Novel cancer-related biomarkers

1 - Preface [Seite 5]
2 - List of contributing authors [Seite 7]
3 - Table of Contents [Seite 11]
4 - Introduction to Volume 2: Kallikrein-related Peptidases. Novel Cancer-related Biomarkers [Seite 17]
4.1 - Bibliography [Seite 18]
5 - 1 Pathophysiology of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Lung Cancer [Seite 19]
5.1 - 1.1 Introduction [Seite 19]
5.2 - 1.2 Expression pattern of KLKs in the normal lung [Seite 19]
5.3 - 1.3 KLKs in lung cancer [Seite 22]
5.4 - 1.4 Regulation of KLKs in the lung [Seite 24]
5.4.1 - 1.4.1 Control of gene transcription [Seite 24]
5.4.2 - 1.4.2 Post-translational control of KLK function [Seite 26]
5.5 - 1.5 Potential KLK targets in the lung [Seite 27]
5.5.1 - 1.5.1 Substrates involved in host defense [Seite 27]
5.5.2 - 1.5.2 Cytokines and growth factors [Seite 29]
5.5.3 - 1.5.3 Pericellular and membrane-associated substrates [Seite 32]
5.6 - 1.6 Conclusion [Seite 34]
5.7 - Acknowledgements [Seite 35]
5.8 - Bibliography [Seite 35]
6 - 2 Clinical Relevance of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Gastric and Colorectal Cancer [Seite 43]
6.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 43]
6.2 - 2.2 Features of gastric and colorectal cancers [Seite 43]
6.3 - 2.3 Established biomarkers in gastric and colorectal cancer [Seite 44]
6.4 - 2.4 KLKs: novel biomarkers in gastric and colorectal cancer [Seite 46]
6.4.1 - 2.4.1 Review of the clinical relevance of KLK expression in gastric cancer [Seite 47]
6.4.2 - 2.4.2 Review of the clinical relevance of KLK expression in colorectal cancer [Seite 51]
6.5 - 2.5 Proteolytic activity of KLKs in gastric/colorectal cancers [Seite 54]
6.6 - 2.6 Effect of KLK expression on cell regulation and metabolic pathways [Seite 55]
6.7 - 2.7 Conclusion [Seite 56]
6.8 - Bibliography [Seite 56]
7 - 3 Pathophysiology of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Head and Neck Cancer [Seite 61]
7.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 61]
7.2 - 3.2 A murine orthotopic xenograft model using urinary-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) overexpressing OSCC cells mimics aggressive human OSCC [Seite 63]
7.3 - 3.3 Expression of KLKs in OSCC [Seite 65]
7.4 - 3.4 Potential functional role of KLK5 in regulating cell-cell junctional integrity in OSCC [Seite 66]
7.5 - 3.5 Conclusions and future directions [Seite 70]
7.6 - Acknowledgement [Seite 71]
7.7 - Bibliography [Seite 71]
8 - 4 PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) and other Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Prostate Cancer [Seite 77]
8.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 77]
8.2 - 4.2 The role of KLKs in prostate cancer diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring [Seite 77]
8.2.1 - 4.2.1 PSA [Seite 77]
8.2.2 - 4.2.2 KLK2 [Seite 81]
8.2.3 - 4.2.3 Other KLKs [Seite 81]
8.2.4 - 4.2.4 Splicing and polymorphic variants [Seite 82]
8.3 - 4.3 Potential functional roles of KLKs in prostate cancer [Seite 82]
8.3.1 - 4.3.1 Sustaining proliferative signaling and evading growth suppressors [Seite 83]
8.3.2 - 4.3.2 Resisting cell death [Seite 85]
8.3.3 - 4.3.3 Inducing angiogenesis [Seite 85]
8.3.4 - 4.3.4 Activating invasion and metastasis [Seite 87]
8.3.5 - 4.3.5 Concerns about biological studies [Seite 88]
8.4 - 4.4 Conclusions and outlook [Seite 88]
8.5 - Bibliography [Seite 89]
9 - 5 Cellular Model Systems to Study the Tumor Biological Role of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Ovarian and Prostate Cancer [Seite 99]
9.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 99]
9.2 - 5.2 Development of cellular model systems in cancer research [Seite 99]
9.3 - 5.3 Traditional 3D cellular models commonly used in both ovarian and prostate cancers [Seite 100]
9.3.1 - 5.3.1 Soft agar colony assay [Seite 100]
9.3.2 - 5.3.2 3D-MatrigelT [Seite 101]
9.4 - 5.4 Novel 3D cellular models in ovarian cancer biology [Seite 102]
9.4.1 - 5.4.1 Ovarian cancer [Seite 102]
9.4.2 - 5.4.2 3D-suspension model to mimic ascites suspension [Seite 102]
9.4.3 - 5.4.3 In vitro models for ovarian cancer invasion into the peritoneal membrane [Seite 106]
9.4.4 - 5.4.4 The role of 3D-collagen I matrix in ovarian cancer cell behavior [Seite 108]
9.4.5 - 5.4.5 A 3D-organotypic model to mimic ovarian cancer metastasis [Seite 108]
9.4.6 - 5.4.6 Bioengineered 3D culture systems for ovarian cancer [Seite 109]
