Astrophysics of the Interstellar Medium

Name: Astrophysics of the Interstellar Medium
Brand: Springer
Price: 139.9 EUR
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Walter J. Maciel(Autor*in)

Springer (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 11. Januar 2013

XVI, 258 Seiten

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978-1-4614-3767-3 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
Copyright
Preface
About the Author
Contents
Chapter 1: General Overview of the Interstellar Medium
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Density of the Interstellar Medium
1.3 The Interstellar Zoo
1.4 Historical Sketch
1.4.1 Bright Nebulae
1.4.2 Dark Nebulae
1.4.3 Diffuse Interstellar Gas
1.5 The Oort Limit
Exercises
Bibliography
Chapter 2: The Interstellar Radiation Field
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Radio-Frequency Integrated Radiation
2.2.1 Bremsstrahlung Radiation
2.2.2 Synchrotron Radiation (Magnetobremsstrahlung)
2.2.3 Line Radiation
2.3 Cosmic Background Radiation
2.4 Integrated Radiation Field
2.5 Radiative Transfer
2.5.1 Radiative Transfer Equation
2.5.2 Transfer Equation Solution
2.5.3 Numerical Example: Energy Density
2.6 High-Energy Radiation
Exercises
Bibliography
Chapter 3: Spectral Line Formation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium Equations
3.2.1 Maxwellian Velocity Distribution Function
3.2.2 Boltzmann Equation
3.2.3 Saha Equation
3.2.4 The Planck Function
3.3 Radiative Transfer
3.4 Einstein Coefficients
3.4.1 Emission Coefficient
3.4.2 Absorption Coefficient
3.4.3 Relations Between the Einstein Coefficients
3.5 Spectral Line Profile
3.5.1 Absorption Line Profile
3.5.2 Doppler Profile
3.5.3 Lorentz Profile
3.5.4 Voigt Profile
3.5.5 Integrated Absorption Cross Section
3.5.6 Relations Between the Einstein Coefficients and the Oscillator Strength
3.5.7 Induced Emissions
3.6 The Source Function
Exercises
Bibliography
Chapter 4: Interstellar Emission and Absorption Lines
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Optical Recombination Lines
4.2.1 Recombination Coefficient
4.2.2 Recombination Line Analysis
4.2.3 Results
4.3 The H 21cm Emission Line
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Brightness Temperature
4.3.3 H Column Density Calculation
4.3.4 Results
4.4 The H 21cm Absorption Line
4.4.1 Observations
4.4.2 Results
4.5 Broad Absorption Lines
4.5.1 Broad Absorption Lines Intensity: H and H2
4.5.2 Example: Interstellar Lyman-a Line
4.5.3 Results
4.5.4 Lines of Highly Ionized Elements
4.6 Curve of Growth
4.7 Narrow Absorption Lines
4.7.1 Introduction
4.7.2 Problems in the Analysis of the Curves of Growth
4.7.3 Empirical Curve of growth
4.7.4 Interstellar Abundances
Exercises
Bibliography
Chapter 5: Excitation in the Interstellar Medium
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Statistical Equilibrium
5.3 Collisional Excitation
5.4 Collisional/Radiative Excitation
5.4.1 The Statistical Equilibrium Equation
5.4.2 Relation Between Rates gammajk and gammakj
5.4.3 Collisional Excitation Rate
5.4.4 Relations Between Cross Sections
5.4.5 Cross Section and Collision Strength
5.4.6 Relation Between Coefficients gammakj and Omega(j,k)
5.4.7 Example: O II and O III in Photoionized Nebulae
5.4.8 Example: H Collisional Excitation in H I Regions
5.4.9 Other Processes
5.5 Two-Level Atoms
5.5.1 Deviation Coefficients
5.5.2 Application to a Planck Radiation Field
5.5.3 H Excitation in H I Regions
5.6 Three-Level Atoms
5.6.1 Example: Electron Density in Planetary Nebulae
Exercises
Bibliography
Chapter 6: Ionization in the Interstellar Medium
6.1 Ionization Equilibrium
6.2 Photoionization Rate
6.3 Radiative Recombination Coefficient
6.3.1 Milne Relation
6.3.2 Oscillator Strength for Bound-Free Transitions
6.4 Photoionization of Hydrogen
6.4.1 Photoionization Cross Section
6.4.2 Radiative Recombination Cross Section
6.4.3 Radiative Recombination Coefficient
6.5 Ionization of H by Thermal Electrons
6.5.1 Thermal Electrons and Coronal Gas
6.5.2 H Ionization
6.6 Ionization of H: Cosmic Rays and X-Rays
6.7 Ionization of Heavy Elements
6.7.1 Photoionization
6.7.2 Collisional Ionization by Thermal Electrons
6.7.3 Ionization by Cosmic Rays and X-Rays
6.7.4 Charge Exchange Reactions
