13. Achieving movement

13.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

13.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

13.2.1 Bones

13.2.2 The joints

13.2.3 Muscles

13.3 Clinical application

13.4 Summary

13.5 Further reading

13.6 Self-assessment questions

Chapter 14. From one generation to the next

14.1 Introduction and clinical relevance

14.2 What you need to know - essential anatomy and physiology

14.2.1 Structure and function of the male reproductive system

14.2.3 Structure and function of the female reproductive system

14.3 Clinical application

14.4 Summary

14.5 Further reading

14.6 Self-assessment questions