9.5 - 5.5 Cellular models in prostate cancer [Seite 111]
9.5.1 - 5.5.1 Prostate cancer [Seite 111]
9.5.2 - 5.5.2 3D-suspension models for prostate cancer growth and metastasis [Seite 113]
9.5.3 - 5.5.3 In vitro models for prostate cancer angiogenesis [Seite 114]
9.5.4 - 5.5.4 Bioengineered 3D culture systems for prostate cancer growth and metastasis [Seite 114]
9.6 - 5.6 Challenges and future direction [Seite 118]
9.7 - Acknowledgment [Seite 118]
9.8 - Bibliography [Seite 119]
10 - 6 Clinical Relevance of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Breast Cancer [Seite 127]
10.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 127]
10.2 - 6.2 Expression of KLKs in normal breast tissue [Seite 129]
10.3 - 6.3 Clinical relevance of KLKs in breast cancer [Seite 129]
10.4 - 6.4 Hormonal regulation of KLKs in breast cancer [Seite 143]
10.5 - 6.5 Tumor suppressor role of KLKs in breast cancer [Seite 145]
10.6 - 6.6 DNA-methylation of KLKs as the basis of KLK downregulation in breast cancer [Seite 146]
10.7 - 6.7 Conclusions [Seite 148]
10.8 - Bibliography [Seite 148]
11 - 7 Clinical Relevance of Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Ovarian Cancer [Seite 161]
11.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 161]
11.2 - 7.2 Ovarian cancer pathology, diagnosis, and therapy [Seite 161]
11.3 - 7.3 KLKs in ovarian cancer [Seite 163]
11.3.1 - 7.3.1 Circulating KLKs as screening/diagnostic and/or prognostic ovarian cancer biomarkers [Seite 164]
11.3.2 - 7.3.2 Serum ovarian cancer biomarkers CA125 and KLKs [Seite 171]
11.3.3 - 7.3.3 Tumor tissue-associated KLKs as prognostic ovarian cancer biomarkers [Seite 172]
11.4 - 7.4 Tumor tissue-associated and blood-borne KLKs as predictive ovarian cancer biomarkers [Seite 173]
11.5 - 7.5 Conclusion [Seite 174]
11.6 - Abbreviations [Seite 175]
11.7 - Bibliography [Seite 176]
12 - 8 microRNAs: A New Control Mechanism for Kallikrein-related Peptidases in Kidney and Other Cancers [Seite 183]
12.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 183]
12.1.1 - 8.1.1 KLK expression in normal kidney tissue [Seite 183]
12.1.2 - 8.1.2 KLKdysregulation in kidney cancer [Seite 184]
12.2 - 8.2 microRNAs (miRNA) [Seite 185]
12.2.1 - 8.2.1 Biogenesis [Seite 185]
12.2.2 - 8.2.2 miRNAs and cancer [Seite 186]
12.2.3 - 8.2.3 miRNA dysregulation in renal cell carcinoma [Seite 186]
12.2.4 - 8.2.4 The miRNA-KLK interaction [Seite 187]
12.3 - 8.3 miRNA control of KLK expression in renal cell carcinoma [Seite 190]
12.4 - 8.4 miRNA control of KLK expression in other cancers [Seite 191]
12.5 - 8.5 Conclusions and outlook [Seite 192]
12.6 - Bibliography [Seite 193]
13 - 9 Genomic Instability of the KLK-locus in Cancer [Seite 199]
13.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 199]
13.2 - 9.2 Defining genomic instability [Seite 199]
13.2.1 - 9.2.1 Defining CIN and its underlying mechanisms [Seite 200]
13.2.2 - 9.2.2 Methods for detecting CIN [Seite 201]
13.3 - 9.3 Chromosome 19 and the KLK locus in cancer [Seite 202]
13.3.1 - 9.3.1 Chromosome 19 [Seite 202]
13.3.2 - 9.3.2 The KLK locus and cancer [Seite 203]
13.3.3 - 9.3.3 KLK sequence mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in cancer [Seite 204]
13.3.4 - 9.3.4 KLK translocations [Seite 205]
13.3.5 - 9.3.5 Copy-number changes of the KLK locus [Seite 207]
13.4 - 9.4 Closing remarks [Seite 209]
13.5 - Bibliography [Seite 210]
14 - 10 Kallikrein-related Peptidases as Biomarkers in Personalized Cancer Medicine [Seite 217]
14.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 217]
14.2 - 10.2 The role of KLKs as cancer biomarkers for predicting and monitoring response to chemotherapy or endocrine therapy [Seite 220]
14.2.1 - 10.2.1 Prostate cancer [Seite 222]
14.2.2 - 10.2.2 Breast cancer [Seite 223]
14.2.3 - 10.2.3 Ovarian cancer [Seite 223]
14.3 - 10.3 Modulation of expression levels of KLK genes upon chemotherapy administration in vitro [Seite 225]
14.3.1 - 10.3.1 Prostate cancer cells [Seite 226]
14.3.2 - 10.3.2 Gastric cancer cells [Seite 226]
14.3.3 - 10.3.3 Breast cancer cells [Seite 227]
14.3.4 - 10.3.4 The role of microRNAs (miRNAs) that target KLK expression and the methylation status of KLK genes in the in vitro response of cancer cells to chemotherapy [Seite 228]
14.4 - 10.4 Conclusions and future directions [Seite 229]
14.5 - Bibliography [Seite 230]
15 - Index [Seite 235]