Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS)

PREFACE
PART I. INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OF ATOMS, ISOTOPES, AND BULK/SPOT ANALYSES
The atom, isotope and mass spectrometry
Bulk analysis and spot analysis
Electron probe microanalysis
Secondary ion mass spectrometry
Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)
Radioactive decay
OVERVIEW OF MASS SPECTROMETRY
Characterization of mass spectrometry by the ion source
Characterization of mass spectrometry by the mass separator
CHARACTERIZATION OF ELEMENTS BY THEIR BEHAVIOUR IN HF SOLUTION
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF ANALYTICAL GEOCHEMISTRY
Major element geochemistry
X-ray fluorescence spectrometer
Loss on ignition and ferric/ferrous ratio of iron
The classification of the igneous rock sample
Trace element geochemistry
Determination of mass fractionation
Age dating
Age dating by radioactive isotopes
Extinct nuclides
An isochron or a mixing line?
Radiogenic isotopes for geochemical tracers
PART II. BASIC PRINCIPLES IN MASS SPECTROMETRY
VACUUM TECHNIQUES AND ION DETECTION
Basic knowledge on vacuum
Conversion table of the vacuum unit
When you touch the vacuum and electric equipment
Speed of gas molecules
Pirani gauge
Penning gauge
Ion gauge
Rotary pump
Oil diffusion pump
Turbo molecular pump
Ion pump
Cold trap (cryopump)
Photo-electron multiplier
Secondary electron multiplier and ion counting system
Operation of SEM
Faraday cup
PRINCIPLES OF IONIZATION OF ELEMENTS AND MASS SEPARATION
Principle of thermal ionization (TI)
Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source
Ionization by sputtering phenomena
Principle of mass separation by sector magnetic field
Principle of quadrupole (Q-pole) mass filter
Mass resolution
Abundance sensitivity
Mass discrimination correction
MASS SPECTROMETERS
Thermal ionization mass spectrometer
Inductively coupled plasma source Q-pole type mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS)
Sector-type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS)
Multicollector ICP-MS (MC-ICP-MS)
Secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS)
A single zircon dating
Multicollector high resolution SIMS (high resolution-SIMS or HR-SIMS)
PART III. BASICS AND PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL SEPARATION
ERRORS
Average and standard deviation
The normal population
The standard error
ISO suggestion
Modified Savitzky-Golay method
Variance, covariance and correlation coefficient
Weighted average, variance and covariances
The least square method
CLEAN ROOMS
MATERIALS USED IN LABORATORY
Glassware
Plastics
Water
Azeotrope
Physical and chemical properties of acids
HF
HCl
HBr
HNO3
HClO4
Purification of acids
Alkali reagents
Ammonia water
TMSC
POWDERING, WEIGHING, AND ISOTOPE DILUTION TECHNIQUE (ID)
Powdering
Weighing
Isotope dilution method (ID)
Error magnification
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Cation and anion exchange chromatography
Prewash of ion exchange resins
Other reagents and purification
The HIBA solution
DCTA and pyridine
EichromTM resins (liquid exchange chromatographic resins)
Some tips in the column chemistry
SAMPLE DIGESTION TECHNIQUES
HF+HClO4 digestion in ambient pressure (an "ultrasonic method")
HF digestion in high pressure (a "bomb method")
Microwave digestion method
Carius tube digestion for Os separation
HPA (High Pressure Asher) digestion method
Fusion
A digestion method using NH4F
STANDARD SAMPLE DIGESTION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS BASED ON CHARACTERISTICS OF ELEMENTS
FLUORIDE FORMATION IN SILICATE DIGESTION AND COPRECIPITATION ISSUES
Formation of fluorides in basalt digestion by HF-HNO3 digestion and coprecipitation
Formation of AlF3 in rhyolite decomposition by bomb digestion and coprecipitation
Coprecipitation of fluorophile/oxophile elements
Ti addition method
Summary of element determination methods
Drawbacks of Al and Mg addition methods
PRACTICAL SEPARATION METHODS FOR SR-ND-PB-HF AND U-TH-PB
Sequential separation method of Rb, Sr, Sm and Nd
Separation method of Pb
Separation method of Lu and Hf (plus Sm and Nd)
Sequential separation of large amounts of Sr-Nd-Pb
Determination of Sr, Nd, Hf and Pb isotope ratios and 55 elements
Sequential U, Th and Pb separation method
TIMS ANALY