6.7.5 Example 1: Element with Two Ionization States
6.7.6 Example 2: Element with Three Ionization States
Exercises
Bibliography
Chapter 7: Interstellar Gas Heating
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Equilibrium Temperature
7.3 Cooling Timescale
7.4 Photoionization of Neutral Atoms
7.5 Electron-Ion Collisional Excitation
7.6 The Cooling Function in H I Regions
7.6.1 Cooling by Electron-Ion Collisional Excitation
7.6.2 Cooling by Electron-H Collisional Excitation
7.6.3 Cooling by H-Ion Collisional Excitation
7.6.4 Cooling by H-H2 Collisional Excitation
7.6.5 Other Processes
7.6.6 The Cooling Function
7.6.7 The Cooling Time
7.7 The Heating Function in H I Regions
7.7.1 Heating by Stellar Radiation
7.7.2 Heating by Cosmic Rays
7.7.3 Heating by H2 Molecules Formation
7.7.4 Heating by Photoelectrons Ejected by Dust Grains
7.7.5 Other Processes
7.8 Heating of the Intercloud Medium
7.9 Interstellar Gas Instabilities
Exercises
Bibliography
Chapter 8: Interstellar Ionized Nebulae
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 H II Regions
8.1.2 Planetary Nebulae
8.1.3 Supernovae Remnants
8.2 Transition Between H II and H I Regions
8.2.1 Transition Region Thickness
8.2.2 Strömgren Radius
8.3 Degree of Ionization of Hydrogen
8.3.1 Photoionization of an H Nebula
8.4 Dust Grains in H II Regions
8.4.1 Ionizing Photons Absorption by Dust Grains
8.4.2 Ionized Region Radius
8.5 Temperatures in H II Regions
8.5.1 Heating by H Photoionization
8.5.2 Cooling by Electron-Proton Recombination
8.5.3 Cooling by Electron-Ion Collisional Excitation
8.5.4 Photoelectric Heating by Dust Grains
8.5.5 Other Processes
8.5.6 Cooling Timescale
8.6 Radio Recombination Lines
8.6.1 High-Energy Level Excitation
8.6.2 Temperature and Recombination Lines
8.6.3 Maser Emission in H II Regions
8.7 Physical Conditions in Ionized Nebulae
8.7.1 Plasma Diagnostics
8.7.2 Abundances
Exercises
Bibliography
Chapter 9: Interstellar Dust Grains
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Efficiency Factors
9.2.1 Definitions
9.2.2 Extinction Efficiency Factor
9.2.3 Scattering Efficiency Factor
9.2.4 Absorption Efficiency Factor
9.2.5 Efficiency Factors and Mie Theory
9.2.6 Efficiency Factor for Radiation Pressure
9.3 Interstellar Extinction
9.3.1 Color Excess
9.3.2 Spatial Distribution of Dust Grains
9.3.3 Extinction Curve
9.3.4 Total and Selective Extinction
9.3.5 Grain-to-Gas Ratio
9.3.6 Diffuse Interstellar Bands
9.4 Interstellar Polarization
9.4.1 Variation with Extinction
9.4.2 Variation with Wavelength
9.4.3 Galactic Magnetic Field
9.5 Physical Properties of the Grains
9.5.1 Sizes
9.5.2 Temperature
9.5.3 Electric Charge
9.5.4 Chemical Composition
9.6 Energy Emission by Grains
9.6.1 Infrared Bands
9.6.2 Continuum Emission
9.7 Formation of Interstellar Grains
Exercises
Bibliography
Chapter 10: Interstellar Molecules
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Molecular Structure
10.3 H2 in Interstellar Clouds
10.3.1 H-H Collision Timescale
10.3.2 H2 Formation on the Surface of the Grains
10.3.3 Detection of the Interstellar H2 Molecule
10.3.4 CO and H2 in the Interstellar Medium
10.4 Molecular Reactions in Gaseous Phase
10.4.1 Ion-Molecule Reactions
10.4.2 Neutral-Neutral Reactions
10.4.3 Radiative Association
10.4.4 Radiative Recombination
10.4.5 Dissociative Recombination
10.4.6 Charge Exchange Reactions
10.5 Molecule Destruction
10.5.1 Photodissociation
10.5.2 Collisional Dissociation
10.6 Reaction Kinetics
10.6.1 Reaction Rates
10.6.2 Abundance Calculation
10.7 Molecular Abundances
10.7.1 Diffuse Clouds
10.7.2 Dense Molecular Clouds
Exercises
Bibliography
Chapter 11: Dynamics and Equilibrium in the Interstellar Medium
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Dynamical Processes
11.2.1 Supernovae and the Interstellar Medium
11.2.2 Expansion of H II Regions
11.2.3 Stellar Winds and the Interstellar Medium
11.2.4 Diffuse Cloud Collisions
11.3 Interstellar Medium Equilibrium
11.4 Gravitational Collapse and Star Formation
11.4.1 Jeans Mass
11.4.2 Ambipolar Diffusion
11.4.3 Collapse and Fragmentation
Exercises
Bibliography
Erratum to: Astrophysics of the Interstellar Medium
Constants and Units
Index

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