Ammonium Nitrate Explosives for Civil Applications

PREFACE

CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES
Initiation Sensitivity
Size
Usage
Physical Form

EXPLOSIVE SCIENCE
Introduction
Initiation and Detonation
Propagation and Detonation
Reaction Chemistry in Explosives

AMMONIUM NITRATE EXPLOSIVES
Introduction
Tests
Assessment of Safety and Stability Characteristics
Summary

AMMONIUM NITRATE AND AN/FO
Introduction and History
Physical and Chemical Properties of Ammonium Nitrate
Manufacture of Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil Explosives

SLURRIES AND WATER GELS
Development
Design
Process Technology
Quality Checks
Process Hazards (Dust Explosions/Fire Hazards/Health Hazards)
Role of GG
Permissible Explosives
General Purpose Small-Diameter Explosives (GPSD)
Sensitizers

EMULSION EXPLOSIVES
Introduction
Concept of Emulsion Explosives
General Composition of Emulsion Explosives
Structure and Rheology
Composition and Theory of Emulsion Explosives
Manufacture
Quality Checks
Explosive Properties of Emulsion Matrix/Explosives
Permissible Emulsions
General Purpose Small-Diameter (GPSD) Emulsion Explosives
Bulk Emulsions
Heavy AN/FO
Packaged Large-Diameter Emulsion Explosives

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Areas of Interest
Development Work and Upscaling
Management of R&D

FUNCTIONAL SAFETY DURING MANUFACTURE OF AN EXPLOSIVES
Introduction - Personal View Point on Safety
Safety Considerations in AN Explosives
Explosion Hazards in Equipment
Concluding Remarks

ECONOMICS OF AN-BASED EXPLOSIVES
In Manufacture
In Applications
Blast Design
Influence of Explosives in Underground Mining

CURRENT STATUS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B: GUIDELINES FOR INVESTIGATION OF AN ACCIDENT
Introduction
Detailed Inspection
Interviewing and Questioning
Collection of Samples
Examination of Witnesses
Examination of Dead/Injured

INDEX