It is only relatively recently that neurochemists and neurobiologists have shown appreciable interest in the class of macromolecules now generally re ferred to as complex carbohydrates, although gangliosides were, of course, first identified and studied in brain. The glycosaminoglycans fell chiefly within the province of connective-tissue biochemists, and earlier informa tion concerning the structure and metabolism of glycoproteins was largely limited to the more accessible glycoproteins and oligosaccharides (such as those found in plasma, milk, and urine), or ones which are relatively simple to prepare in a soluble and manageable form. Techniques were later devised for the isolation and purification of tightly bound membrane glycoproteins, where initial studies concentrated mainly on the erythrocyte, for which large amounts of a single cell population are available. Because of the structural complexity of nervous tissue and the large numbers, low concentrations, and membrane-bound form of many of its complex carbohydrates, progress has occurred more slowly in this area.
Sprache
Verlagsort
Verlagsgruppe
Illustrationen
53
53 s/w Abbildungen
XVIII, 402 p. 53 illus.
Dateigröße
ISBN-13
978-1-4613-2925-1 (9781461329251)
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4613-2925-1
Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 Structure and Distribution of Gangliosides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structures.- 3. Distribution.- References.- 2 Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Gangliosides.- 1. Introduction: Location and Types of Gangliosides.- 2. Biosynthesis of Brain Gangliosides.- 3. Turnover of Brain Gangliosides.- 1. Catabolism of Nervous System Gangliosides.- 2. Influence of Physicochemical Properties on Metabolism.- References.- 3 Structure and Distribution of Glycoproteins and Glycosaminoglycans.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure.- 3. Distribution.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 4 Biosynthesis of Glycoproteins.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sugar Nucleotide: Glycoprotein Glycosyltransferases.- 3. Lipid-Mediated Glycosyltransferases.- 4. Subcellular Site(s) of Sugar-Nucleotide- and Lipid-Mediated Glycosyltransferases.- 5. Summary and Concluding Remarks.- References.- 5 Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Metabolism of Glycosaminoglycans in Nervous Tissue.- 3. Biosynthesis of Nucleotide Monosaccharides and Sulfate Precursors of Nervous Tissue Glycosaminoglycans.- 4. Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans in Nervous Tissue.- 5. Subcellular Distribution of Glycosyltransferases and Sulfotransferases in Nervous Tissue.- 6. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 6 Brain Glycosidases.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sialidase.- 3. ?-Galactosidase.- 4. ?-N-Acetylhexosaminidase.- 5. ?-L-Fucosidase.- 6. ?-Mannosidase.- 7. Enzymes That Degrade Brain Glycosaminoglycans, and Other Glycohydrolases.- 8. Biology of Glycosidases.- References.- 7 Histochemistry and Cytochemistry of Glycoproteins and Glycosaminoglycans.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Background.- 3. Glycosaminoglycans.- 4. Glycoproteins: Lectin Cytochemistry.- 5. Toxin and Antibody Cytochemistry.- 6. Summary.- References.- 8 Glycoproteins ofthe Synapse.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Current Status.- 3. Outlook.- References.- 9 Surface Glycoconjugates in the Differentiating Neuron.- 1. Introduction.- 2. An Approach to the Mapping of Cell-Surface Carbohydrates.- 3. Regional and Type-Specific Lectin Receptor Content in the Plasmalemma of Growing Neurons.- 4. Dynamics of Surface Glycoconjugates during Neuritic Elongation.- 5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 10 Histochemistry of Polyanions in Peripheral Nerve.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Histochemistry of Peripheral Nerve.- 3. Chemical Nature of Peripheral Nerve Polyanions.- 4. Functional Implications.- References.- 11 Glycoproteins in Myelin and Myelin-Related Membranes.- 1. Historical Background and Introduction.- 2. Peripheral Myelin.- 3. Central Myelin.- 4. Relevance for Myelin Structure and Perspectives.- References.- 12 Axonal Transport of Complex Carbohydrates.- 1. The Phenomenon of Axonal Transport.- 2. Axonal Transport of Complex Carbohydrates.- 3. Turnover and Redistribution of Axonally Transported Molecules.- 4. Overview and Functional Considerations.- References.- 13 Regional Aspects of Neuronal Glycoprotein and Glycolipid Synthesis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Distribution of [3H]Glycoproteins and [3H]Glycolipids in R2 after Intrasomatic Injection of [3H]Fucose or [3H]-N-Acetylgalactosamine.- 3. Association of Individual Glycoprotein Components with Subcellular Organelles in the Cell Body.- 4. Selective Export of Newly Synthesized Glycoproteins into Axons.- 5. Modification of Macromolecules in the Axon of R2.- 6. Afterword.- References.- 14 Complex Carbohydrates of Cultured Neuronal and Glial Cell Lines.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Glycolipid Metabolism in Neurotumor Cell Lines.- 3. Glycoprotein Metabolism in Neurotumor Cell Lines.- 4. Collagen Synthesis in Neurotumor Cell Lines.- 5. Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis in Neurotumor Cell Lines.- 6. Relevance of Studies on Neurotumor Cell Lines to Whole Brain and Relationship to Studies on Individual Cell Types.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 15 Complex Carbohydrates of Secretory Organelles.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Complex Carbohydrates of Secretory Granules and Vesicles.- 3. Role of Complex Carbohydrates in the Assembly and Function of Secretory Organelles.- References.- 16 Glycoprotein Storage Diseases and the Mucopolysaccharidoses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Glycoproteins of Nervous Tissue.- 3. Inborn Errors of Glycoprotein Catabolism.- 4. Glycosaminoglycans of Nervous Tissue.- 5. Inborn Errors of Glycosaminoglycan Catabolism (the Mucopolysaccharidoses).- 6. Effect of Lysosomal Glycosaminoglycan Storage on CNS Function and Prospects for Therapy.- References.- 17 Perspectives and Functional Implications.- 1. Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- 2. Axonal Transport.- 3. Synaptic Membranes.- 4. Cell-Cell Interactions and Neuronal Recognition.- References.- Appendix I: Developmental Changes in Complex Carbohydrates of Brain.- Appendix II: Turnover of Complex Carbohydrates in Rat Brain.- Appendix III: The Human Sphingolipidoses.
