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Introduce students to the diversity embraced by the discipline of biogeography, revised and updated throughout
Biogeography: Space, Time and Life provides a comprehensive introduction to the study of large-scale geographic distributions of life, focusing on ecology, evolution, physical geography and conservation. Now in its second edition, this award-winning textbook illustrates key concepts in biogeography using engaging empirical examples of modern plant and animal distributions, long-term evolutionary history and current conservation challenges.
With an accessible style and clear structure, Biogeography defines fundamental terms from biology and physical geography, describes ecological biogeography and the biological features of the physical environment, explains key concepts in historical biogeography, explores the Earth's diverse biogeographic subdivisions, current issues in conservation and more. Student-friendly chapters cover topics including biological interactions, speciation and extinction, changing continents and climates, human evolution, modern biodiversity, the relationship between humans and plants, animals and other organisms, and the role of biogeography in conservation.
Designed for students across a wide range of disciplines, from the biological and physical sciences to the social sciences and humanities, Biogeography: Space, Time and Life, Second Edition is an excellent textbook for undergraduate courses in biogeography, Earth systems science, and environmental studies.
GLEN M. MACDONALD is Distinguished Professor, Endowed Chair of California and the American West in Geography, Director of the UC White Mountain Research Center, and Chair of UCLA Canadian Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He has published more than 200 peer-reviewed articles, authored Op-Ed pieces for the Los Angeles Times, the San Francisco Chronicle, and the Sacramento Bee, and received numerous research and teaching awards.
Preface to the 2 Nd Edition vii
About the Companion Website ix
Chapter 1 An Introduction 1
Part I Space and Life
Chapter 2 Some Basics 9
Biology and the Hierarchies of Life 9
Taxonomic Hierarchy 9
Ecological Hierarchy 14
Trophic Hierarchy 15
Physical Geography and the Functioning of the Earth 20
Global Climate 20
Microclimate 27
World Soils 27
The Physical Environment of Lakes 30
The Physical Environment of Oceans 32
Chapter 3 the Physical Environment and the Distribution of Life 37
Light 38
Temperature 41
Plants 41
Animals 46
Moisture 51
Plants 51
Animals 54
Other Physical Factors 55
Interacting Physical Controls on Geographic Distributions 57
Environmental Gradients and Species Niches 58
Chapter 4 Biological Interactions and the Distribution of Life 66
Predation 66
Competition 71
Symbiosis: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, and Mimicry 75
Combined Physical and Biological Controls on Distribution 78
Interactions, Gradients, and Niches 79
Chapter 5 Disturbance 85
Fire 92
Wind 100
Flooding 103
Other Physical Disturbances 109
Pathogens 112
Marine Disturbances 114
Chapter 6 Communities, Formations, and Biomes 121
Communities 121
Plant Physiognomy, Vegetation Structure, and Formations 127
Ecological Equivalents, Life Zones, and the Biomes 128
Tropical Rainforest 133
Tropical Seasonal Forest 140
Tropical Savanna 142
Desert 146
The Mediterranean Biome 151
Temperate Grassland 154
Temperate Forests 158
Temperate Rainforest 162
Coniferous Boreal (Taiga), Subalpine, and Montane Forests 165
Tundra 168
Part II Time and Life
Chapter 7 Changing Continents and Climates 179
Life and the Geologic Time Scale 179
Shifting Continents 183
Quaternary Climatic Change 192
Future Changes in Continents and Climate 203
Chapter 8 Dispersal, Colonization, and Invasion 215
Dispersal 216
Colonization, Seasonal Migrations, and Irruptions 222
Diffusion Versus Jump Dispersal 228
Barriers, Corridors, Filters, Stepping Stones, and Sweepstakes 233
Recent Introductions and Invasions by Nonnative Species 237
Chapter 9 Evolution, Speciation, and Extinction 251
Evolution and Speciation 251
Some Basic Genetics 252
Historical Development of Evolutionary Theory 256
Isolation and Speciation 260
The Temporal Pattern of Evolution 264
Direction in Evolution 265
Perfection in Evolution 266
Increasing Global Species Diversity 267
Geography and Evolution: Founder Effects, Bottlenecks, Vicariance Events, Adaptive Radiation, and Evolutionary Convergence 268
Extinction 274
The Relationship Between Extinction, Evolution, and Diversity 282
Chapter 10 Realms, Regions, Kingdoms, and Provinces: the Biogeographic Subdivisions of the Earth 289
Defining Biogeographic Realms, Regions, Kingdoms, and Provinces 289
Determining the Boundaries Between Regions 294
Factors Behind the Biogeographic Regions 295
Evolution of the Mammals 296
Evolution of the Flowering Plants 300
The Biogeographic Regions 303
Nearctic and Palearctic Regions- The Holarctic 303
Neotropical Region 305
Ethiopian (African/Paleotropical) Region 306
Oriental Region 307
Australian Region 308
Marine Biogeographic Regions 308
Chapter 11 Biogeography and Human Evolution 312
The Primate Linkage 312
Early Primates 315
The Hominids: Australopithecus 317
The Hominids: Early Homo 324
The Hominids: Homo Sapiens and Recent Cousins 327
The Geographic Expansion of Modern Humans 331
Chapter 12 Humans as a Force in Evolution and Extinction 340
Humans as an Evolutionary Force 340
Animal and Plant Domestication 341
Questions of the Origin and Spread of Agriculture 346
Modern Humans as a Force of Extinction 352
Prehistoric Extinctions 353
Historic Extinctions 358
Part III Theory and Practice
Chapter 13 Description and Interpretation of Biogeographic Distributions 371
Mapping Biogeographic Distributions 371
Biogeography of Range Size and Range Shape 376
Common Biogeographic Distributional Patterns 380
Endemic and Cosmopolitan Distributions Revisited 381
Continuous Zonal Biogeographic Distributions 381
Disjunct Distributions 382
Dispersal Disjunctions 382
Climatic Disjunctions 383
Geologic Disjunctions 384
Evolutionary Disjunctions 385
Biogeographic Relicts 385
Biogeographic Distributions and the Reconstruction of Evolutionary History 386
Centers of Origin and the Dispersalist Model 387
Cladistic Biogeography 388
Panbiogeography and Vicariance Models 390
Beyond Strict Panbiogeography/Vicariance Biogeography: DNA and the Phylogeographic Revolution 392
Chapter 14 the Geography of Biological Diversity 399
What is Biological Diversity? 399
How Many Different Species are There on Earth? 402
Latitudinal and Altitudinal Diversity Gradients 404
Controls on Geographic Gradients of Species Diversity 407
Historical Theories 408
Equilibrium Theories 410
A Synthesis 418
Island Biogeography 420
Geographic Patterns of Island Biodiversity 420
The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography: Historical Roots 424
The Theory of Island Biogeography Today 429
Chapter 15 Biogeography and the Conservation Challenges Of the Anthropocene 443
The Value of Conservation 445
Endangered and Threatened Species 448
Biogeography and Endangered Species 452
Biogeography and Conservation Planning 457
Geographic Strategies for Species Conservation and Biodiversity Conservation 462
Geographic Tools for Species Conservation and Biodiversity Conservation 467
Habitat Restoration and Conservation 471
The Anthropocene and Climate Change Challenges Ahead 475
Reasons for Hope 480
Final Reflections 483
Glossary of Key Words and Terms 493
Index 501
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