Radioactivity

Name: Radioactivity | A History of a Mysterious Science
Brand: OUP eBook
Price: 28.59 EUR
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A History of a Mysterious Science

Marjorie C. Malley(Autor*in)

OUP eBook (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 25. August 2011

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Beschreibung

This is the story of a new science. Beginning with an obscure discovery in 1896, radioactivity led researchers on a quest for understanding that ultimately confronted the intersection of knowledge and mystery. Mysterious from the start, radioactivity attracted researchers who struggled to understand it. What caused certain atoms to give off invisible, penetrating rays? Where did the energy come from? These questions became increasingly pressing when researchers realized the process seemed to continue indefinitely, producing huge quantities of energy. Investigators found cases where radioactivity did change, forcing them to the startling conclusion that radioactive bodies were transmuting into other substances. Chemical elements were not immutable after all. Radioactivity produced traces of matter so minuscule and evanescent that researchers had to devise new techniques and instruments to investigate them. Scientists in many countries, but especially in laboratories in Paris, Manchester, and Vienna unraveled the details of radioactive transformations. They created a new science with specialized techniques, instruments, journals, and international conferences. Women entered the field in unprecedented numbers. Experiments led to revolutionary ideas about the atom and speculations about atomic energy. The excitement spilled over to the public, who expected marvels and miracles from radium, a scarce element discovered solely by its radioactivity. The new phenomenon enkindled the imagination and awakened ancient themes of literature and myth. Entrepreneurs created new industries, and physicians devised novel treatments for cancer. Radioactivity gave archaeologists methods for dating artifacts and meteorologists a new explanation for the air's conductivity. Their explorations revealed a mysterious radiation from space. Radioactivity profoundly changed science, politics, and culture. The field produced numerous Nobel Prize winners, yet radioactivity's talented researchers could not solve the mysteries underlying the new phenomenon. That was left to a new generation and a new way of thinking about reality. Radioactivity presents this fascinating history in a way that is both accessible and appealing to the general reader. Not merely a historical account, the book examines philosophical issues connected with radioactivity, and relates its topics to broader issues regarding the nature of science.

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Preface List of Illustrations Introduction I. A NEW SCIENCE Chapter 1. The Beginnings The Setting Rays and Radiation Becquerel's Discovery Chapter 2. The Curies Maria Sk_odowska A Consequential Meeting New Elements! Chapter 3. Rutherford, Soddy, Particles, and Alchemy? Rutherford and the Rays Where did the Energy come from? Material Rays? Discovery of the Beta Particle Thorium's Rays Vanishing Radioactivity Transmutation! A Missed Discovery Reactions Atomic Energy? Tragedy More Rays The Alpha Particle Chapter 4. The Radioactive Earth The Prospectors How Old is the Earth? A New Property of Matter? Chapter 5. Speculations Early Theories Radioactivity and Probability Kinetic Models of the Atom Chapter 6. Radioactivity and Chemistry The Rise of Radiochemistry Radioactive Genealogy Chemistry of the Imponderable Inseparable Radioelements Isotopes Displacement Laws The End of the Lines More Isotopes Chapter 7. Inside the Atom Building Blocks Bombarding Atoms The Nucleus and the Periodic Table The Gamma Rays Theories of the Nucleus Chapter 8. Sequel War! Radioactivity during World War I From Radioactivity to Nuclear and Particle Physics II. MEASURING AND USING RADIOACTIVITY Chapter 9. Methods and Instruments Crucial Choices Standardizing the Measures Innovations Size, Money, and Machines Chapter 10. Radioactivity, Medicine, and Life Unpleasant Surprises From Burns to Therapy Rays and other Organisms Miracle Cure? Radioactive Spas Dangers in the Laboratory Chapter 11. New Industries Early Industry Soaring Demand and New Institutions Paint that Glowed in the Dark A New Poison Fission, Bombs, and the Uranium Rush Radioactivity and the Oil Industry III. BEYOND THE STORY Chapter 12. Radioactivity's Prime Movers Technology, Resources, and Professional Changes Individuals Research Groups Scientific Ideals and Culture Mentors and Models Age, Attitudes, and Ambition Nationalism Chapter 13. Radioactivity and Timeless Questions: the Quest for Understanding Models and Theories for Radioactivity Patterns in Radioactivity's Development Ideas about Change Ideas about Matter and Energy Ideas about Continuity and Discontinuity Eternal Conundrums Chapter 14. The Imaginative Appeal of a Discovery Mythological and Romantic Dimensions of Radioactivity An Ongoing Task Appendices 1. Glossary of Rays and Radiations 2. Family Trees for Radioactive Elements 3. Radioactivity's Elusive Cause 4. Nobel Prize Winners Included in this Book 5. Radioactivity's Web of Influence 6. Timeline Notes Selected Bibliography Index

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